Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-918

Allowed

Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

The web server receives a URL or similar request from an upstream component and retrieves the contents of this URL, but it does not sufficiently ensure that the request is being sent to the expected destination.

4738 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-24QQ-7528-P6PC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-01 18:36 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:36
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability in Cisco Nexus Dashboard and Cisco Nexus Dashboard Insights could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to conduct a server-side request forgery (SSRF) attack through an affected device.

This vulnerability is due to improper input validation for specific HTTP requests. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by persuading an authenticated user of the device management interface to click a crafted link. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to send arbitrary network requests that are sourced from the affected device to an attacker-controlled server. The attacker could then execute arbitrary script code in the context of the affected interface or access sensitive browser-based information.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-20041"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-918"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-01T17:28:25Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability in Cisco Nexus Dashboard and Cisco Nexus Dashboard Insights could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to conduct a server-side request forgery (SSRF) attack through an affected device.\n\nThis vulnerability is due to improper input validation for specific HTTP requests. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by persuading an authenticated user of the device management interface to click a crafted link. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to send arbitrary network requests that are sourced from the affected device to an attacker-controlled server. The attacker could then execute arbitrary script code in the context of the affected interface or access sensitive browser-based information.",
  "id": "GHSA-24qq-7528-p6pc",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:36:37Z",
  "published": "2026-04-01T18:36:37Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-20041"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-nd-ssrf-NAen4O7r"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-25Q3-MC3P-85JX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-15 18:31 – Updated: 2024-08-19 21:35
VLAI
Details

XML External Entity (XXE) vulnerability in Terminalfour 8.0.0001 through 8.3.18 and XML JDBC versions up to 1.0.4 allows authenticated users to submit malicious XML via unspecified features which could lead to various actions such as accessing the underlying server, remote code execution (RCE), or performing Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) attacks.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-22219"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-918"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-08-15T18:15:19Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "XML External Entity (XXE) vulnerability in Terminalfour 8.0.0001 through 8.3.18 and XML JDBC versions up to 1.0.4 allows authenticated users to submit malicious XML via unspecified features which could lead to various actions such as accessing the underlying server, remote code execution (RCE), or performing Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) attacks.",
  "id": "GHSA-25q3-mc3p-85jx",
  "modified": "2024-08-19T21:35:08Z",
  "published": "2024-08-15T18:31:52Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-22219"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://docs.terminalfour.com/articles/release-notes-highlights"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://docs.terminalfour.com/release-notes/security-notices/cve-2024-22218--cve-2024-22219"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-25QV-RF35-39R8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:45 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:45
VLAI
Details

spxmanage on certain SpinetiX devices allows requests that access unintended resources because of SSRF and Path Traversal. This affects HMP350, HMP300, and DiVA through 4.5.2-1.0.36229; HMP400 and HMP400W through 4.5.2-1.0.2-1eb2ffbd; and DSOS through 4.5.2-1.0.2-1eb2ffbd.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-15809"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-918"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-03-24T17:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "spxmanage on certain SpinetiX devices allows requests that access unintended resources because of SSRF and Path Traversal. This affects HMP350, HMP300, and DiVA through 4.5.2-1.0.36229; HMP400 and HMP400W through 4.5.2-1.0.2-1eb2ffbd; and DSOS through 4.5.2-1.0.2-1eb2ffbd.",
  "id": "GHSA-25qv-rf35-39r8",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:45:10Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:45:10Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-15809"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.spinetix.com/wiki/DSOS_release_notes"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.spinetix.com/wiki/SpinetiX-SA-20:01"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-25W3-8F4H-3QH6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-17 00:31 – Updated: 2026-03-17 00:31
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability was determined in taoofagi easegen-admin up to 8f87936ac774065b92fb20aab55b274a6ea76433. This issue affects the function downloadFile of the file - yudao-module-digitalcourse/yudao-module-digitalcourse-biz/src/main/java/cn/iocoder/yudao/module/digitalcourse/util/PPTUtil.java of the component PPT File Handler. This manipulation of the argument url causes server-side request forgery. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized. This product is using a rolling release to provide continious delivery. Therefore, no version details for affected nor updated releases are available. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-4284"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-918"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-16T23:16:21Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability was determined in taoofagi easegen-admin up to 8f87936ac774065b92fb20aab55b274a6ea76433. This issue affects the function downloadFile of the file - yudao-module-digitalcourse/yudao-module-digitalcourse-biz/src/main/java/cn/iocoder/yudao/module/digitalcourse/util/PPTUtil.java of the component PPT File Handler. This manipulation of the argument url causes server-side request forgery. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized. This product is using a rolling release to provide continious delivery. Therefore, no version details for affected nor updated releases are available. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
  "id": "GHSA-25w3-8f4h-3qh6",
  "modified": "2026-03-17T00:31:34Z",
  "published": "2026-03-17T00:31:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-4284"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://fx4tqqfvdw4.feishu.cn/docx/XF5WdvWAEoU9jyx2C2mcImSMnBg?from=from_copylink"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.351290"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.351290"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.771949"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-2647-C639-QV2J

