Vulnerability-Lookup

FKIE_CVE-2026-68330

Vulnerability from fkie_nvd - Published: 2026-08-10 13:20 - Updated: 2026-08-17 06:17

Severity

7.8 (High) - CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Summary

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net: airoha: Fix DMA direction for NPU mailbox buffer airoha_npu_send_msg() always maps the mailbox buffer with DMA_TO_DEVICE, but some callers expect the NPU to write response data back into the same buffer: - airoha_npu_wlan_msg_get() (NPU_OP_GET): NPU writes response into the buffer, then the caller reads it via memcpy() - airoha_npu_ppe_stats_setup() (NPU_OP_SET): NPU writes back npu_stats_addr field in the response On non-cache-coherent architectures like EN7581 (Cortex-A53 without hardware cache coherency for NPU DMA), DMA_TO_DEVICE unmap is a no-op — it does not invalidate the CPU cache. If the NPU-written cache line is still present in the CPU cache when the caller reads the buffer, the CPU observes stale data instead of the NPU response. This is a timing-sensitive bug: small mailbox buffers (~24 bytes) typically fit in a single cache line and may survive in the cache until the caller reads them, producing silent data corruption rather than a crash. The bug is more likely to trigger when the caller reads the response immediately after dma_unmap_single() without intervening cache-evicting operations. Fix by using DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL for both map and unmap, which ensures dma_unmap_single() invalidates the CPU cache on non-coherent systems. The mailbox buffers are small so there is no performance concern.

References

	URL	Tags
	416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67	https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4c4d866a64f36718cbcdf20add372a599dd44311
	416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67	https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/6f884eb87a79e0c482baef2ad96c96b81d024235
	416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67	https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/76fc5604308a109bf5838c2a0a0eb3ac6819f1ea

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "affectedData": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "drivers/net/ethernet/airoha/airoha_npu.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "76fc5604308a109bf5838c2a0a0eb3ac6819f1ea",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "c52918744ee1e49cea86622a2633b9782446428f",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "4c4d866a64f36718cbcdf20add372a599dd44311",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "c52918744ee1e49cea86622a2633b9782446428f",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "6f884eb87a79e0c482baef2ad96c96b81d024235",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "c52918744ee1e49cea86622a2633b9782446428f",
              "versionType": "git"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "drivers/net/ethernet/airoha/airoha_npu.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "6.16"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "6.16",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.18.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.18.42",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "7.1.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "7.1.6",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "7.2",
              "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67"
    }
  ],
  "cveTags": [],
  "descriptions": [
    {
      "lang": "en",
      "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet: airoha: Fix DMA direction for NPU mailbox buffer\n\nairoha_npu_send_msg() always maps the mailbox buffer with DMA_TO_DEVICE,\nbut some callers expect the NPU to write response data back into the\nsame buffer:\n\n- airoha_npu_wlan_msg_get() (NPU_OP_GET): NPU writes response into\n  the buffer, then the caller reads it via memcpy()\n- airoha_npu_ppe_stats_setup() (NPU_OP_SET): NPU writes back\n  npu_stats_addr field in the response\n\nOn non-cache-coherent architectures like EN7581 (Cortex-A53 without\nhardware cache coherency for NPU DMA), DMA_TO_DEVICE unmap is a no-op\n\u2014 it does not invalidate the CPU cache. If the NPU-written cache line\nis still present in the CPU cache when the caller reads the buffer,\nthe CPU observes stale data instead of the NPU response.\n\nThis is a timing-sensitive bug: small mailbox buffers (~24 bytes)\ntypically fit in a single cache line and may survive in the cache\nuntil the caller reads them, producing silent data corruption rather\nthan a crash. The bug is more likely to trigger when the caller reads\nthe response immediately after dma_unmap_single() without intervening\ncache-evicting operations.\n\nFix by using DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL for both map and unmap, which ensures\ndma_unmap_single() invalidates the CPU cache on non-coherent systems.\nThe mailbox buffers are small so there is no performance concern."
    }
  ],
  "id": "CVE-2026-68330",
  "lastModified": "2026-08-17T06:17:41.097",
  "metrics": {
    "cvssMetricV31": [
      {
        "cvssData": {
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackVector": "LOCAL",
          "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
          "baseScore": 7.8,
          "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
          "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
          "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
          "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
          "scope": "UNCHANGED",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
          "version": "3.1"
        },
        "exploitabilityScore": 1.8,
        "impactScore": 5.9,
        "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "type": "Secondary"
      }
    ]
  },
  "published": "2026-08-10T13:20:23.293",
  "references": [
    {
      "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4c4d866a64f36718cbcdf20add372a599dd44311"
    },
    {
      "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/6f884eb87a79e0c482baef2ad96c96b81d024235"
    },
    {
      "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/76fc5604308a109bf5838c2a0a0eb3ac6819f1ea"
    }
  ],
  "sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
  "vulnStatus": "Received"
}

CVE-2026-68330 (GCVE-0-2026-68330)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-10 12:03 – Updated: 2026-08-17 05:03

Title

net: airoha: Fix DMA direction for NPU mailbox buffer

Summary

Severity

7.8 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Assigner

Linux mitre root

References

3 references

URL	Tags
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/76fc5604308a109bf…
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4c4d866a64f36718c…
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/6f884eb87a79e0c48…

