Vulnerability-Lookup

CVE-2026-5387 (GCVE-0-2026-5387)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-15 15:24 – Updated: 2026-04-15 17:38

Title

AVEVA Pipeline Simulation Missing Authorization

Summary

The vulnerability, if exploited, could allow an unauthenticated miscreant to perform operations intended only for Simulator Instructor or Simulator Developer (Administrator) roles, resulting in privilege escalation with potential for modification of simulation parameters, training configuration, and training records.

Severity ?

9.3 (Critical)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

CWE

CWE-862

Assigner

icscert

References

URL

Tags

	https://www.aveva.com/content/dam/aveva/documents…
	https://softwaresupportsp.aveva.com/en-US/downloa…
	https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/i…
	https://github.com/cisagov/CSAF/blob/develop/csaf…

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version
	AVEVA	Pipeline Simulation 2025	Affected: 0 , ≤ 2025 SP1 (build 7.1.9497.6351) (custom)

Show details on NVD website

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ICSA-26-106-04

Vulnerability from csaf_cisa - Published: 2026-04-16 06:00 - Updated: 2026-04-16 06:00

Summary

AVEVA Pipeline Simulation

Notes

Legal Notice and Terms of Use: This product is provided subject to this Notification (https://www.cisa.gov/notification) and this Privacy & Use policy (https://www.cisa.gov/privacy-policy).

Risk evaluation: Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow an unauthenticated attacker to modify simulation parameters, training configuration and training records.

Critical infrastructure sectors: Critical Manufacturing

Countries/areas deployed: Worldwide

Company headquarters location: United Kingdom

Recommended Practices: CISA recommends users take defensive measures to minimize the risk of exploitation of this vulnerability.

Recommended Practices: Minimize network exposure for all control system devices and/or systems, ensuring they are not accessible from the internet.

Recommended Practices: Locate control system networks and remote devices behind firewalls and isolating them from business networks.

Recommended Practices: When remote access is required, use more secure methods, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), recognizing VPNs may have vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most current version available. Also recognize VPN is only as secure as the connected devices.

Recommended Practices: CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures.

Recommended Practices: CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov/ics. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies.

Recommended Practices: CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets.

Recommended Practices: Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov/ics in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B--Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies.

Recommended Practices: Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents.

Recommended Practices: No known public exploitation specifically targeting this vulnerability has been reported to CISA at this time.

CVE-2026-5387

9.1 (Critical)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N

CWE-862 - Missing Authorization

Vendor Fix All affected versions can be fixed by upgrading to AVEVA Pipeline Simulation 2025 SP1 P01 (build 7.1.9580.8513) or higher. (https://softwaresupportsp.aveva.com/en-US/downloads/products/details/57b79fdb-7b5f-4125-8a44-833b6b5c6d6f) https://softwaresupportsp.aveva.com/en-US/downloa…

Mitigation For more information, please see AVEVA's security bulletin AVEVA-2026-004 (https://www.aveva.com/content/dam/aveva/documents/support/cyber-security-updates/SecurityBulletin_AVEVA-2026-004.pdf). https://www.aveva.com/content/dam/aveva/documents…

Vendor Fix Restrict Network Access: Implement host-based and/or network firewall controls on all nodes hosting the Pipeline Simulation Server API to ensure that only trusted Pipeline Simulation client systems are permitted to establish connections.

Mitigation Enforce Secure Communication: Enable TLS for all API communications and ensure that server certificates are properly managed and protected to reduce the risk of manipulator-in-the-middle(MitM) attacks and tampering with data in transit.

