CVE-2025-38528 (GCVE-0-2025-38528)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-16 11:12 – Updated: 2026-05-11 21:29
VLAI?
Title
bpf: Reject %p% format string in bprintf-like helpers
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: bpf: Reject %p% format string in bprintf-like helpers static const char fmt[] = "%p%"; bpf_trace_printk(fmt, sizeof(fmt)); The above BPF program isn't rejected and causes a kernel warning at runtime: Please remove unsupported %\x00 in format string WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 7244 at lib/vsprintf.c:2680 format_decode+0x49c/0x5d0 This happens because bpf_bprintf_prepare skips over the second %, detected as punctuation, while processing %p. This patch fixes it by not skipping over punctuation. %\x00 is then processed in the next iteration and rejected.
Severity ?
No CVSS data available.
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Linux Linux Affected: 48cac3f4a96ddf08df8e53809ed066de0dc93915 , < 97303e541e12f1fea97834ec64b98991e8775f39 (git)
Affected: 48cac3f4a96ddf08df8e53809ed066de0dc93915 , < 61d5fa45ed13e42af14c7e959baba9908b8ee6d4 (git)
Affected: 48cac3f4a96ddf08df8e53809ed066de0dc93915 , < e7be679124bae8cf4fa6e40d7e1661baddfb3289 (git)
Affected: 48cac3f4a96ddf08df8e53809ed066de0dc93915 , < 6952aeace93f8c9ea01849efecac24dd3152c9c9 (git)
Affected: 48cac3f4a96ddf08df8e53809ed066de0dc93915 , < 1c5f5fd47bbda17cb885fe6f03730702cd53d3f8 (git)
Affected: 48cac3f4a96ddf08df8e53809ed066de0dc93915 , < f8242745871f81a3ac37f9f51853d12854fd0b58 (git)
Create a notification for this product.
Linux Linux Affected: 5.13
Unaffected: 0 , < 5.13 (semver)
Unaffected: 5.15.190 , ≤ 5.15.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.1.147 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.6.100 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.12.40 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.15.8 , ≤ 6.15.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.16 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2025-11-03T17:39:24.864Z",
          "orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
          "shortName": "CVE"
        },
        "references": [
          {
            "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/10/msg00008.html"
          }
        ],
        "title": "CVE Program Container"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "kernel/bpf/helpers.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "97303e541e12f1fea97834ec64b98991e8775f39",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "48cac3f4a96ddf08df8e53809ed066de0dc93915",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "61d5fa45ed13e42af14c7e959baba9908b8ee6d4",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "48cac3f4a96ddf08df8e53809ed066de0dc93915",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "e7be679124bae8cf4fa6e40d7e1661baddfb3289",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "48cac3f4a96ddf08df8e53809ed066de0dc93915",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "6952aeace93f8c9ea01849efecac24dd3152c9c9",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "48cac3f4a96ddf08df8e53809ed066de0dc93915",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "1c5f5fd47bbda17cb885fe6f03730702cd53d3f8",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "48cac3f4a96ddf08df8e53809ed066de0dc93915",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "f8242745871f81a3ac37f9f51853d12854fd0b58",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "48cac3f4a96ddf08df8e53809ed066de0dc93915",
              "versionType": "git"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "kernel/bpf/helpers.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "5.13"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "5.13",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "5.15.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "5.15.190",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.1.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.1.147",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.6.100",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.12.40",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.15.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.15.8",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.16",
              "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "cpeApplicability": [
        {
          "nodes": [
            {
              "cpeMatch": [
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "5.15.190",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "5.13",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.1.147",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "5.13",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.100",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "5.13",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.12.40",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "5.13",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.15.8",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "5.13",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.16",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "5.13",
                  "vulnerable": true
                }
              ],
              "negate": false,
              "operator": "OR"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nbpf: Reject %p% format string in bprintf-like helpers\n\nstatic const char fmt[] = \"%p%\";\n    bpf_trace_printk(fmt, sizeof(fmt));\n\nThe above BPF program isn\u0027t rejected and causes a kernel warning at\nruntime:\n\n    Please remove unsupported %\\x00 in format string\n    WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 7244 at lib/vsprintf.c:2680 format_decode+0x49c/0x5d0\n\nThis happens because bpf_bprintf_prepare skips over the second %,\ndetected as punctuation, while processing %p. This patch fixes it by\nnot skipping over punctuation. %\\x00 is then processed in the next\niteration and rejected."
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-05-11T21:29:45.998Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/97303e541e12f1fea97834ec64b98991e8775f39"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/61d5fa45ed13e42af14c7e959baba9908b8ee6d4"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e7be679124bae8cf4fa6e40d7e1661baddfb3289"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/6952aeace93f8c9ea01849efecac24dd3152c9c9"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/1c5f5fd47bbda17cb885fe6f03730702cd53d3f8"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f8242745871f81a3ac37f9f51853d12854fd0b58"
