CVE-2022-29211
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2022-05-20 23:20
Modified
2024-08-03 06:17
Severity ?
EPSS score ?
Summary
TensorFlow is an open source platform for machine learning. Prior to versions 2.9.0, 2.8.1, 2.7.2, and 2.6.4, the implementation of `tf.histogram_fixed_width` is vulnerable to a crash when the values array contain `Not a Number` (`NaN`) elements. The implementation assumes that all floating point operations are defined and then converts a floating point result to an integer index. If `values` contains `NaN` then the result of the division is still `NaN` and the cast to `int32` would result in a crash. This only occurs on the CPU implementation. Versions 2.9.0, 2.8.1, 2.7.2, and 2.6.4 contain a patch for this issue.
References
Impacted products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ▼ | tensorflow | tensorflow |
Version: < 2.6.4 Version: >= 2.7.0rc0, < 2.7.2 Version: >= 2.8.0rc0, < 2.8.1 Version: >= 2.9.0rc0, < 2.9.0 |
|
|
|||
{
"containers": {
"adp": [
{
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2024-08-03T06:17:54.256Z",
"orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
"shortName": "CVE"
},
"references": [
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/releases/tag/v2.6.4"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/releases/tag/v2.7.2"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/releases/tag/v2.8.1"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/releases/tag/v2.9.0"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_CONFIRM",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/security/advisories/GHSA-xrp2-fhq4-4q3w"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/issues/45770"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/commit/e57fd691c7b0fd00ea3bfe43444f30c1969748b5"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/f3b9bf4c3c0597563b289c0512e98d4ce81f886e/tensorflow/core/kernels/histogram_op.cc"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/f3b9bf4c3c0597563b289c0512e98d4ce81f886e/tensorflow/core/kernels/histogram_op.cc#L35-L74"
}
],
"title": "CVE Program Container"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"product": "tensorflow",
"vendor": "tensorflow",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003c 2.6.4"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003e= 2.7.0rc0, \u003c 2.7.2"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003e= 2.8.0rc0, \u003c 2.8.1"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003e= 2.9.0rc0, \u003c 2.9.0"
}
]
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "TensorFlow is an open source platform for machine learning. Prior to versions 2.9.0, 2.8.1, 2.7.2, and 2.6.4, the implementation of `tf.histogram_fixed_width` is vulnerable to a crash when the values array contain `Not a Number` (`NaN`) elements. The implementation assumes that all floating point operations are defined and then converts a floating point result to an integer index. If `values` contains `NaN` then the result of the division is still `NaN` and the cast to `int32` would result in a crash. This only occurs on the CPU implementation. Versions 2.9.0, 2.8.1, 2.7.2, and 2.6.4 contain a patch for this issue."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "LOCAL",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 5.5,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"integrityImpact": "NONE",
"privilegesRequired": "LOW",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-20",
"description": "CWE-20: Improper Input Validation",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2022-05-20T23:20:15",
"orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"shortName": "GitHub_M"
},
"references": [
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/releases/tag/v2.6.4"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/releases/tag/v2.7.2"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/releases/tag/v2.8.1"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/releases/tag/v2.9.0"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_CONFIRM"
],
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/security/advisories/GHSA-xrp2-fhq4-4q3w"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/issues/45770"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/commit/e57fd691c7b0fd00ea3bfe43444f30c1969748b5"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/f3b9bf4c3c0597563b289c0512e98d4ce81f886e/tensorflow/core/kernels/histogram_op.cc"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/f3b9bf4c3c0597563b289c0512e98d4ce81f886e/tensorflow/core/kernels/histogram_op.cc#L35-L74"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-xrp2-fhq4-4q3w",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "Segfault in TensorFlow if `tf.histogram_fixed_width` is called with NaN values",
"x_legacyV4Record": {
"CVE_data_meta": {
"ASSIGNER": "security-advisories@github.com",
"ID": "CVE-2022-29211",
"STATE": "PUBLIC",
"TITLE": "Segfault in TensorFlow if `tf.histogram_fixed_width` is called with NaN values"
},
"affects": {
"vendor": {
"vendor_data": [
{
"product": {
"product_data": [
{
"product_name": "tensorflow",
"version": {
"version_data": [
{
"version_value": "\u003c 2.6.4"
},
{
"version_value": "\u003e= 2.7.0rc0, \u003c 2.7.2"
},
{
"version_value": "\u003e= 2.8.0rc0, \u003c 2.8.1"
},
{
"version_value": "\u003e= 2.9.0rc0, \u003c 2.9.0"
}
]
}
}
]
},
"vendor_name": "tensorflow"
}
]
}
},
"data_format": "MITRE",
"data_type": "CVE",
"data_version": "4.0",
"description": {
"description_data": [
{
"lang": "eng",
"value": "TensorFlow is an open source platform for machine learning. Prior to versions 2.9.0, 2.8.1, 2.7.2, and 2.6.4, the implementation of `tf.histogram_fixed_width` is vulnerable to a crash when the values array contain `Not a Number` (`NaN`) elements. The implementation assumes that all floating point operations are defined and then converts a floating point result to an integer index. If `values` contains `NaN` then the result of the division is still `NaN` and the cast to `int32` would result in a crash. This only occurs on the CPU implementation. Versions 2.9.0, 2.8.1, 2.7.2, and 2.6.4 contain a patch for this issue."
