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BREW-PILLOW-CVE-2026-40192 (CVE-2026-40192)
Vulnerability from osv_homebrew – Published: 2026-08-13 17:28 – Updated: 2026-09-10 20:25 – Source website
VLAI
Summary
Pillow is vulnerable to a FITS GZIP decompression bomb
Details
Pillow is a Python imaging library. Versions 10.3.0 through 12.1.1 did not limit the amount of GZIP-compressed data read when decoding a FITS image, making them vulnerable to decompression bomb attacks. A specially crafted FITS file could cause unbounded memory consumption, leading to denial of service (OOM crash or severe performance degradation). If users are unable to immediately upgrade, they should only open specific image formats, excluding FITS, as a workaround.
Severity
References
{
"affected": [
{
"ecosystem_specific": {
"fix": "bump",
"range_state": "fixed",
"upstream_fixed_in": "12.2.0"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Homebrew",
"name": "pillow",
"purl": "pkg:brew/pillow"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "12.3.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"database_specific": {
"confidence": "high",
"source": "matched",
"strategy": "git",
"upstream_evidence": [
{
"ecosystem": "GIT",
"key": "https://github.com/python-pillow/pillow",
"name": "https://github.com/python-pillow/pillow",
"strategy": "git",
"subject_version": "12.3.0"
},
{
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"key": "pkg:pypi/pillow@12.3.0",
"name": "pillow",
"strategy": "registry",
"subject_version": "12.3.0"
},
{
"ecosystem": "Debian",
"key": "Debian/pillow",
"name": "pillow",
"strategy": "distro"
},
{
"ecosystem": "GIT",
"key": "upstream:https://github.com/python-pillow/pillow",
"name": "https://github.com/python-pillow/pillow",
"strategy": "distro",
"subject_version": "12.3.0"
},
{
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"key": "upstream:pkg:pypi/pillow@12.3.0",
"name": "pillow",
"strategy": "distro",
"subject_version": "12.3.0"
},
{
"ecosystem": "Ubuntu",
"key": "Ubuntu/pillow",
"name": "pillow",
"strategy": "distro"
}
]
},
"details": "Pillow is a Python imaging library. Versions 10.3.0 through 12.1.1 did not limit the amount of GZIP-compressed data read when decoding a FITS image, making them vulnerable to decompression bomb attacks. A specially crafted FITS file could cause unbounded memory consumption, leading to denial of service (OOM crash or severe performance degradation). If users are unable to immediately upgrade, they should only open specific image formats, excluding FITS, as a workaround.",
"id": "BREW-pillow-CVE-2026-40192",
"modified": "2026-09-10T20:25:15Z",
"published": "2026-08-13T17:28:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/12.2.0.html#prevent-fits-decompression-bomb"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-40192.json"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:16008"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:16009"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:16030"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:16174"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:17609"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:17611"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:19375"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:19712"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:21017"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:22465"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:22629"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:22840"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:23361"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24761"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24762"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24853"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24866"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24977"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:27076"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:34365"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:34366"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:34368"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:37275"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:57387"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:61627"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:61628"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:61629"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:65126"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-40192"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/tree/main/cves/2026/40xxx/CVE-2026-40192.json"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/security/advisories/GHSA-whj4-6x5x-4v2j"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-40192"
},
{
"type": "REPORT",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2458856"
},
{
"type": "FIX",
"url": "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/commit/3cb854e8b2bab43f40e342e665f9340d861aa628"
},
{
"type": "FIX",
"url": "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/9521"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.7.3",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Pillow is vulnerable to a FITS GZIP decompression bomb",
"upstream": [
"CVE-2026-40192",
"BIT-pillow-2026-40192",
"GHSA-whj4-6x5x-4v2j",
"PYSEC-2026-2250"
]
}
bit-pillow-2026-40192
Vulnerability from bitnami_vulndb
Published
2026-04-18 08:46
Modified
2026-09-10 09:15
Summary
Pillow is vulnerable to a FITS GZIP decompression bomb
Details
Pillow is a Python imaging library. Versions 10.3.0 through 12.1.1 did not limit the amount of GZIP-compressed data read when decoding a FITS image, making them vulnerable to decompression bomb attacks. A specially crafted FITS file could cause unbounded memory consumption, leading to denial of service (OOM crash or severe performance degradation). If users are unable to immediately upgrade, they should only open specific image formats, excluding FITS, as a workaround.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Bitnami",
"name": "pillow",
"purl": "pkg:bitnami/pillow"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "10.3.0"
},
{
"fixed": "12.2.0"
}
],
"type": "SEMVER"
}
],
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-40192"
],
"database_specific": {
"cpes": [
"cpe:2.3:a:python:pillow:*:*:*:*:*:python:*:*"
],
"severity": "High"
},
"details": "Pillow is a Python imaging library. Versions 10.3.0 through 12.1.1 did not limit the amount of GZIP-compressed data read when decoding a FITS image, making them vulnerable to decompression bomb attacks. A specially crafted FITS file could cause unbounded memory consumption, leading to denial of service (OOM crash or severe performance degradation). If users are unable to immediately upgrade, they should only open specific image formats, excluding FITS, as a workaround.",
"id": "BIT-pillow-2026-40192",
"modified": "2026-09-10T09:15:14.395Z",
"published": "2026-04-18T08:46:42.614Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "FIX",
"url": "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/commit/3cb854e8b2bab43f40e342e665f9340d861aa628"
},
{
"type": "FIX",
"url": "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/9521"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/security/advisories/GHSA-whj4-6x5x-4v2j"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-40192"
},
{
"type": "ARTICLE",