        }
      ],
      "title": "bpf: Reject %p% format string in bprintf-like helpers",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-38528",
    "datePublished": "2025-08-16T11:12:21.667Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-04-16T04:51:24.023Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-05-11T21:29:45.998Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2",
  "vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
    "epss": {
      "cve": "CVE-2025-38528",
      "date": "2026-05-21",
      "epss": "0.00026",
      "percentile": "0.07422"
    },
    "nvd": "{\"cve\":{\"id\":\"CVE-2025-38528\",\"sourceIdentifier\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"published\":\"2025-08-16T12:15:28.313\",\"lastModified\":\"2026-01-07T19:21:55.550\",\"vulnStatus\":\"Analyzed\",\"cveTags\":[],\"descriptions\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\\n\\nbpf: Reject %p% format string in bprintf-like helpers\\n\\nstatic const char fmt[] = \\\"%p%\\\";\\n    bpf_trace_printk(fmt, sizeof(fmt));\\n\\nThe above BPF program isn\u0027t rejected and causes a kernel warning at\\nruntime:\\n\\n    Please remove unsupported %\\\\x00 in format string\\n    WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 7244 at lib/vsprintf.c:2680 format_decode+0x49c/0x5d0\\n\\nThis happens because bpf_bprintf_prepare skips over the second %,\\ndetected as punctuation, while processing %p. This patch fixes it by\\nnot skipping over punctuation. %\\\\x00 is then processed in the next\\niteration and rejected.\"},{\"lang\":\"es\",\"value\":\"En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: bpf: Rechazo de la cadena de formato %p% en ayudantes similares a bprintf. static const char fmt[] = \\\"%p%\\\"; bpf_trace_printk(fmt, sizeof(fmt)); El programa BPF anterior no se rechaza y genera una advertencia del kernel en tiempo de ejecuci\u00f3n: Por favor, elimine el %\\\\x00 no compatible en la cadena de formato. ADVERTENCIA: CPU: 1 PID: 7244 en lib/vsprintf.c:2680 format_decode+0x49c/0x5d0. Esto ocurre porque bpf_bprintf_prepare omite el segundo %, detectado como signo de puntuaci\u00f3n, al procesar %p. Este parche lo corrige al no omitir la puntuaci\u00f3n. %\\\\x00 se procesa en la siguiente iteraci\u00f3n y se rechaza.\"}],\"metrics\":{\"cvssMetricV31\":[{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H\",\"baseScore\":5.5,\"baseSeverity\":\"MEDIUM\",\"attackVector\":\"LOCAL\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"LOW\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"integrityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":1.8,\"impactScore\":3.6}]},\"weaknesses\":[{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"description\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"NVD-CWE-noinfo\"}]}],\"configurations\":[{\"nodes\":[{\"operator\":\"OR\",\"negate\":false,\"cpeMatch\":[{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"5.13\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"5.15.190\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"00A77226-2C17-41C7-BAA0-A33ECE2B2912\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"5.16\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.1.147\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"A4FD62FC-0DAE-4ACE-8C9C-66156518C3E1\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.2\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.6.100\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"094B81E0-B756-4727-85CA-F3F8D1C9D116\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.7\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.12.40\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"0099D5A4-B157-4D36-8858-982C7D579030\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.13\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.15.8\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"C7AFE5B0-F3B1-4D30-B8BF-EDA0385C4746\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.16:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"6D4894DB-CCFE-4602-B1BF-3960B2E19A01\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.16:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"09709862-E348-4378-8632-5A7813EDDC86\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.16:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"415BF58A-8197-43F5-B3D7-D1D63057A26E\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.16:rc4:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"A0517869-312D-4429-80C2-561086E1421C\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.16:rc5:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"85421F4E-C863-4ABF-B4B4-E887CC2F7F92\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.16:rc6:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"3827F0D4-5FEE-4181-B267-5A45E7CA11FC\"}]}]},{\"nodes\":[{\"operator\":\"OR\",\"negate\":false,\"cpeMatch\":[{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux:11.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"FA6FEEC2-9F11-4643-8827-749718254FED\"}]}]}],\"references\":[{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/1c5f5fd47bbda17cb885fe6f03730702cd53d3f8\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/61d5fa45ed13e42af14c7e959baba9908b8ee6d4\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/6952aeace93f8c9ea01849efecac24dd3152c9c9\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/97303e541e12f1fea97834ec64b98991e8775f39\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e7be679124bae8cf4fa6e40d7e1661baddfb3289\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f8242745871f81a3ac37f9f51853d12854fd0b58\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/10/msg00008.html\",\"source\":\"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\",\"tags\":[\"Third Party Advisory\",\"Mailing List\"]}]}}"
  }
}


Log in or create an account to share your comment.




Tags
Taxonomy of the tags.




Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.

Sightings

Author Source Type Date Other

Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.



Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.