}
]
},
"impact": {
"cvss": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "LOCAL",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 5.5,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"integrityImpact": "NONE",
"privilegesRequired": "LOW",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
}
},
"problemtype": {
"problemtype_data": [
{
"description": [
{
"lang": "eng",
"value": "CWE-20: Improper Input Validation"
}
]
}
]
},
"references": {
"reference_data": [
{
"name": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/releases/tag/v2.6.4",
"refsource": "MISC",
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/releases/tag/v2.6.4"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/releases/tag/v2.7.2",
"refsource": "MISC",
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/releases/tag/v2.7.2"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/releases/tag/v2.8.1",
"refsource": "MISC",
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/releases/tag/v2.8.1"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/releases/tag/v2.9.0",
"refsource": "MISC",
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/releases/tag/v2.9.0"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/security/advisories/GHSA-xrp2-fhq4-4q3w",
"refsource": "CONFIRM",
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/security/advisories/GHSA-xrp2-fhq4-4q3w"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/issues/45770",
"refsource": "MISC",
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/issues/45770"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/commit/e57fd691c7b0fd00ea3bfe43444f30c1969748b5",
"refsource": "MISC",
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/commit/e57fd691c7b0fd00ea3bfe43444f30c1969748b5"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/f3b9bf4c3c0597563b289c0512e98d4ce81f886e/tensorflow/core/kernels/histogram_op.cc",
"refsource": "MISC",
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/f3b9bf4c3c0597563b289c0512e98d4ce81f886e/tensorflow/core/kernels/histogram_op.cc"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/f3b9bf4c3c0597563b289c0512e98d4ce81f886e/tensorflow/core/kernels/histogram_op.cc#L35-L74",
"refsource": "MISC",
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/f3b9bf4c3c0597563b289c0512e98d4ce81f886e/tensorflow/core/kernels/histogram_op.cc#L35-L74"
}
]
},
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-xrp2-fhq4-4q3w",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
}
}
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
"cveId": "CVE-2022-29211",
"datePublished": "2022-05-20T23:20:15",
"dateReserved": "2022-04-13T00:00:00",
"dateUpdated": "2024-08-03T06:17:54.256Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.1",
"meta": {
"nvd": "{\"cve\":{\"id\":\"CVE-2022-29211\",\"sourceIdentifier\":\"security-advisories@github.com\",\"published\":\"2022-05-21T00:15:11.650\",\"lastModified\":\"2024-11-21T06:58:43.623\",\"vulnStatus\":\"Modified\",\"cveTags\":[],\"descriptions\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"TensorFlow is an open source platform for machine learning. Prior to versions 2.9.0, 2.8.1, 2.7.2, and 2.6.4, the implementation of `tf.histogram_fixed_width` is vulnerable to a crash when the values array contain `Not a Number` (`NaN`) elements. The implementation assumes that all floating point operations are defined and then converts a floating point result to an integer index. If `values` contains `NaN` then the result of the division is still `NaN` and the cast to `int32` would result in a crash. This only occurs on the CPU implementation. Versions 2.9.0, 2.8.1, 2.7.2, and 2.6.4 contain a patch for this issue.\"},{\"lang\":\"es\",\"value\":\"TensorFlow es una plataforma de c\u00f3digo abierto para el aprendizaje autom\u00e1tico. En versiones anteriores a 2.9.0, 2.8.1, 2.7.2 y 2.6.4, la implementaci\u00f3n de \\\"tf.histogram_fixed_width\\\" es vulnerable a un fallo cuando el array de valores contiene elementos \\\"Not a Number\\\" (\\\"NaN\\\"). La implementaci\u00f3n asume que todas las operaciones de punto flotante est\u00e1n definidas y entonces convierte un resultado de punto flotante a un \u00edndice entero. Si \\\"values\\\" contiene \\\"NaN\\\" entonces el resultado de la divisi\u00f3n sigue siendo \\\"NaN\\\" y la conversi\u00f3n a \\\"int32\\\" resultar\u00eda en un bloqueo. Esto s\u00f3lo ocurre en la implementaci\u00f3n de la CPU. Las versiones 2.9.0, 2.8.1, 2.7.2 y 2.6.4 contienen un parche para este problema\"}],\"metrics\":{\"cvssMetricV31\":[{\"source\":\"security-advisories@github.com\",\"type\":\"Secondary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H\",\"baseScore\":5.5,\"baseSeverity\":\"MEDIUM\",\"attackVector\":\"LOCAL\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"LOW\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"integrityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":1.8,\"impactScore\":3.6},{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H\",\"baseScore\":5.5,\"baseSeverity\":\"MEDIUM\",\"attackVector\":\"LOCAL\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"LOW\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"integrityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":1.8,\"impactScore\":3.6}],\"cvssMetricV2\":[{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"2.0\",\"vectorString\":\"AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:P\",\"baseScore\":2.1,\"accessVector\":\"LOCAL\",\"accessComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"authentication\":\"NONE\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"integrityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"PARTIAL\"},\"baseSeverity\":\"LOW\",\"exploitabilityScore\":3.9,\"impactScore\":2.9,\"acInsufInfo\":false,\"obtainAllPrivilege\":false,\"obtainUserPrivilege\":false,\"obtainOtherPrivilege\":false,\"userInteractionRequired\":false}]},\"weaknesses\