"url": "https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/12.2.0.html#prevent-fits-decompression-bomb"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:16008"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:16009"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:16030"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:16174"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:17609"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:17611"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:19375"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:19712"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:21017"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:22465"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:22629"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:22840"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:23361"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24761"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24762"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24853"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24866"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24977"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:27076"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:34365"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:34366"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:34368"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-40192"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2458856"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-40192.json"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:37275"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:57387"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:61627"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:61628"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:61629"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:65126"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.6.2",
"summary": "Pillow is vulnerable to a FITS GZIP decompression bomb"
}
CVE-2026-40192 (GCVE-0-2026-40192)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-15 22:53 – Updated: 2026-09-10 12:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Pillow is vulnerable to a FITS GZIP decompression bomb
Summary
Pillow is a Python imaging library. Versions 10.3.0 through 12.1.1 did not limit the amount of GZIP-compressed data read when decoding a FITS image, making them vulnerable to decompression bomb attacks. A specially crafted FITS file could cause unbounded memory consumption, leading to denial of service (OOM crash or severe performance degradation). If users are unable to immediately upgrade, they should only open specific image formats, excluding FITS, as a workaround.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-16 13:37 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
35 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/security/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/9521 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/commit/3c… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releaseno… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-40192 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2458856 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/v… | x_sadp-csaf-vex |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24761 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:27076 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24762 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:34366 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:34368 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:34365 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:61628 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:61627 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:61629 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:16008 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:16030 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:16009 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:16174 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:57387 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24866 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:17611 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:17609 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24977 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:65126 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:19712 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:37275 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:22840 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:22629 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:21017 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24853 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:19375 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:22465 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:23361 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
59 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| python-pillow | Pillow |
Affected:
>= 10.3.0, < 12.2.0
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 8 |
Unaffected:
0:12.2.0-1.el8ap , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 9 |
Unaffected:
0:12.2.0-1.el9ap , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9 |
Unaffected:
0:12.2.0-1.el9ap , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.6::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Satellite 6.16 for RHEL 8 |
Unaffected:
0:12.2.0-1.el8pc , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:satellite:6.16::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:satellite_capsule:6.16::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Satellite 6.16 for RHEL 9 |
Unaffected:
0:12.2.0-1.el9pc , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:satellite:6.16::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:satellite_capsule:6.16::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Satellite 6.17 for RHEL 9 |
Unaffected:
0:12.2.0-1.el9pc , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:satellite:6.17::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:satellite_capsule:6.17::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Satellite 6.18 for RHEL 9 |
Unaffected:
0:12.2.0-1.el9pc , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:satellite:6.18::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:satellite_capsule:6.18::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Satellite 6.19 for RHEL 9 |
Unaffected:
0:12.2.0-1.el9pc , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:satellite:6.19::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:satellite_capsule:6.19::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat AI Inference Server 3.2 |
Unaffected:
1787860580 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:ai_inference_server:3.2::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat AI Inference Server 3.2 |
Unaffected:
1787772157 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:ai_inference_server:3.2::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat AI Inference Server 3.2 |
Unaffected:
1787884873 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:ai_inference_server:3.2::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat AI Inference Server 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1778244559 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:ai_inference_server:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat AI Inference Server 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1778244531 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:ai_inference_server:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat AI Inference Server 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1778274666 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:ai_inference_server:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat AI Inference Server 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1778244546 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:ai_inference_server:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat AI Inference Server 3.4 |
Unaffected:
1787151840 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:ai_inference_server:3.4::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 |
Unaffected:
