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rlsa-2026:49212
Vulnerability from osv_rocky
Published
2026-08-02 00:04
Modified
2026-08-14 00:09
Summary
Important: kernel security update
Details
The kernel packages contain the Linux kernel, the core of any Linux operating system.
Security Fix(es):
-
kernel: ipc: limit next_id allocation to the valid ID range (CVE-2026-52923)
-
kernel: tipc: fix double-free in tipc_buf_append() (CVE-2026-52993)
-
kernel: net: sched: UAF via missing handler for TC_ACT_CONSUMED in tcf_qevent_handle ()
-
kernel: net/sched: cls_api: Handle TC_ACT_CONSUMED in tcf_qevent_handle (CVE-2026-64530)
For more details about the security issue(s), including the impact, a CVSS score, acknowledgments, and other related information, refer to the CVE page(s) listed in the References section.
Severity
7.8 (High)
References
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Rocky Linux:9",
"name": "kernel",
"purl": "pkg:rpm/rocky-linux/kernel?distro=rocky-linux-9\u0026epoch=0"
},
"ranges": [
{
"database_specific": {
"yum_repository": "BaseOS"
},
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0:5.14.0-687.33.1.el9_8"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"credits": [
{
"name": "Rocky Enterprise Software Foundation"
},
{
"name": "Red Hat"
}
],
"database_specific": {
"license": "CC-BY-4.0",
"license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"source_advisory": "RHSA-2026:49212"
},
"details": "The kernel packages contain the Linux kernel, the core of any Linux operating system.\n\nSecurity Fix(es):\n\n* kernel: ipc: limit next_id allocation to the valid ID range (CVE-2026-52923)\n\n* kernel: tipc: fix double-free in tipc_buf_append() (CVE-2026-52993)\n\n* kernel: net: sched: UAF via missing handler for TC_ACT_CONSUMED in tcf_qevent_handle ()\n\n* kernel: net/sched: cls_api: Handle TC_ACT_CONSUMED in tcf_qevent_handle (CVE-2026-64530)\n\nFor more details about the security issue(s), including the impact, a CVSS score, acknowledgments, and other related information, refer to the CVE page(s) listed in the References section.",
"id": "RLSA-2026:49212",
"modified": "2026-08-14T00:09:08.223389Z",
"published": "2026-08-02T00:04:07.536838Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://errata.rockylinux.org/RLSA-2026:49212"
},
{
"type": "REPORT",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2492094"
},
{
"type": "REPORT",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2492437"
},
{
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"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2504052"
},
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"schema_version": "1.7.0",
"severity": [
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"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Important: kernel security update",
"upstream": [
"CVE-2026-52923",
"CVE-2026-52993",
"CVE-2026-64530"
]
}
CVE-2026-52923 (GCVE-0-2026-52923)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-24 07:14 – Updated: 2026-08-12 12:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
ipc: limit next_id allocation to the valid ID range
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
ipc: limit next_id allocation to the valid ID range
The checkpoint/restore sysctl path can request the next SysV IPC id
through ids->next_id. ipc_idr_alloc() currently forwards that request to
idr_alloc() with an open-ended upper bound.
If the valid tail of the SysV IPC id space is full, the allocation can
spill beyond ipc_mni. The returned SysV IPC id still uses the normal
index encoding, so later lookup and removal can target the wrong slot.
This leaves the real IDR entry behind and breaks the IDR state for the
object.
The bug is in ipc_idr_alloc() in the checkpoint/restore path.
1. ids->next_id is passed to:
idr_alloc(&ids->ipcs_idr, new, ipcid_to_idx(next_id), 0, ...)
2. The zero upper bound makes the allocation effectively open-ended.
Once the valid SysV IPC tail is occupied, idr_alloc() can spill past
ipc_mni and allocate an entry beyond the valid IPC id range.
3. The new object id is still encoded with the narrower SysV IPC index
width:
new->id = (new->seq << ipcmni_seq_shift()) + idx
4. Later removal goes through ipc_rmid(), which uses:
ipcid_to_idx(ipcp->id)
That truncates the real IDR index. An object actually stored at a
high index can then be removed as if it lived at a low in-range
index.
5. For shared memory, shm_destroy() frees the current object anyway, but
the real high IDR slot is left behind as a dangling pointer.