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-08 00:00 – Updated: 2022-03-18 21:20
VLAI
Summary
Server-Side Request Forgery in calibreweb
Details

calibreweb prior to version 0.6.17 is vulnerable to server-side request forgery (SSRF). This is due to an incomplete fix for CVE-2022-0339. The blacklist does not check for 0.0.0.0, which would result in a payload of 0.0.0.0 resolving to localhost.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "calibreweb"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.6.17"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-0766"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-918"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2022-03-08T18:11:03Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-03-07T07:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "calibreweb prior to version 0.6.17 is vulnerable to server-side request forgery (SSRF). This is due to an incomplete fix for [CVE-2022-0339](https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-4w8p-x6g8-fv64). The blacklist does not check for `0.0.0.0`, which would result in a payload of `0.0.0.0` resolving to `localhost`.",
  "id": "GHSA-2647-c639-qv2j",
  "modified": "2022-03-18T21:20:46Z",
  "published": "2022-03-08T00:00:31Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0766"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/janeczku/calibre-web/commit/965352c8d96c9eae7a6867ff76b0db137d04b0b8"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/janeczku/calibre-web"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/7f2a5bb4-e6c7-4b6a-b8eb-face9e3add7b"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Server-Side Request Forgery in calibreweb"
}

GHSA-268Q-C8PQ-99PJ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-20 21:31 – Updated: 2024-08-02 21:31
VLAI
Details

An SSRF issue in REBUILD v.3.5 allows a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information and execute arbitrary code via the FileDownloader.java, proxyDownload,URL parameters.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-25294"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-918"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-03-20T21:15:30Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "An SSRF issue in REBUILD v.3.5 allows a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information and execute arbitrary code via the FileDownloader.java, proxyDownload,URL parameters.",
  "id": "GHSA-268q-c8pq-99pj",
  "modified": "2024-08-02T21:31:33Z",
  "published": "2024-03-20T21:31:14Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-25294"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://deeply-capri-1c8.notion.site/REBUILD-V3-5-2023-12-11-SSRF-30324be04e00477eae472bf75f4f5e0d"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/getrebuild/rebuild"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://rebuild.com"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-26G9-W943-5GHM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:43 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:43
VLAI
Details

An issue was discovered in MB connect line mymbCONNECT24 and mbCONNECT24 software in all versions through V2.6.2 There is a SSRF in the LDAP access check, allowing an attacker to scan for open ports.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-12529"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-918"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-03-02T22:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An issue was discovered in MB connect line mymbCONNECT24 and mbCONNECT24 software in all versions through V2.6.2 There is a SSRF in the LDAP access check, allowing an attacker to scan for open ports.",
  "id": "GHSA-26g9-w943-5ghm",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:43:27Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:43:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-12529"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert.vde.com/de-de/advisories/vde-2021-003"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-26W4-3WX5-PC45

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-04-16 00:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 03:29
VLAI
Details

An issue was discovered in GitLab Community and Enterprise Edition before 11.1.7, 11.2.x before 11.2.4, and 11.3.x before 11.3.1. There is Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) via the Kubernetes integration, leading (for example) to disclosure of a GCP service token.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-17450"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-918"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-04-15T23:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An issue was discovered in GitLab Community and Enterprise Edition before 11.1.7, 11.2.x before 11.2.4, and 11.3.x before 11.3.1. There is Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) via the Kubernetes integration, leading (for example) to disclosure of a GCP service token.",
  "id": "GHSA-26w4-3wx5-pc45",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T03:29:36Z",
  "published": "2023-04-16T00:30:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-17450"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://about.gitlab.com/blog/categories/releases"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://about.gitlab.com/releases/2018/10/01/security-release-gitlab-11-dot-3-dot-1-released"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-2767-2Q9V-9326

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-17 21:57 – Updated: 2026-05-08 01:32
VLAI
Summary
OpenClaw: QQBot reply media URL handling could trigger SSRF and re-upload fetched bytes
Details

Summary

QQBot reply media URL handling could trigger SSRF and re-upload fetched bytes.

