Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

15174 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-72FW-CQH5-F324

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-18 20:31 – Updated: 2026-06-18 20:31
VLAI
Summary
OpenClaw: memory-wiki shared search could miss session visibility checks
Details

Summary

memory-wiki shared search could miss session visibility checks. In affected versions, a caller able to search shared memory could skip the session visibility guard on the affected search path.

This advisory is scoped to the named feature and configuration. It does not change OpenClaw's trusted-operator model: authenticated Gateway operators, installed plugins, and intentional local execution surfaces remain trusted unless a separate policy, approval, allowlist, sandbox, or auth boundary is crossed.

Impact

When the affected feature is enabled and reachable, this could return memory entries that should not have been visible to that session. Practical impact depends on the operator's configuration and whether lower-trust input can reach that path.

Patched Versions

The first stable patched version is 2026.4.29.

Mitigations

limit shared memory search to trusted operators until patched. As general hardening, keep channel and tool allowlists narrow, avoid sharing one Gateway between mutually untrusted users, and disable the affected feature when it is not needed.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2026.4.27"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "openclaw"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2026.4.29"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-53844"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-18T20:31:46Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nmemory-wiki shared search could miss session visibility checks. In affected versions, a caller able to search shared memory could skip the session visibility guard on the affected search path.\n\nThis advisory is scoped to the named feature and configuration. It does not change OpenClaw\u0027s trusted-operator model: authenticated Gateway operators, installed plugins, and intentional local execution surfaces remain trusted unless a separate policy, approval, allowlist, sandbox, or auth boundary is crossed.\n\n### Impact\n\nWhen the affected feature is enabled and reachable, this could return memory entries that should not have been visible to that session. Practical impact depends on the operator\u0027s configuration and whether lower-trust input can reach that path.\n\n### Patched Versions\n\nThe first stable patched version is `2026.4.29`.\n\n### Mitigations\n\nlimit shared memory search to trusted operators until patched. As general hardening, keep channel and tool allowlists narrow, avoid sharing one Gateway between mutually untrusted users, and disable the affected feature when it is not needed.",
  "id": "GHSA-72fw-cqh5-f324",
  "modified": "2026-06-18T20:31:46Z",
  "published": "2026-06-18T20:31:46Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-72fw-cqh5-f324"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-53844"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-session-visibility-check-bypass-in-shared-memory-search"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "OpenClaw: memory-wiki shared search could miss session visibility checks"
}

GHSA-72HV-Q97X-RW7P

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-10 03:31 – Updated: 2026-04-10 03:31
VLAI
Details

The UsersWP – Front-end login form, User Registration, User Profile & Members Directory plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Improper Access Control in all versions up to, and including, 1.2.58 This is due to insufficient field-level permission validation in the upload_file_remove() AJAX handler where the $htmlvar parameter is not validated against a whitelist of allowed fields or checked against the field's for_admin_use property. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to clear or reset any restricted usermeta column for their own user record, including fields marked as "For admin use only", bypassing intended field-level access restrictions.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-4977"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-10T02:16:03Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The UsersWP \u2013 Front-end login form, User Registration, User Profile \u0026 Members Directory plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Improper Access Control in all versions up to, and including, 1.2.58 This is due to insufficient field-level permission validation in the upload_file_remove() AJAX handler where the $htmlvar parameter is not validated against a whitelist of allowed fields or checked against the field\u0027s for_admin_use property. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to clear or reset any restricted usermeta column for their own user record, including fields marked as \"For admin use only\", bypassing intended field-level access restrictions.",
  "id": "GHSA-72hv-q97x-rw7p",
  "modified": "2026-04-10T03:31:10Z",
  "published": "2026-04-10T03:31:10Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-4977"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/userswp/tags/1.2.54/includes/class-forms.php#L2251"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/userswp/tags/1.2.54/includes/class-forms.php#L2274"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/userswp/tags/1.2.54/includes/class-meta.php#L165"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/userswp/trunk/includes/class-forms.php#L2251"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/userswp/trunk/includes/class-forms.php#L2274"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/userswp/trunk/includes/class-meta.php#L165"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?old_path=%2Fuserswp/tags/1.2.58\u0026new_path=%2Fuserswp/tags/1.2.59"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/efee685c-e2cd-471b-aea9-607124df6006?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-72HV-VF28-V4JH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-09-25 00:00 – Updated: 2022-09-27 00:00
VLAI
Details

A information disclosure vulnerability exists in Rocket.Chat <v5 where the getUserMentionsByChannel meteor server method discloses messages from private channels and direct messages regardless of the users access permission to the room.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-35249"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-200",
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-09-23T19:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A information disclosure vulnerability exists in Rocket.Chat \u003cv5 where the getUserMentionsByChannel meteor server method discloses messages from private channels and direct messages regardless of the users access permission to the room.",
  "id": "GHSA-72hv-vf28-v4jh",
  "modified": "2022-09-27T00:00:17Z",
  "published": "2022-09-25T00:00:17Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-35249"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/1410246"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-72JF-7XVF-M9RH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-22 21:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:36
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in VW THEMES Ibtana allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Ibtana: from n/a through 1.2.5.3.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-59581"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-09-22T19:16:26Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in VW THEMES Ibtana allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Ibtana: from n/a through 1.2.5.3.",
  "id": "GHSA-72jf-7xvf-m9rh",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:36:20Z",
  "published": "2025-09-22T21:30:29Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-59581"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/ibtana-visual-editor/vulnerability/wordpress-ibtana-plugin-1-2-5-3-arbitrary-content-deletion-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-72PC-MW67-6F3F

