Vulnerability-Lookup

CVE-2026-54156 (GCVE-0-2026-54156)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-14 16:09 – Updated: 2026-09-14 16:35

Title

node-opcua: Unbounded nonce cache enables unauthenticated heap exhaustion DoS

Summary

node-opcua is an OPC UA implementation for TypeScript and Node.js. Prior to 2.166.0, the process-global g_alreadyUsedNonce cache used by nonceAlreadyBeenUsed in packages/node-opcua-secure-channel/source/server/server_secure_channel_layer.ts records nonces from OpenSecureChannelRequest and CreateSession without expiration or a size limit. An unauthenticated remote attacker can repeatedly create sessions with unique nonces, causing entries to persist after session expiry and accumulate across connection cycles even when maxSessions=10 limits concurrent sessions. The resulting unbounded heap growth can exhaust the default Node.js heap and crash the node-opcua server process. This issue is fixed in version 2.166.0.

Severity

7.5 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-09-14 16:35 UTC

CWE

CWE-770 - Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

3 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/node-opcua/node-opcua/security…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/node-opcua/node-opcua/commit/b…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/node-opcua/node-opcua/releases…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version	CPE status
node-opcua	node-opcua	Affected: < 2.166.0	guessed

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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                "id": "CVE-2026-54156",
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FKIE_CVE-2026-54156

Vulnerability from fkie_nvd - Published: 2026-09-14 17:17 - Updated: 2026-09-14 17:17

Severity

7.5 (High) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

Summary

References

	URL	Tags
	security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/node-opcua/node-opcua/commit/b82c2939fe9c658de58da993f2798ec5481d7313
	security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/node-opcua/node-opcua/releases/tag/v2.166.0
	security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/node-opcua/node-opcua/security/advisories/GHSA-6wvw-vrw4-363w

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "affectedData": [
        {
          "product": "node-opcua",
          "vendor": "node-opcua",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003c 2.166.0"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com"
    }
  ],
  "cveTags": [],
  "descriptions": [
    {
      "lang": "en",
      "value": "node-opcua is an OPC UA implementation for TypeScript and Node.js. Prior to 2.166.0, the process-global g_alreadyUsedNonce cache used by nonceAlreadyBeenUsed in packages/node-opcua-secure-channel/source/server/server_secure_channel_layer.ts records nonces from OpenSecureChannelRequest and CreateSession without expiration or a size limit. An unauthenticated remote attacker can repeatedly create sessions with unique nonces, causing entries to persist after session expiry and accumulate across connection cycles even when maxSessions=10 limits concurrent sessions. The resulting unbounded heap growth can exhaust the default Node.js heap and crash the node-opcua server process. This issue is fixed in version 2.166.0."
    }
  ],
  "id": "CVE-2026-54156",
  "lastModified": "2026-09-14T17:17:46.927",
  "metrics": {
    "cvssMetricV31": [
      {
        "cvssData": {
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackVector": "NETWORK",
          "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
          "baseScore": 7.5,
          "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
          "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
          "integrityImpact": "NONE",
          "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
          "scope": "UNCHANGED",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
          "version": "3.1"
        },
        "exploitabilityScore": 3.9,
        "impactScore": 3.6,
        "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
        "type": "Secondary"
      }
    ],
    "ssvcV203": [
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        "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
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          "version": "2.0.3"
        }
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    ]
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  "published": "2026-09-14T17:17:46.927",
  "references": [
    {
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "url": "https://github.com/node-opcua/node-opcua/commit/b82c2939fe9c658de58da993f2798ec5481d7313"
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      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
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}

GHSA-6WVW-VRW4-363W

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-20 18:35 – Updated: 2026-08-27 19:04

Summary

node-opcua: Unbounded nonce cache enables unauthenticated heap exhaustion DoS

Details

Summary A process-global nonce cache with no eviction policy allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to exhaust server heap memory by repeatedly opening sessions, causing the node-opcua server process to crash.