Impacted products

2 products

Vendor	Product	Version
Linux	Linux	Affected: c52918744ee1e49cea86622a2633b9782446428f , < 76fc5604308a109bf5838c2a0a0eb3ac6819f1ea (git) Affected: c52918744ee1e49cea86622a2633b9782446428f , < 4c4d866a64f36718cbcdf20add372a599dd44311 (git) Affected: c52918744ee1e49cea86622a2633b9782446428f , < 6f884eb87a79e0c482baef2ad96c96b81d024235 (git)
Linux	Linux	Affected: 6.16 Unaffected: 0 , < 6.16 (semver) Unaffected: 6.18.42 , ≤ 6.18.* (semver) Unaffected: 7.1.6 , ≤ 7.1.* (semver) Unaffected: 7.2 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "containers": {
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "drivers/net/ethernet/airoha/airoha_npu.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "76fc5604308a109bf5838c2a0a0eb3ac6819f1ea",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "c52918744ee1e49cea86622a2633b9782446428f",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "4c4d866a64f36718cbcdf20add372a599dd44311",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "c52918744ee1e49cea86622a2633b9782446428f",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "6f884eb87a79e0c482baef2ad96c96b81d024235",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "c52918744ee1e49cea86622a2633b9782446428f",
              "versionType": "git"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "drivers/net/ethernet/airoha/airoha_npu.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "6.16"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "6.16",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.18.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.18.42",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "7.1.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "7.1.6",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "7.2",
              "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "cpeApplicability": [
        {
          "nodes": [
            {
              "cpeMatch": [
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.18.42",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "6.16",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "7.1.6",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "6.16",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "7.2",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "6.16",
                  "vulnerable": true
                }
              ],
              "negate": false,
              "operator": "OR"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet: airoha: Fix DMA direction for NPU mailbox buffer\n\nairoha_npu_send_msg() always maps the mailbox buffer with DMA_TO_DEVICE,\nbut some callers expect the NPU to write response data back into the\nsame buffer:\n\n- airoha_npu_wlan_msg_get() (NPU_OP_GET): NPU writes response into\n  the buffer, then the caller reads it via memcpy()\n- airoha_npu_ppe_stats_setup() (NPU_OP_SET): NPU writes back\n  npu_stats_addr field in the response\n\nOn non-cache-coherent architectures like EN7581 (Cortex-A53 without\nhardware cache coherency for NPU DMA), DMA_TO_DEVICE unmap is a no-op\n\u2014 it does not invalidate the CPU cache. If the NPU-written cache line\nis still present in the CPU cache when the caller reads the buffer,\nthe CPU observes stale data instead of the NPU response.\n\nThis is a timing-sensitive bug: small mailbox buffers (~24 bytes)\ntypically fit in a single cache line and may survive in the cache\nuntil the caller reads them, producing silent data corruption rather\nthan a crash. The bug is more likely to trigger when the caller reads\nthe response immediately after dma_unmap_single() without intervening\ncache-evicting operations.\n\nFix by using DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL for both map and unmap, which ensures\ndma_unmap_single() invalidates the CPU cache on non-coherent systems.\nThe mailbox buffers are small so there is no performance concern."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 7.8,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:L - The defect is a host-side DMA-direction/cache-coherency error in the airoha NPU mailbox path; it is exercised through local driver probe, interface bring-up, and hardware flow-offload configuration, not by any remotely supplied packet data.\nAC:L - Each mailbox exchange on a non-coherent EN7581 SoC can return stale cache contents, and the affected setup paths can be re-entered repeatedly (offload teardown/re-setup, interface bring-up) while cache pressure is influenced by local activity, so the faulty read is reliably reproducible.\nPR:L - The vulnerable mailbox exchanges run during driver initialization and offload setup on these router SoCs; the lowest plausible trigger is an ordinary local user provoking interface/offload (re)initialization, and the probe-time instance requires no privileges at all.\nUI:N - No victim action is needed \u2014 the stale-response reads happen automatically during NPU/PPE/WLAN initialization and offload setup.\nS:U - The corrupted addresses and misdirected accesses stay within the kernel\u0027s own security authority on the affected SoC; no hypervisor or IOMMU security boundary is crossed by the defect itself.\nC:H - A stale npu_stats_addr causes devm_ioremap() of an unintended physical address whose contents are then read via memcpy_fromio() and exposed to userspace as flow-offload statistics, disclosing memory the driver was never meant to read.\nI:H - Stale responses are used as real addresses: memset_io() zeroes an unintended ioremapped region, and stale RXDESC_BASE values are written into WiFi ring descriptor base registers, causing device DMA writes into memory the driver does not own.\nA:H - Mapping and accessing a bogus physical address, and pointing hardware DMA rings at an invalid base, produce bus errors, descriptor-processing failures and memory corruption that lead to oops or system hang."
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-17T05:03:28.769Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/76fc5604308a109bf5838c2a0a0eb3ac6819f1ea"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4c4d866a64f36718cbcdf20add372a599dd44311"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/6f884eb87a79e0c482baef2ad96c96b81d024235"
        }
      ],
      "title": "net: airoha: Fix DMA direction for NPU mailbox buffer",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-68330",
    "datePublished": "2026-08-10T12:03:06.542Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-07-30T09:28:09.383Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-17T05:03:28.769Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.

The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.

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FKIE_CVE-2026-68330

CVE-2026-68330 (GCVE-0-2026-68330)

Tags

Sightings

Nomenclature