1779761061 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.6::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 |
Unaffected:
1780102732 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.6::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1778690639 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux_ai:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1778677633 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux_ai:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1778677632 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux_ai:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1778677745 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux_ai:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1778666122 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux_ai:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1778666124 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux_ai:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 2.25 |
Unaffected:
1780388133 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:2.25::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 2.25 |
Unaffected:
1786711151 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:2.25::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1778677779 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1778677692 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1778262893 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1778677701 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1778677741 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1778677767 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1779123334 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1778263128 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1778782933 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1778677718 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1778677716 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1778263054 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1778677734 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1778677667 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1778677717 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1778677722 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1782472374 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1782471606 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Quay 3.10 |
Unaffected:
1779822261 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.10::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Quay 3.12 |
Unaffected:
1779811412 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.12::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Quay 3.14 |
Unaffected:
1779689392 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.14::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Quay 3.15 |
Unaffected:
1780891395 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.15::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Quay 3.16 |
Unaffected:
1779204086 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.16::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Quay 3.17 |
Unaffected:
1779922205 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.17::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Quay 3.9 |
Unaffected:
1779811473 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.9::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Lightspeed Core |
cpe:/a:redhat:lightspeed_core
|
|
| Red Hat | OpenShift Lightspeed |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_lightspeed
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat AI Inference Server |
cpe:/a:redhat:ai_inference_server:3
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2 |
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI (RHOAI) |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai
|
{
"containers": {
"adp": [
{
"metrics": [
{
"other": {
"content": {
"id": "CVE-2026-40192",
"options": [
{
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{
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},
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{
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"product": "Red Hat Satellite 6.16 for RHEL 9",
"vendor": "Red Hat",
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},
{
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],
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},
{
"collectionURL": "https://access.redhat.com/downloads/content/package-browser/",
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"packageName": "python3.12-pillow",
"product": "Red Hat Satellite 6.18 for RHEL 9",
"vendor": "Red Hat",
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},
{
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"packageName": "python3.12-pillow",
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"vendor": "Red Hat",
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"vendor": "Red Hat",
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"vendor": "Red Hat",
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"vendor": "Red Hat",
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"product": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI 3.3",
"vendor": "Red Hat",
"versions": [
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"versionType": "rpm"
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},
{
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"cpes": [
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"defaultStatus": "affected",
"packageName": "rhelai3/bootc-cuda-rhel9",
"product": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI 3.3",
"vendor": "Red Hat",
"versions": [
{
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"status": "unaffected",
"version": "1778666122",
"versionType": "rpm"
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]
},
{
"collectionURL": "https://catalog.redhat.com/software/containers/",
"cpes": [
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"defaultStatus": "affected",
"packageName": "rhelai3/bootc-gcp-cuda-rhel9",
"product": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI 3.3",
"vendor": "Red Hat",
"versions": [
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"status": "unaffected",
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]
},
{
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"cpes": [
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"product": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI 3.3",
"vendor": "Red Hat",
"versions": [
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]
},
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"cpes": [
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"packageName": "rhoai/odh-caikit-tgis-serving-rhel9",
"product": "Red Hat OpenShift AI 2.25",
"vendor": "Red Hat",
"versions": [
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"status": "unaffected",
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]
},
{
"collectionURL": "https://catalog.redhat.com/software/containers/",
"cpes": [
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],
"defaultStatus": "affected",
"packageName": "rhoai/odh-vllm-rocm-rhel9",
"product": "Red Hat OpenShift AI 2.25",
"vendor": "Red Hat",
"versions": [
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"status": "unaffected",
"version": "1786711151",
"versionType": "rpm"
}
]
},
{
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"cpes": [
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"defaultStatus": "affected",
"packageName": "rhoai/odh-pipeline-runtime-datascience-cpu-py312-rhel9",
"product": "Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3",
"vendor": "Red Hat",
"versions": [
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"status": "unaffected",
"version": "1778677779",
"versionType": "rpm"
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{
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"cpes": [
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"defaultStatus": "affected",