References

URL

Category

	https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cisagov/CSAF/de…	self
	https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/i…	self
	https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ics/alerts/ICS-ALERT-…	external
	https://www.cisa.gov/resources-tools/resources/ic…	external
	https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publicat…	external
	https://www.cisa.gov/topics/industrial-control-systems	external
	https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ics-a…	external
	https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/recommen…	external
	https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/news/targeted-cy…	external
	https://www.cisa.gov/secure-our-world/teach-emplo…	external
	https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/news/avoiding-so…	external
	https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/862.html	external
	https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-5387	external
	https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.1#CVSS:3.…	external
	https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/4.0#CVSS:4.…	external

Acknowledgments

AVEVA

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "document": {
    "acknowledgments": [
      {
        "organization": "AVEVA",
        "summary": "reported this vulnerability to CISA"
      }
    ],
    "category": "csaf_security_advisory",
    "csaf_version": "2.0",
    "distribution": {
      "text": "Disclosure is not limited",
      "tlp": {
        "label": "WHITE",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/news/traffic-light-protocol-tlp-definitions-and-usage"
      }
    },
    "lang": "en-US",
    "notes": [
      {
        "category": "legal_disclaimer",
        "text": "This product is provided subject to this Notification (https://www.cisa.gov/notification) and this Privacy \u0026 Use policy (https://www.cisa.gov/privacy-policy).",
        "title": "Legal Notice and Terms of Use"
      },
      {
        "category": "summary",
        "text": "Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow an unauthenticated attacker to modify simulation parameters, training configuration and training records.",
        "title": "Risk evaluation"
      },
      {
        "category": "other",
        "text": "Critical Manufacturing",
        "title": "Critical infrastructure sectors"
      },
      {
        "category": "other",
        "text": "Worldwide",
        "title": "Countries/areas deployed"
      },
      {
        "category": "other",
        "text": "United Kingdom",
        "title": "Company headquarters location"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "CISA recommends users take defensive measures to minimize the risk of exploitation of this vulnerability.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
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        "text": "Minimize network exposure for all control system devices and/or systems, ensuring they are not accessible from the internet.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
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        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
      {
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        "text": "When remote access is required, use more secure methods, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), recognizing VPNs may have vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most current version available. Also recognize VPN is only as secure as the connected devices.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov/ics. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov/ics in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B--Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "No known public exploitation specifically targeting this vulnerability has been reported to CISA at this time.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      }
    ],
    "publisher": {
      "category": "coordinator",
      "contact_details": "central@cisa.dhs.gov",
      "name": "CISA",
      "namespace": "https://www.cisa.gov/"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "category": "self",
        "summary": "ICS Advisory ICSA-26-106-04 JSON",
        "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cisagov/CSAF/develop/csaf_files/OT/white/2026/icsa-26-106-04.json"
      },
      {
        "category": "self",
        "summary": "ICSA Advisory ICSA-26-106-04 - Web Version",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-26-106-04"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ics/alerts/ICS-ALERT-10-301-01"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/resources-tools/resources/ics-recommended-practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Cybersecurity_Best_Practices_for_Industrial_Control_Systems.pdf"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/topics/industrial-control-systems"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ics-alert-10-301-01"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/recommended_practices/NCCIC_ICS-CERT_Defense_in_Depth_2016_S508C.pdf"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/news/targeted-cyber-intrusion-detection-and-mitigation-strategies-update-b"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/secure-our-world/teach-employees-avoid-phishing"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/news/avoiding-social-engineering-and-phishing-attacks"