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-29 03:30 – Updated: 2025-04-29 15:31
VLAI
Details

An access issue was addressed with improved access restrictions. This issue is fixed in macOS Sequoia 15.4, tvOS 18.4, macOS Ventura 13.7.5, iPadOS 17.7.6, macOS Sonoma 14.7.5, iOS 18.4 and iPadOS 18.4, visionOS 2.4. An unauthenticated user on the same network as a signed-in Mac could send it AirPlay commands without pairing.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-24271"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-306",
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-29T03:15:34Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An access issue was addressed with improved access restrictions. This issue is fixed in macOS Sequoia 15.4, tvOS 18.4, macOS Ventura 13.7.5, iPadOS 17.7.6, macOS Sonoma 14.7.5, iOS 18.4 and iPadOS 18.4, visionOS 2.4. An unauthenticated user on the same network as a signed-in Mac could send it AirPlay commands without pairing.",
  "id": "GHSA-72pc-mw67-6f3f",
  "modified": "2025-04-29T15:31:51Z",
  "published": "2025-04-29T03:30:33Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-24271"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122371"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122372"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122373"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122374"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122375"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122377"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122378"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-72PG-72HH-VVPX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-23 06:30 – Updated: 2026-04-08 18:33
VLAI
Details

The Brizy – Page Builder plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized plugin setting update due to a missing capability check on the functions action_request_disable, action_change_template, and action_request_enable in all versions up to, and including, 2.4.43. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with contributor access or above, to enable/disable the Brizy editor and modify the template used.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-3711"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-05-23T06:15:10Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Brizy \u2013 Page Builder plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized plugin setting update due to a missing capability check on the functions action_request_disable, action_change_template, and action_request_enable in all versions up to, and including, 2.4.43. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with contributor access or above, to enable/disable the Brizy editor and modify the template used.",
  "id": "GHSA-72pg-72hh-vvpx",
  "modified": "2026-04-08T18:33:14Z",
  "published": "2024-05-23T06:30:45Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-3711"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/brizy/trunk/admin/main.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026new=3086506%40brizy%2Ftrunk\u0026old=3058896%40brizy%2Ftrunk\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/7092ce4a-bad9-4426-b94e-d9d688344272?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-72QV-3P6Q-GFC7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-09 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:35
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in LuckyWP LuckyWP Scripts Control allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects LuckyWP Scripts Control: from n/a through 1.2.1.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-29239"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-12-09T13:15:26Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in LuckyWP LuckyWP Scripts Control allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects LuckyWP Scripts Control: from n/a through 1.2.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-72qv-3p6q-gfc7",
  "modified": "2026-04-28T21:35:17Z",
  "published": "2024-12-09T15:31:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-29239"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/luckywp-scripts-control/vulnerability/wordpress-luckywp-scripts-control-plugin-1-2-1-broken-access-control-csrf-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-72WF-V983-QC36

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-23 15:31 – Updated: 2025-06-23 15:31
VLAI
Details

In JetBrains TeamCity before 2025.03.3 usernames were exposed to the users without proper permissions

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-52878"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-06-23T15:15:28Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In JetBrains TeamCity before 2025.03.3 usernames were exposed to the users without proper permissions",
  "id": "GHSA-72wf-v983-qc36",
  "modified": "2025-06-23T15:31:43Z",
  "published": "2025-06-23T15:31:43Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-52878"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.jetbrains.com/privacy-security/issues-fixed"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-7328-GMRH-6FF7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-06 18:32 – Updated: 2026-01-20 15:31
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in hogash Kallyas kallyas.This issue affects Kallyas: from n/a through <= 4.22.0.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-62017"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-11-06T16:16:08Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in hogash Kallyas kallyas.This issue affects Kallyas: from n/a through \u003c= 4.22.0.",
  "id": "GHSA-7328-gmrh-6ff7",
  "modified": "2026-01-20T15:31:52Z",
  "published": "2025-11-06T18:32:56Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-62017"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Theme/kallyas/vulnerability/wordpress-kallyas-theme-4-22-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Theme/kallyas/vulnerability/wordpress-kallyas-theme-4-22-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Theme/kallyas/vulnerability/wordpress-kallyas-theme-4-22-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-732G-GQ5P-CQH5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-04 03:30 – Updated: 2023-12-07 18:30
VLAI
Details

In engineermode service, there is a possible way to write permission usage records of an app due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-42739"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-12-04T01:15:11Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "In engineermode service, there is a possible way to write permission usage records of an app due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed",
  "id": "GHSA-732g-gq5p-cqh5",
  "modified": "2023-12-07T18:30:28Z",
  "published": "2023-12-04T03:30:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-42739"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/1731138365803266049"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.