Affected Packages / Versions

  • Package: openclaw
  • Ecosystem: npm
  • Affected versions: < 2026.4.12
  • Patched versions: >= 2026.4.12

Impact

QQBot reply media URLs could be treated as trusted media sources, allowing SSRF fetches whose returned bytes were then re-uploaded through the channel.

Technical Details

The fix routes QQBot remote media fetches through SSRF-guarded media fetching and explicit URL allowlist policy.

Fix

The issue was fixed in #63495 and #65788. The first stable tag containing the fix is v2026.4.12, and openclaw@2026.4.14 includes the fix.

Fix Commit(s)

  • 08ae021d1f4f02e0ca5fd8a3b9659291c1ecf95a
  • ddb7a8dd80b8d5dd04aafa44ce7a4354b568bb2d
  • PR: #63495, #65788

Release Process Note

Users should upgrade to openclaw 2026.4.12 or newer. The latest npm release, 2026.4.14, already includes the fix.

Credits

Thanks to @threalwinky for reporting this issue.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "openclaw"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2026.4.12"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-43526"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-918"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-17T21:57:31Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-05T12:16:18Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n\nQQBot reply media URL handling could trigger SSRF and re-upload fetched bytes.\n\n## Affected Packages / Versions\n\n- Package: `openclaw`\n- Ecosystem: npm\n- Affected versions: `\u003c 2026.4.12`\n- Patched versions: `\u003e= 2026.4.12`\n\n## Impact\n\nQQBot reply media URLs could be treated as trusted media sources, allowing SSRF fetches whose returned bytes were then re-uploaded through the channel.\n\n## Technical Details\n\nThe fix routes QQBot remote media fetches through SSRF-guarded media fetching and explicit URL allowlist policy.\n\n## Fix\n\nThe issue was fixed in #63495 and #65788. The first stable tag containing the fix is `v2026.4.12`, and `openclaw@2026.4.14` includes the fix.\n\n## Fix Commit(s)\n\n- `08ae021d1f4f02e0ca5fd8a3b9659291c1ecf95a`\n- `ddb7a8dd80b8d5dd04aafa44ce7a4354b568bb2d`\n- PR: #63495, #65788\n\n## Release Process Note\n\nUsers should upgrade to `openclaw` 2026.4.12 or newer. The latest npm release, `2026.4.14`, already includes the fix.\n\n## Credits\n\nThanks to @threalwinky for reporting this issue.",
  "id": "GHSA-2767-2q9v-9326",
  "modified": "2026-05-08T01:32:10Z",
  "published": "2026-04-17T21:57:31Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-2767-2q9v-9326"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-43526"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/pull/63495"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/pull/65788"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/08ae021d1f42905a85a550813c0d95169b171a6c"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/08ae021d1f4f02e0ca5fd8a3b9659291c1ecf95a"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/ddb7a8dd80b8d5dd04aafa44ce7a4354b568bb2d"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-server-side-request-forgery-via-qqbot-reply-media-url-handling"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "OpenClaw: QQBot reply media URL handling could trigger SSRF and re-upload fetched bytes"
}

GHSA-2789-GGX9-W3CC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-21 03:30 – Updated: 2025-08-21 15:30
VLAI
Details

A Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) in the UISP Application may allow a malicious actor with certain permissions to make requests outside of UISP Application scope.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-27217"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-918"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-08-21T01:15:36Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "A Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) in the UISP Application may allow a malicious actor with certain permissions to make requests outside of UISP Application scope.",
  "id": "GHSA-2789-ggx9-w3cc",
  "modified": "2025-08-21T15:30:34Z",
  "published": "2025-08-21T03:30:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-27217"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://community.ui.com/releases/UISP-Application-2-4-220/b428b276-c4a6-4b90-b97b-1860ff2bb46d"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

No mitigation information available for this CWE.

CAPEC-664: Server Side Request Forgery

An adversary exploits improper input validation by submitting maliciously crafted input to a target application running on a server, with the goal of forcing the server to make a request either to itself, to web services running in the server’s internal network, or to external third parties. If successful, the adversary’s request will be made with the server’s privilege level, bypassing its authentication controls. This ultimately allows the adversary to access sensitive data, execute commands on the server’s network, and make external requests with the stolen identity of the server. Server Side Request Forgery attacks differ from Cross Site Request Forgery attacks in that they target the server itself, whereas CSRF attacks exploit an insecure user authentication mechanism to perform unauthorized actions on the user's behalf.