      }
    ],
    "title": "AVEVA Pipeline Simulation",
    "tracking": {
      "current_release_date": "2026-04-16T06:00:00.000000Z",
      "generator": {
        "date": "2026-04-15T16:19:26.300414Z",
        "engine": {
          "name": "CISA CSAF Generator",
          "version": "1.0.0"
        }
      },
      "id": "ICSA-26-106-04",
      "initial_release_date": "2026-04-16T06:00:00.000000Z",
      "revision_history": [
        {
          "date": "2026-04-16T06:00:00.000000Z",
          "legacy_version": "Initial",
          "number": "1",
          "summary": "Initial Republication of AVEVA-2026-004"
        }
      ],
      "status": "final",
      "version": "1"
    }
  },
  "product_tree": {
    "branches": [
      {
        "branches": [
          {
            "branches": [
              {
                "category": "product_version_range",
                "name": "\u003c=2025_SP1_build_7.1.9497.6351",
                "product": {
                  "name": "AVEVA Pipeline Simulation: \u003c=2025_SP1_build_7.1.9497.6351",
                  "product_id": "CSAFPID-0001"
                }
              }
            ],
            "category": "product_name",
            "name": "Pipeline Simulation"
          }
        ],
        "category": "vendor",
        "name": "AVEVA"
      }
    ]
  },
  "vulnerabilities": [
    {
      "cve": "CVE-2026-5387",
      "cwe": {
        "id": "CWE-862",
        "name": "Missing Authorization"
      },
      "notes": [
        {
          "category": "summary",
          "text": "The vulnerability, if exploited, could allow an unauthenticated miscreant to perform operations intended only for Simulator Instructor or Simulator Developer (Administrator) roles, resulting in privilege escalation with potential for modification of simulation parameters, training configuration, and training records.",
          "title": "Vulnerability Summary"
        },
        {
          "category": "details",
          "text": "SSVCv2/E:N/A:Y/2026-04-15T06:00:00.000000Z",
          "title": "SSVC"
        }
      ],
      "product_status": {
        "known_affected": [
          "CSAFPID-0001"
        ]
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "cwe.mitre.org",
          "url": "https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/862.html"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "www.cve.org",
          "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-5387"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "www.first.org",
          "url": "https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.1#CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "www.first.org",
          "url": "https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/4.0#CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N"
        }
      ],
      "remediations": [
        {
          "category": "vendor_fix",
          "details": "All affected versions can be fixed by upgrading to AVEVA Pipeline Simulation 2025 SP1 P01 (build 7.1.9580.8513) or higher. (https://softwaresupportsp.aveva.com/en-US/downloads/products/details/57b79fdb-7b5f-4125-8a44-833b6b5c6d6f)",
          "product_ids": [
            "CSAFPID-0001"
          ],
          "url": "https://softwaresupportsp.aveva.com/en-US/downloads/products/details/57b79fdb-7b5f-4125-8a44-833b6b5c6d6f"
        },
        {
          "category": "mitigation",
          "details": "For more information, please see AVEVA\u0027s security bulletin AVEVA-2026-004 (https://www.aveva.com/content/dam/aveva/documents/support/cyber-security-updates/SecurityBulletin_AVEVA-2026-004.pdf).",
          "product_ids": [
            "CSAFPID-0001"
          ],
          "url": "https://www.aveva.com/content/dam/aveva/documents/support/cyber-security-updates/SecurityBulletin_AVEVA-2026-004.pdf"
        },
        {
          "category": "vendor_fix",
          "details": "Restrict Network Access: Implement host-based and/or network firewall controls on all nodes hosting the Pipeline Simulation Server API to ensure that only trusted Pipeline Simulation client systems are permitted to establish connections.",
          "product_ids": [
            "CSAFPID-0001"
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "mitigation",
          "details": "Enforce Secure Communication: Enable TLS for all API communications and ensure that server certificates are properly managed and protected to reduce the risk of manipulator-in-the-middle(MitM) attacks and tampering with data in transit.",
          "product_ids": [
            "CSAFPID-0001"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "scores": [
        {
          "cvss_v3": {
            "baseScore": 9.1,
            "baseSeverity": "CRITICAL",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "products": [
            "CSAFPID-0001"
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-JHJ9-VQ27-Q5P9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-15 18:31 – Updated: 2026-04-15 18:31