6. A subsequent walk of /proc/sysvipc/shm reaches the stale IDR entry
and dereferences freed memory.
Prevent this by bounding the requested allocation to ipc_mni so the
checkpoint/restore path fails once the valid range is exhausted.
Severity
7.8 (High)
5.8 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-825 - Expired Pointer Dereference
Assigner
References
22 references
Impacted products
18 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
03f595668017f1a1fb971c02fc37140bc6e7bb1c , < 3bbe2bb9111ce6967a951bfac79af142d816fae5
(git)
Affected: 03f595668017f1a1fb971c02fc37140bc6e7bb1c , < 8c58a92849175f5e2ab7bc2734b3b89afe79f6ef (git) Affected: 03f595668017f1a1fb971c02fc37140bc6e7bb1c , < af24e202b543ded8a34f1d5d3db54eb916173f04 (git) Affected: 03f595668017f1a1fb971c02fc37140bc6e7bb1c , < 157ce2c6836ce0ff19108a819f38df061345425f (git) Affected: 03f595668017f1a1fb971c02fc37140bc6e7bb1c , < 41058d4c3f63ab64901560a704882e0565f4e456 (git) Affected: 03f595668017f1a1fb971c02fc37140bc6e7bb1c , < a3cc795129e5ec0f8948653a3bf471e7d8852f5e (git) Affected: 03f595668017f1a1fb971c02fc37140bc6e7bb1c , < bd4be70669af55b974860d13680348cfdf50bbed (git) Affected: 03f595668017f1a1fb971c02fc37140bc6e7bb1c , < fa0b9b2b7ae3539908d69c2b9ac0d144d9bc5139 (git) |
|
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
3.8
Unaffected: 0 , < 3.8 (semver) Unaffected: 5.10.259 , ≤ 5.10.* (semver) Unaffected: 5.15.210 , ≤ 5.15.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.1.176 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.6.143 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.12.93 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.18.35 , ≤ 6.18.* (semver) Unaffected: 7.0.12 , ≤ 7.0.* (semver) Unaffected: 7.1 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix) |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10 |
Unaffected:
0:6.12.0-211.46.1.el10_2 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10.2 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10.0 Extended Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:6.12.0-55.95.1.el10_0 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux_eus:10.0 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
Unaffected:
0:4.18.0-553.151.1.rt7.492.el8_10 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:8::nfv |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
Unaffected:
0:4.18.0-553.151.1.el8_10 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Advanced Mission Critical Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:4.18.0-305.200.1.el8_4 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_aus:8.4 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Extended Update Support Long-Life Add-On |
Unaffected:
0:4.18.0-305.200.1.el8_4 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_eus_long_life:8.4 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.8 Telecommunications Update Service |
Unaffected:
0:4.18.0-477.158.1.el8_8 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_tus:8.8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.8 Update Services for SAP Solutions |
Unaffected:
0:4.18.0-477.158.1.el8_8 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 |
Unaffected:
0:5.14.0-687.33.1.el9_8 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:9 cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.2 Update Services for SAP Solutions |
Unaffected:
0:5.14.0-284.186.1.el9_2 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:9.2 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.2 Update Services for SAP Solutions |
Unaffected:
0:5.14.0-284.186.1.rt14.471.el9_2 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:9.2::nfv |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.4 Update Services for SAP Solutions |
Unaffected:
0:5.14.0-427.141.1.el9_4 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:9.4 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.6 Extended Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:5.14.0-570.131.1.el9_6 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus:9.6 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9 |
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CVE-2026-52993 (GCVE-0-2026-52993)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-24 16:29 – Updated: 2026-08-05 12:32
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
tipc: fix double-free in tipc_buf_append()
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
tipc: fix double-free in tipc_buf_append()
tipc_msg_validate() can potentially reallocate the skb it is validating,
freeing the old one. In tipc_buf_append(), it was being called with a
pointer to a local variable which was a copy of the caller's skb
pointer.
If the skb was reallocated and validation subsequently failed, the error
handling path would free the original skb pointer, which had already
been freed, leading to double-free.
