Vulnerability-Lookup

GHSA-PVV9-VQM2-P5FX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-02 15:31 – Updated: 2025-11-04 21:31

Details

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

fs/netfs/read_collect: add to next->prev_donated

If multiple subrequests donate data to the same "next" request (depending on the subrequest completion order), each of them would overwrite the prev_donated field, causing data corruption and a BUG() crash ("Can't donate prior to front").

Severity

5.5 (Medium)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-21988"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-02T13:15:43Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nfs/netfs/read_collect: add to next-\u003eprev_donated\n\nIf multiple subrequests donate data to the same \"next\" request\n(depending on the subrequest completion order), each of them would\noverwrite the `prev_donated` field, causing data corruption and a\nBUG() crash (\"Can\u0027t donate prior to front\").",
  "id": "GHSA-pvv9-vqm2-p5fx",
  "modified": "2025-11-04T21:31:31Z",
  "published": "2025-04-02T15:31:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-21988"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/62b9ad7e52d4777f7e775ee1f0ad2452f6041024"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e25cec3b76aba47a49138d2162fc809c6cd49c9e"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e2d46f2ec332533816417b60933954173f602121"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

CVE-2025-21988 (GCVE-0-2025-21988)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-02 12:53 – Updated: 2026-08-05 11:55

Title

fs/netfs/read_collect: add to next->prev_donated

Summary

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: fs/netfs/read_collect: add to next->prev_donated If multiple subrequests donate data to the same "next" request (depending on the subrequest completion order), each of them would overwrite the `prev_donated` field, causing data corruption and a BUG() crash ("Can't donate prior to front").

Severity

9.8 (Critical)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Assigner

Linux mitre root Scorecard

References

3 references

URL	Tags
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/62b9ad7e52d4777f7…
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e25cec3b76aba47a4…
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e2d46f2ec33253381…

Impacted products

2 products

Vendor	Product	Version
Linux	Linux	Affected: ee4cdf7ba857a894ad1650d6ab77669cbbfa329e , < 62b9ad7e52d4777f7e775ee1f0ad2452f6041024 (git) Affected: ee4cdf7ba857a894ad1650d6ab77669cbbfa329e , < e25cec3b76aba47a49138d2162fc809c6cd49c9e (git) Affected: ee4cdf7ba857a894ad1650d6ab77669cbbfa329e , < e2d46f2ec332533816417b60933954173f602121 (git)
Linux	Linux	Affected: 6.12 Unaffected: 0 , < 6.12 (semver) Unaffected: 6.12.20 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.13.8 , ≤ 6.13.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.14 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)

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{
  "containers": {
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "fs/netfs/read_collect.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "62b9ad7e52d4777f7e775ee1f0ad2452f6041024",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "ee4cdf7ba857a894ad1650d6ab77669cbbfa329e",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "e25cec3b76aba47a49138d2162fc809c6cd49c9e",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "ee4cdf7ba857a894ad1650d6ab77669cbbfa329e",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "e2d46f2ec332533816417b60933954173f602121",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "ee4cdf7ba857a894ad1650d6ab77669cbbfa329e",
              "versionType": "git"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "fs/netfs/read_collect.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "6.12"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "6.12",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.12.20",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.13.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.13.8",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.14",
              "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "cpeApplicability": [
        {
          "nodes": [
            {
              "cpeMatch": [
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.12.20",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "6.12",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.13.8",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "6.12",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.14",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "6.12",
                  "vulnerable": true
                }
              ],
              "negate": false,
              "operator": "OR"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nfs/netfs/read_collect: add to next-\u003eprev_donated\n\nIf multiple subrequests donate data to the same \"next\" request\n(depending on the subrequest completion order), each of them would\noverwrite the `prev_donated` field, causing data corruption and a\nBUG() crash (\"Can\u0027t donate prior to front\")."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 9.8,
            "baseSeverity": "CRITICAL",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:N - The vulnerable donation accounting in fs/netfs is driven entirely by data returned from a remote peer \u2014 subrequest completion order, short-read lengths and non-folio-aligned boundaries are chosen by the SMB/9p/Ceph/AFS server, and `netfs_read_subreq_terminated()` is invoked directly from those filesystems\u0027 network receive paths. A malicious or compromised file server, or an on-path attacker against an unsigned/unencrypted cifs, 9p or NFS mount, reaches the bug over the network.\nAC:L - The remote server controls both sides of the race: it decides when each READ response is sent and how much data it carries, so it can deterministically make two subrequests donate to the same successor and clobber `prev_donated`. The bug was reported from ordinary production use rather than a targeted fuzz, and the affected filesystems are enabled in all mainstream kernel configs.\nPR:N - The attacker is the remote server (or an on-path attacker) and needs no credentials or account on the victim host \u2014 only that the victim have a netfs-backed mount it reads from. No local privilege on the target is involved.\nUI:N - Ordinary background readahead on an already-mounted share (fstab/automount, container volume, WSL/Kata 9p, backup or indexer scans) is enough to drive the read-collection path; no specific victim action is required.\nS:U - The corruption and crash are confined to the kernel\u0027s own page cache and netfs request state; no VM, IOMMU or sandbox boundary is crossed.\nC:H - Lost donations make `netfs_unlock_read_folio()` mark folios uptodate for ranges no subrequest ever filled and inflate `rreq-\u003etransferred`, so read() returns uninitialized page-cache pages \u2014 arbitrary previously-freed kernel memory \u2014 to userspace, and the collector can also walk off the folio queue into invalid `folioq` pointers.\nI:H - The commit states the bug causes data corruption; because `NETFS_READ_FOR_WRITE` is one of the affected origins, a folio wrongly marked uptodate with unfilled content is subsequently written back, persisting corrupted data to the file on the server, and the broken start/len/transferred bookkeeping corrupts page-cache state generally.\nA:H - The mis-accounting hits an explicit `BUG()` (\"Can\u0027t donate prior to front\"/\"fpos \u003e start\") in the filesystem completion context, killing the worker or softirq while rolling-buffer folios remain locked \u2014 a kernel panic, or at minimum an unrecoverable hang of every task waiting on those folios and of the mount."
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:55:52.895Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
      },
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          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/62b9ad7e52d4777f7e775ee1f0ad2452f6041024"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e25cec3b76aba47a49138d2162fc809c6cd49c9e"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e2d46f2ec332533816417b60933954173f602121"
        }
      ],
      "title": "fs/netfs/read_collect: add to next-\u003eprev_donated",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-21988",
    "datePublished": "2025-04-02T12:53:12.170Z",
    "dateReserved": "2024-12-29T08:45:45.800Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:55:52.895Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
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GHSA-PVV9-VQM2-P5FX

CVE-2025-21988 (GCVE-0-2025-21988)

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