Affected versions: <= 2.165.0 Tested version: 2.165.0 CVSS Score: 7.5 (High) CVSS Vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H CWE: CWE-770 Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling

Root Cause

In packages/node-opcua-secure-channel/source/server/server_secure_channel_layer.ts at line 156, g_alreadyUsedNonce is a process-global object used to track previously seen nonces for replay detection. Entries are added on every OpenSecureChannelRequest and every CreateSession request but are never removed or expired.

An unauthenticated attacker can exploit the CreateSession path (which requires no certificate) to accumulate nonce entries indefinitely. Even with maxSessions=10 limiting concurrent sessions, nonces persist after session expiry, allowing slow but reliable heap exhaustion across repeated connection cycles.

Measured Impact

Dynamically confirmed heap growth: - 5,000 unique nonces → +1.23 MB resident heap, no eviction after explicit GC - Projected: 10^6 nonces → ~246 MB resident heap - Achievable OOM on default Node.js heap limits

Suggested Fix

Add a TTL-based eviction policy to g_alreadyUsedNonce. Nonces should be expired after the maximum session timeout (or a reasonable fixed window, e.g. 1 hour). A Map with timestamp entries and periodic cleanup is sufficient.

I am following a 90-day responsible disclosure policy. I am happy to provide additional technical details under embargo. Please confirm receipt at your earliest convenience.

Reporter: Stanley Tobias Discovery date: 2026-03-23

Severity

7.5 (High)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

Show details on source website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "node-opcua"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.166.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-54156"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-770"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-08-20T18:35:41Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "**Summary**\nA process-global nonce cache with no eviction policy allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to exhaust server heap memory by repeatedly opening sessions, causing the node-opcua server process to crash.\n\n**Affected versions:** \u003c= 2.165.0\n**Tested version:** 2.165.0\n**CVSS Score:** 7.5 (High)\n**CVSS Vector:** CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H\n**CWE:** CWE-770 Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling\n\n---\n\n**Root Cause**\n\nIn `packages/node-opcua-secure-channel/source/server/server_secure_channel_layer.ts` at line 156, `g_alreadyUsedNonce` is a process-global object used to track previously seen nonces for replay detection. Entries are added on every `OpenSecureChannelRequest` and every `CreateSession` request but are never removed or expired.\n\nAn unauthenticated attacker can exploit the `CreateSession` path (which requires no certificate) to accumulate nonce entries indefinitely. Even with `maxSessions=10` limiting concurrent sessions, nonces persist after session expiry, allowing slow but reliable heap exhaustion across repeated connection cycles.\n\n---\n\n**Measured Impact**\n\nDynamically confirmed heap growth:\n- 5,000 unique nonces \u2192 +1.23 MB resident heap, no eviction after explicit GC\n- Projected: 10^6 nonces \u2192 ~246 MB resident heap\n- Achievable OOM on default Node.js heap limits\n\n---\n\n**Suggested Fix**\n\nAdd a TTL-based eviction policy to `g_alreadyUsedNonce`. Nonces should be expired after the maximum session timeout (or a reasonable fixed window, e.g. 1 hour). A Map with timestamp entries and periodic cleanup is sufficient.\n\n---\n\nI am following a 90-day responsible disclosure policy. I am happy to provide additional technical details under embargo. Please confirm receipt at your earliest convenience.\n\nReporter: Stanley Tobias\nDiscovery date: 2026-03-23",
  "id": "GHSA-6wvw-vrw4-363w",
  "modified": "2026-08-27T19:04:40Z",
  "published": "2026-08-20T18:35:41Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/node-opcua/node-opcua/security/advisories/GHSA-6wvw-vrw4-363w"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/node-opcua/node-opcua/commit/b82c2939fe9c658de58da993f2798ec5481d7313"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/node-opcua/node-opcua"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/node-opcua/node-opcua/releases/tag/v2.166.0"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "node-opcua: Unbounded nonce cache enables unauthenticated heap exhaustion DoS"
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.

The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.

Related by attack behaviour

Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.

Action not permitted

CVE-2026-54156 (GCVE-0-2026-54156)

FKIE_CVE-2026-54156

GHSA-6WVW-VRW4-363W

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Related by attack behaviour