"packageName": "rhoai/odh-pipeline-runtime-pytorch-cuda-py312-rhel9",
"product": "Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3",
"vendor": "Red Hat",
"versions": [
{
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"status": "unaffected",
"version": "1778677692",
"versionType": "rpm"
}
]
},
{
"collectionURL": "https://catalog.redhat.com/software/containers/",
"cpes": [
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],
"defaultStatus": "affected",
"packageName": "rhoai/odh-pipeline-runtime-pytorch-llmcompressor-cuda-py312-rhel9",
"product": "Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3",
"vendor": "Red Hat",
"versions": [
{
"lessThan": "*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "1778262893",
"versionType": "rpm"
}
]
},
{
"collectionURL": "https://catalog.redhat.com/software/containers/",
"cpes": [
"cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9"
],
"defaultStatus": "affected",
"packageName": "rhoai/odh-pipeline-runtime-pytorch-rocm-py312-rhel9",
"product": "Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3",
"vendor": "Red Hat",
"versions": [
{
"lessThan": "*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "1778677701",
"versionType": "rpm"
}
]
},
{
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},
{
"tags": [
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"x_refsource_REDHAT"
],
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:22840"
},
{
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"x_refsource_REDHAT"
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},
{
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"x_refsource_REDHAT"
],
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:21017"
},
{
"tags": [
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"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24853"
},
{
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"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:19375"
},
{
"tags": [
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{
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"value": "RHSA-2026:24761: Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 8, Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 9"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "RHSA-2026:27076: Red Hat Satellite 6.16 for RHEL 8, Red Hat Satellite 6.16 for RHEL 9"
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{
"lang": "en",
"value": "RHSA-2026:24762: Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9"
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{
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{
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{
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"value": "RHSA-2026:34365: Red Hat Satellite 6.19 for RHEL 9"
},
{
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"value": "RHSA-2026:61628: Red Hat AI Inference Server 3.2"
},
{
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"value": "RHSA-2026:61627: Red Hat AI Inference Server 3.2"
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{
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{
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"value": "RHSA-2026:16008: Red Hat AI Inference Server 3.3"
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{
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"value": "RHSA-2026:16030: Red Hat AI Inference Server 3.3"
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{
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"value": "RHSA-2026:24866: Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6"
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"value": "RHSA-2026:17611: Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI 3.3"
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},
{
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"value": "RHSA-2026:37275: Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3"
},
{
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"value": "RHSA-2026:22840: Red Hat Quay 3.10"
},
{
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},
{
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{
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],
"timeline": [
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2026-04-16T00:00:49.590Z",
"value": "Reported to Red Hat."
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2026-04-15T22:53:56.147Z",
"value": "Made public."
}
],
"title": "Pillow: Pillow: Denial of Service via decompression bomb in FITS image processing",
"workarounds": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "Mitigation for this issue is either not available or the currently available options do not meet the Red Hat Product Security criteria comprising ease of use and deployment, applicability to widespread installation base or stability."
}
],
"x_adpType": "supplier",
"x_generator": {
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}
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"product": "Pillow",
"vendor": "python-pillow",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003e= 10.3.0, \u003c 12.2.0"
}
]
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "Pillow is a Python imaging library. Versions 10.3.0 through 12.1.1 did not limit the amount of GZIP-compressed data read when decoding a FITS image, making them vulnerable to decompression bomb attacks. A specially crafted FITS file could cause unbounded memory consumption, leading to denial of service (OOM crash or severe performance degradation). If users are unable to immediately upgrade, they should only open specific image formats, excluding FITS, as a workaround."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV4_0": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackRequirements": "NONE",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"baseScore": 8.7,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
"subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"version": "4.0",
"vulnAvailabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-770",
"description": "CWE-770: Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
},
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-400",
"description": "CWE-400: Uncontrolled Resource Consumption",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-04-15T22:53:56.147Z",
"orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"shortName": "GitHub_M"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/security/advisories/GHSA-whj4-6x5x-4v2j",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_CONFIRM"
],
"url": "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/security/advisories/GHSA-whj4-6x5x-4v2j"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/9521",
"tags": [
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],
"url": "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/9521"
},
{
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],
"url": "https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/12.2.0.html#prevent-fits-decompression-bomb"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-whj4-6x5x-4v2j",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "Pillow is vulnerable to a FITS GZIP decompression bomb"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-40192",
"datePublished": "2026-04-15T22:53:56.147Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-04-09T20:59:17.620Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-09-10T12:04:47.474Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
GHSA-WHJ4-6X5X-4V2J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-13 19:22 – Updated: 2026-04-27 16:21
VLAI
Summary
FITS GZIP decompression bomb in Pillow
Details
Impact
Pillow did not limit the amount of GZIP-compressed data read when decoding a FITS image, making it vulnerable to decompression bomb attacks. A specially crafted FITS file could cause unbounded memory consumption, leading to denial of service (OOM crash or severe performance degradation).