":[{\"source\":\"security-advisories@github.com\",\"type\":\"Secondary\",\"description\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"CWE-20\"}]}],\"configurations\":[{\"nodes\":[{\"operator\":\"OR\",\"negate\":false,\"cpeMatch\":[{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:google:tensorflow:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"2.6.4\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"D9359D32-D090-44CF-AC43-2046084A28BB\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:google:tensorflow:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"2.7.0\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"2.7.2\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"C4DFBF2D-5283-42F6-8800-D653BFA5CE82\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:google:tensorflow:2.7.0:rc0:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"A58EDA5C-66D6-46F1-962E-60AFB7C784A7\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:google:tensorflow:2.7.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"89522760-C2DF-400D-9624-626D8F160CBA\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:google:tensorflow:2.8.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"E9EA1898-ACAA-4699-8BAE-54D62C1819FB\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:google:tensorflow:2.8.0:rc0:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"130DE3C9-6842-456F-A259-BF8FF8457217\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:google:tensorflow:2.8.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"BBF2FCEF-989C-409D-9F4C-81418C65B972\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:google:tensorflow:2.9.0:rc0:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"9CFB1CFC-579D-4647-A472-6DE8BE1951DE\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:google:tensorflow:2.9.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"F3F3F37E-D27F-4060-830C-0AFF16150777\"}]}]}],\"references\":[{\"url\":\"https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/f3b9bf4c3c0597563b289c0512e98d4ce81f886e/tensorflow/core/kernels/histogram_op.cc\",\"source\":\"security-advisories@github.com\",\"tags\":[\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/f3b9bf4c3c0597563b289c0512e98d4ce81f886e/tensorflow/core/kernels/histogram_op.cc#L35-L74\",\"source\":\"security-advisories@github.com\",\"tags\":[\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/commit/e57fd691c7b0fd00ea3bfe43444f30c1969748b5\",\"source\":\"security-advisories@github.com\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\",\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/issues/45770\",\"source\":\"security-advisories@github.com\",\"tags\":[\"Exploit\",\"Issue Tracking\",\"Patch\",\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/releases/tag/v2.6.4\",\"source\":\"security-advisories@github.com\",\"tags\":[\"Release Notes\",\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/releases/tag/v2.7.2\",\"source\":\"security-advisories@github.com\",\"tags\":[\"Release Notes\",\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/releases/tag/v2.8.1\",\"source\":\"security-advisories@github.com\",\"tags\":[\"Release Notes\",\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/releases/tag/v2.9.0\",\"source\":\"security-advisories@github.com\",\"tags\":[\"Release Notes\",\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/security/advisories/GHSA-xrp2-fhq4-4q3w\",\"source\":\"security-advisories@github.com\",\"tags\":[\"Exploit\",\"Patch\",\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/f3b9bf4c3c0597563b289c0512e98d4ce81f886e/tensorflow/core/kernels/histogram_op.cc\",\"source\":\"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\",\"tags\":[\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/f3b9bf4c3c0597563b289c0512e98d4ce81f886e/tensorflow/core/kernels/histogram_op.cc#L35-L74\",\"source\":\"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\",\"tags\":[\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/commit/e57fd691c7b0fd00ea3bfe43444f30c1969748b5\",\"source\":\"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\",\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/issues/45770\",\"source\":\"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\",\"tags\":[\"Exploit\",\"Issue Tracking\",\"Patch\",\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/releases/tag/v2.6.4\",\"source\":\"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\",\"tags\":[\"Release Notes\",\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/releases/tag/v2.7.2\",\"source\":\"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\",\"tags\":[\"Release Notes\",\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/releases/tag/v2.8.1\",\"source\":\"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\",\"tags\":[\"Release Notes\",\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/releases/tag/v2.9.0\",\"source\":\"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\",\"tags\":[\"Release Notes\",\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/security/advisories/GHSA-xrp2-fhq4-4q3w\",\"source\":\"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\",\"tags\":[\"Exploit\",\"Patch\",\"Third Party Advisory\"]}]}}"
}
}
Loading…
Loading…
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or seen somewhere by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability is confirmed from an analyst perspective.
- Exploited: This vulnerability was exploited and seen by the user reporting the sighting.
- Patched: This vulnerability was successfully patched by the user reporting the sighting.
- Not exploited: This vulnerability was not exploited or seen by the user reporting the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expresses doubt about the veracity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: This vulnerability was not successfully patched by the user reporting the sighting.