Fix this by checking if head now points to a newly allocated reassembled
skb. If it does, reassign *headbuf for later freeing operations.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CWE
- CWE-763 - Release of Invalid Pointer or Reference
Assigner
References
15 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a438975a6dcdbd708… | |
| https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4ee4deadaae7cb2e3… | |
| https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d3556656c6daebf8d… | |
| https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0274f24485fc38032… | |
| https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4d104882bc815d4ec… | |
| https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/1d5e589055880fae2… | |
| https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/29940fff14110ca48… | |
| https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d293ca716e7d5dffd… | |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-52993 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2492437 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/v… | x_sadp-csaf-vex |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:47017 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:49212 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:45115 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:45116 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
9 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
d618d09a68e4eed7a435beb2e355250f6f40664a , < a438975a6dcdbd70865978c021650d1485586f0b
(git)
Affected: d618d09a68e4eed7a435beb2e355250f6f40664a , < 4ee4deadaae7cb2e3d53af0fc889cf92a73413c0 (git) Affected: d618d09a68e4eed7a435beb2e355250f6f40664a , < d3556656c6daebf8def751c7e71d11dd0a180d24 (git) Affected: d618d09a68e4eed7a435beb2e355250f6f40664a , < 0274f24485fc38032d4093e463dc3ff5c7a667c9 (git) Affected: d618d09a68e4eed7a435beb2e355250f6f40664a , < 4d104882bc815d4ec666ace9155f5f52715879a6 (git) Affected: d618d09a68e4eed7a435beb2e355250f6f40664a , < 1d5e589055880fae229e229e1929e087dbe08cf3 (git) Affected: d618d09a68e4eed7a435beb2e355250f6f40664a , < 29940fff14110ca48c5ccc168d121665b51bb778 (git) Affected: d618d09a68e4eed7a435beb2e355250f6f40664a , < d293ca716e7d5dffdaecaf6b9b2f857a33dc3d3a (git) |
|
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
4.15
Unaffected: 0 , < 4.15 (semver) Unaffected: 5.10.258 , ≤ 5.10.* (semver) Unaffected: 5.15.209 , ≤ 5.15.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.1.175 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.6.141 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.12.91 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.18.33 , ≤ 6.18.* (semver) Unaffected: 7.0.10 , ≤ 7.0.* (semver) Unaffected: 7.1 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix) |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10 |
Unaffected:
0:6.12.0-211.40.1.el10_2 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10.2 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
Unaffected:
0:4.18.0-553.147.1.rt7.488.el8_10 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:8::nfv |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
Unaffected:
0:4.18.0-553.147.1.el8_10 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 |
Unaffected:
0:5.14.0-687.33.1.el9_8 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:9 cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9 |
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CVE-2026-64530 (GCVE-0-2026-64530)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-26 06:28 – Updated: 2026-08-05 12:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
net/sched: cls_api: Handle TC_ACT_CONSUMED in tcf_qevent_handle
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
net/sched: cls_api: Handle TC_ACT_CONSUMED in tcf_qevent_handle
tcf_classify() can return TC_ACT_CONSUMED while the skb is held by the
defragmentation engine (e.g. act_ct on out-of-order fragments). When
that happens the skb is no longer owned by the caller and must not be
touched again.
tcf_qevent_handle() did not handle TC_ACT_CONSUMED: it fell through the
switch and returned the skb to the caller as if classification had
passed. The only qdisc that wires up qevents today is RED, via three call sites
(qe_mark on RED_PROB_MARK/HARD_MARK, qe_early_drop on congestion_drop)
red_enqueue() was continuing to operate on an skb it no longer owns in this
case -- enqueueing it, dropping it, or updating statistics. Resulting in a UAF.
