{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "vcrpy"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "8.2.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-502"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-19T21:15:47Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nvcrpy deserializes YAML cassette files with PyYAML\u0027s object-constructing loader (`yaml.CLoader` / `yaml.Loader`) instead of the safe loader (`yaml.CSafeLoader` / `yaml.SafeLoader`). A cassette containing a `!!python/object/apply:` (or similar) tag therefore executes arbitrary Python code the moment the cassette is loaded \u2014 including through the normal `VCR().use_cassette()` path, before any HTTP interaction is replayed.\n\nThis is **not** limited to environments lacking the libYAML C extension. `CLoader` uses the C parser but PyYAML\u0027s full Python *constructor*, so Python\nobject tags execute under `CLoader` exactly as under the pure-Python `Loader`. Confirmed against vcrpy 8.1.1 + PyYAML 6.0.3 with `CLoader` active.\n\n### Affected component\n\n- `vcr/serializers/yamlserializer.py` \u2014 `deserialize()` \u2192 `yaml.load(cassette_string, Loader=Loader)` where `Loader` is `CLoader`/`Loader`. Reached on **every** cassette load.\n- `vcr/migration.py` (~line 107) \u2014 `yaml.load(preprocess_yaml(...), Loader=Loader)`. A second sink reached when the migration tool is run on a `.yaml` file. `preprocess_yaml()` only strips three known legacy tags, so other tags still execute.\n\nPresent in all releases inspected, 1.0.0 through 8.1.1.\n\n### Proof of concept\n\n```python\nimport vcr, requests\n\n# Attacker-supplied cassette. The payload sits in an ignored top-level key\n# so the rest of the cassette stays valid; it fires during load.\nopen(\"evil.yaml\", \"w\").write(\"\"\"interactions:\n- request:\n    body: null\n    headers: {Accept: [\u0027*/*\u0027]}\n    method: GET\n    uri: http://example.com/\n  response:\n    body: {string: ok}\n    headers: {Content-Type: [\u0027text/plain\u0027]}\n    status: {code: 200, message: OK}\n_x: !!python/object/apply:os.system [\u0027touch /tmp/VCRPY_YAML_RCE\u0027]\nversion: 1\n\"\"\")\n\nwith vcr.use_cassette(\"evil.yaml\"):      # \u003c-- /tmp/VCRPY_YAML_RCE created here\n    requests.get(\"http://example.com/\")\n```\n\nLoading the cassette creates `/tmp/VCRPY_YAML_RCE`, demonstrating arbitrary command execution. Any Python callable can be invoked this way.\n\n### Impact\n\nArbitrary code execution in the process that loads the cassette, with that process\u0027s full privileges. Realistic delivery paths:\n\n- A malicious cassette added in a pull request and loaded when CI runs the tests.\n- A poisoned shared test-fixture repository or cassette artifact store.\n- \"Updated recorded HTTP fixtures\" social-engineering.\n\nBecause cassettes are typically loaded by test suites in CI/CD and on developer machines, the exposed secrets are exactly the high-value ones in those environments: CI deployment credentials, cloud IAM roles, registry/publishing tokens, and source access.\n\n### Patch\n\nUse the safe loader in `vcr/serializers/yamlserializer.py`:\n\n```python\ntry:\n    from yaml import CDumper as Dumper\n    from yaml import CSafeLoader as Loader\nexcept ImportError:\n    from yaml import Dumper\n    from yaml import SafeLoader as Loader\n\ndef deserialize(cassette_string):\n    return yaml.load(cassette_string, Loader=Loader)\n```\n\nApply the same `SafeLoader` change in `vcr/migration.py`.\n\nThis is backwards compatible: vcrpy cassettes only contain standard YAML (scalars/lists/maps plus `!!binary`, all supported by `SafeLoader`/`CSafeLoader`), so existing cassettes load unchanged. vcrpy\u0027s `serialize.deserialize()` already catches `yaml.constructor.ConstructorError`, so a Python-tagged cassette now surfaces as the existing \"old cassette format\" `ValueError` instead of executing.\n\nRecommended hardening: add a regression test that loads a cassette containing `!!python/object/apply:os.system` and asserts a `ConstructorError`/`ValueError` and that no side effect occurs.",
  "id": "GHSA-rpj2-4hq8-938g",
  "modified": "2026-06-19T21:15:47Z",
  "published": "2026-06-19T21:15:47Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/kevin1024/vcrpy/security/advisories/GHSA-rpj2-4hq8-938g"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/kevin1024/vcrpy"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "VCR.py: Arbitrary code execution via unsafe YAML deserialization of cassette files"
}