Details

Severity ?

9.3 (Critical)


                  
                    CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

Show details on source website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-5387"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-15T16:16:39Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "The vulnerability, if exploited, could allow an unauthenticated miscreant to perform operations\u00a0intended only for Simulator Instructor or Simulator Developer (Administrator) roles, resulting in privilege escalation with potential for modification of simulation parameters, training configuration, and training records.",
  "id": "GHSA-jhj9-vq27-q5p9",
  "modified": "2026-04-15T18:31:57Z",
  "published": "2026-04-15T18:31:57Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-5387"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/cisagov/CSAF/blob/develop/csaf_files/OT/white/2026/icsa-26-106-04.json"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://softwaresupportsp.aveva.com/en-US/downloads/products/details/57b79fdb-7b5f-4125-8a44-833b6b5c6d6f"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.aveva.com/content/dam/aveva/documents/support/cyber-security-updates/SecurityBulletin_AVEVA-2026-004.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-26-106-04"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

FKIE_CVE-2026-5387

Vulnerability from fkie_nvd - Published: 2026-04-15 16:16 - Updated: 2026-04-17 15:09

Severity ?

9.3 (Critical) - CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

Summary

References

	URL	Tags
	ics-cert@hq.dhs.gov	https://github.com/cisagov/CSAF/blob/develop/csaf_files/OT/white/2026/icsa-26-106-04.json
	ics-cert@hq.dhs.gov	https://softwaresupportsp.aveva.com/en-US/downloads/products/details/57b79fdb-7b5f-4125-8a44-833b6b5c6d6f
	ics-cert@hq.dhs.gov	https://www.aveva.com/content/dam/aveva/documents/support/cyber-security-updates/SecurityBulletin_AVEVA-2026-004.pdf
	ics-cert@hq.dhs.gov	https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-26-106-04

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "cveTags": [],
  "descriptions": [
    {
      "lang": "en",
      "value": "The vulnerability, if exploited, could allow an unauthenticated miscreant to perform operations\u00a0intended only for Simulator Instructor or Simulator Developer (Administrator) roles, resulting in privilege escalation with potential for modification of simulation parameters, training configuration, and training records."
    }
  ],
  "id": "CVE-2026-5387",
  "lastModified": "2026-04-17T15:09:46.880",
  "metrics": {
    "cvssMetricV40": [
      {
        "cvssData": {
          "Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackRequirements": "NONE",
          "attackVector": "NETWORK",
          "availabilityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "baseScore": 9.3,
          "baseSeverity": "CRITICAL",
          "confidentialityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "exploitMaturity": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "integrityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedAttackComplexity": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedAttackRequirements": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedAttackVector": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedPrivilegesRequired": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedSubAvailabilityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedSubConfidentialityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedSubIntegrityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedUserInteraction": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedVulnAvailabilityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedVulnConfidentialityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedVulnIntegrityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
          "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
          "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
          "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
          "version": "4.0",
          "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
          "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
          "vulnIntegrityImpact": "HIGH",
          "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
        },
        "source": "ics-cert@hq.dhs.gov",
        "type": "Secondary"
      }
    ]
  },
  "published": "2026-04-15T16:16:39.007",
  "references": [
    {
      "source": "ics-cert@hq.dhs.gov",
      "url": "https://github.com/cisagov/CSAF/blob/develop/csaf_files/OT/white/2026/icsa-26-106-04.json"
    },
    {
      "source": "ics-cert@hq.dhs.gov",
      "url": "https://softwaresupportsp.aveva.com/en-US/downloads/products/details/57b79fdb-7b5f-4125-8a44-833b6b5c6d6f"
    },
    {
      "source": "ics-cert@hq.dhs.gov",
      "url": "https://www.aveva.com/content/dam/aveva/documents/support/cyber-security-updates/SecurityBulletin_AVEVA-2026-004.pdf"
    },
    {
      "source": "ics-cert@hq.dhs.gov",
      "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-26-106-04"
    }
  ],
  "sourceIdentifier": "ics-cert@hq.dhs.gov",
  "vulnStatus": "Awaiting Analysis",
  "weaknesses": [
    {
      "description": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "CWE-862"
        }
      ],
      "source": "ics-cert@hq.dhs.gov",
      "type": "Primary"
    }
  ]
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.

Action not permitted

CVE-2026-5387 (GCVE-0-2026-5387)

ICSA-26-106-04

GHSA-JHJ9-VQ27-Q5P9

FKIE_CVE-2026-5387

Tags

Sightings

Nomenclature