Patches
The amount of data read is now limited to the necessary amount. Fixed in Pillow 12.2.0 (PR #9521).
Workarounds
Avoid Pillow >= 10.3.0, < 12.2.0 Only open specific image formats, excluding FITS.
Severity
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "pillow"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "10.3.0"
},
{
"fixed": "12.2.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-40192"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-400",
"CWE-770"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-13T19:22:35Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-15T23:16:10Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\nPillow did not limit the amount of GZIP-compressed data read when decoding a FITS image, making it vulnerable to decompression bomb attacks. A specially crafted FITS file could cause unbounded memory consumption, leading to denial of service (OOM crash or severe performance degradation).\n\n### Patches\nThe amount of data read is now limited to the necessary amount.\nFixed in Pillow 12.2.0 (PR #9521).\n\n### Workarounds\nAvoid Pillow \u003e= 10.3.0, \u003c 12.2.0\nOnly open [specific image formats](https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/8.0.0.html#image-open-add-formats-parameter), excluding FITS.",
"id": "GHSA-whj4-6x5x-4v2j",
"modified": "2026-04-27T16:21:39Z",
"published": "2026-04-13T19:22:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/security/advisories/GHSA-whj4-6x5x-4v2j"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-40192"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/9521"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/commit/3cb854e8b2bab43f40e342e665f9340d861aa628"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/12.2.0.html#prevent-fits-decompression-bomb"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "FITS GZIP decompression bomb in Pillow"
}
PYSEC-2026-2250
Vulnerability from pysec - Published: 2026-04-15 23:16 - Updated: 2026-07-13 05:50
VLAI
Details
Pillow is a Python imaging library. Versions 10.3.0 through 12.1.1 did not limit the amount of GZIP-compressed data read when decoding a FITS image, making them vulnerable to decompression bomb attacks. A specially crafted FITS file could cause unbounded memory consumption, leading to denial of service (OOM crash or severe performance degradation). If users are unable to immediately upgrade, they should only open specific image formats, excluding FITS, as a workaround.
Severity
7.5 (High)
Impacted products
| Name | purl | pillow | pkg:pypi/pillow |
|---|
Aliases
{
"affected": [
{
"ecosystem_specific": {},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "pillow",
"purl": "pkg:pypi/pillow"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "10.3.0"
},
{
"fixed": "12.2.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
],
"versions": [
"10.3.0",
"10.4.0",
"11.0.0",
"11.1.0",
"11.2.1",
"11.3.0",
"12.0.0",
"12.1.0",
"12.1.1"
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-40192",
"GHSA-whj4-6x5x-4v2j"
],
"details": "Pillow is a Python imaging library. Versions 10.3.0 through 12.1.1 did not limit the amount of GZIP-compressed data read when decoding a FITS image, making them vulnerable to decompression bomb attacks. A specially crafted FITS file could cause unbounded memory consumption, leading to denial of service (OOM crash or severe performance degradation). If users are unable to immediately upgrade, they should only open specific image formats, excluding FITS, as a workaround.",
"id": "PYSEC-2026-2250",
"modified": "2026-07-13T05:50:45.121037Z",
"published": "2026-04-15T23:16:10.053Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-40192"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-40192.json"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:16008"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:16009"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:16030"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:16174"
},
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"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:17609"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:17611"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:19375"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:19712"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:21017"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:22465"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:22629"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
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},
{
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},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24761"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24762"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
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{
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{
"type": "ADVISORY",
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{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:27076"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:34365"
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{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:34366"
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{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:34368"
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{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:37275"
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{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/12.2.0.html#prevent-fits-decompression-bomb"
},
{
"type": "REPORT",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2458856"
},
{
"type": "FIX",
"url": "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/commit/3cb854e8b2bab43f40e342e665f9340d861aa628"
},
{
"type": "FIX",
"url": "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/9521"
},
{
"type": "FIX",
"url": "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/security/advisories/GHSA-whj4-6x5x-4v2j"
}
],
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
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Trend slope:
-
(linear fit over daily sighting counts)
Show additional events:
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Experimental. This forecast is provided for visualization only and may change without notice. Do not use it for operational decisions.
Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
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The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the
vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base
model, served locally by ML-Gateway.
They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
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Related by attack behaviour
Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.
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