tc qdisc add dev eth0 root handle 1: red ... qevent early_drop block 10
tc filter add block 10 ... action ct
(with ct defrag enabled and traffic that produces out-of-order
fragments, e.g. a fragmented UDP stream)
Handle TC_ACT_CONSUMED in tcf_qevent_handle() the same way the ingress
and egress fast paths do: treat it as stolen and return NULL without
touching the skb. Unlike the TC_ACT_STOLEN case, the skb must not be
dropped/freed here, as it is no longer owned by us.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
Assigner
References
7 references
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
172ba7d46c202e679f3ccb10264c67416aaeb1c4 , < 5ed3d6f85991656667059d3fa5a1d683ac58c447
(git)
Affected: 0b5b831122fc3789fff75be433ba3e4dd7b779d4 , < f42e8134a3a1074b834a574d404352f867ba994a (git) Affected: 73f7da5fd124f2cda9161e2e46114915e6e82e97 , < 447d493034a9cf7bf13a2abac86d0573d907ec2f (git) Affected: 3f14b377d01d8357eba032b4cabc8c1149b458b6 , < e1270e69dcf2c3512c453484178f2e9dc0db3f05 (git) Affected: 3f14b377d01d8357eba032b4cabc8c1149b458b6 , < 2140c2f3f2e7b066e1ae616ede8856cafd8015e9 (git) Affected: 3f14b377d01d8357eba032b4cabc8c1149b458b6 , < e28aedab9488343924d227b5a896faed67ce84d5 (git) Affected: 3f14b377d01d8357eba032b4cabc8c1149b458b6 , < a8a02897f2b479127db261de05cbf0c28b98d159 (git) Affected: f5346df0591d10bc948761ca854b1fae6d2ef441 (git) Affected: 5.15.148 , < 5.15.212 (semver) Affected: 6.1.75 , < 6.1.178 (semver) Affected: 6.6.14 , < 6.6.145 (semver) Affected: 6.7.2 , < 6.8 (semver) |
|
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
6.8
Unaffected: 0 , < 6.8 (semver) Unaffected: 5.15.212 , ≤ 5.15.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.1.178 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.6.145 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.12.97 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.18.40 , ≤ 6.18.* (semver) Unaffected: 7.1.5 , ≤ 7.1.* (semver) Unaffected: 7.2-rc1 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix) |
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"value": "AV:N - On a transparent bridge or traffic-shaping gateway configured with the RED qevent and act_ct, unauthenticated remote IP fragments reach red_enqueue() through normal receive, bridge-forwarding, and egress-qdisc processing. No local netlink access is required to trigger the deployed configuration.\nAC:L - The attacker controls fragment contents and ordering and can drive RED into deterministic hard-mark or drop conditions with sustained traffic. No race or condition outside the attacker\u0027s control must be won.\nPR:N - CAP_NET_ADMIN is required to create the vulnerable configuration, but a remote attacker sending fragments through an already configured appliance needs no privileges or authentication. Local triggering is also possible with namespaced CAP_NET_ADMIN.\nUI:N - Triggering requires only attacker-generated fragmented traffic and does not depend on a victim performing any action.\nS:U - The corruption occurs within the host kernel and compromises resources governed by that same security authority. This remains unchanged scope even when used for namespace escape or kernel privilege escalation.\nC:H - The reclaimable sk_buff use-after-free and corrupted defragmentation-tree links can be leveraged through attacker-controlled network heap spraying to disclose arbitrary kernel memory.\nI:H - RED overwrites linkage fields that overlap the defragmentation RB node and may free the object while it remains referenced, enabling subsequent writes through freed or attacker-reclaimed kernel objects and potential code execution.\nA:H - The dangling fragment-tree entry can cause immediate or deferred use-after-free, double-free, invalid tree operations, and kernel panic when another fragment arrives or the queue expires. The attacker can trigger this repeatedly with fragmented traffic."
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:42:39.900Z",
"orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"shortName": "Linux"
},
"references": [
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5ed3d6f85991656667059d3fa5a1d683ac58c447"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f42e8134a3a1074b834a574d404352f867ba994a"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/447d493034a9cf7bf13a2abac86d0573d907ec2f"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e1270e69dcf2c3512c453484178f2e9dc0db3f05"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2140c2f3f2e7b066e1ae616ede8856cafd8015e9"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e28aedab9488343924d227b5a896faed67ce84d5"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a8a02897f2b479127db261de05cbf0c28b98d159"
}
],
"title": "net/sched: cls_api: Handle TC_ACT_CONSUMED in tcf_qevent_handle",
"x_generator": {
"engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
}
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"assignerShortName": "Linux",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-64530",
"datePublished": "2026-07-26T06:28:42.970Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-07-19T15:36:31.794Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:42:39.900Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
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Trend slope:
-
(linear fit over daily sighting counts)
Show additional events:
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Experimental. This forecast is provided for visualization only and may change without notice. Do not use it for operational decisions.
Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
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The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the
vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base
model, served locally by ML-Gateway.
They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
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