Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

15181 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-65M9-GC53-3G6G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-16 09:30 – Updated: 2025-02-12 12:30
VLAI
Details

The CloudStack Quota feature allows cloud administrators to implement a quota or usage limit system for cloud resources, and is disabled by default. In environments where the feature is enabled, due to missing access check enforcements, non-administrative CloudStack user accounts are able to access and modify quota-related configurations and data. This issue affects Apache CloudStack from 4.7.0 through 4.18.2.3; and from 4.19.0.0 through 4.19.1.1, where the Quota feature is enabled.

Users are recommended to upgrade to Apache CloudStack 4.18.2.4 or 4.19.1.2, or later, which addresses this issue. Alternatively, users that do not use the Quota feature are advised to disabled the plugin by setting the global setting "quota.enable.service" to "false".

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-45461"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-269",
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-10-16T08:15:05Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The CloudStack Quota feature allows cloud administrators to implement a quota or usage limit system for cloud resources, and is disabled by default. In environments where the feature is enabled, due to missing access check enforcements, non-administrative CloudStack user accounts are able to access and modify quota-related configurations and data. This issue affects Apache CloudStack from 4.7.0 through 4.18.2.3; and from 4.19.0.0 through 4.19.1.1, where the Quota feature is enabled.\n\n\n\n\nUsers are recommended to upgrade to Apache CloudStack 4.18.2.4 or 4.19.1.2, or later, which addresses this issue.\u00a0Alternatively, users that do not use the Quota feature are advised to disabled the plugin by setting the global setting \"quota.enable.service\" to \"false\".",
  "id": "GHSA-65m9-gc53-3g6g",
  "modified": "2025-02-12T12:30:46Z",
  "published": "2024-10-16T09:30:31Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-45461"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cloudstack.apache.org/blog/security-release-advisory-4.18.2.4-4.19.1.2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/ktsfjcnj22x4kg49ctock3d9tq7jnvlo"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.shapeblue.com/shapeblue-security-advisory-apache-cloudstack-security-releases-4-18-2-4-and-4-19-1-2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2024/10/15/3"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-65MR-2WGM-PMMC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-06 06:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 04:33
VLAI
Details

In telephony service, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-30866"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-06-06T06:15:51Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In telephony service, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed.",
  "id": "GHSA-65mr-2wgm-pmmc",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T04:33:23Z",
  "published": "2023-06-06T06:30:30Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-30866"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/1664822361414762498"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-65P2-JM3W-JW88

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-02 12:31 – Updated: 2026-06-02 12:31
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in ThimPress Thim Core allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.

This issue affects Thim Core: from n/a through 2.3.3.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-53346"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-02T10:16:20Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in ThimPress Thim Core allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.\n\nThis issue affects Thim Core: from n/a through 2.3.3.",
  "id": "GHSA-65p2-jm3w-jw88",
  "modified": "2026-06-02T12:31:25Z",
  "published": "2026-06-02T12:31:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-53346"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/thim-core/vulnerability/wordpress-thim-core-plugin-plugin-2-3-3-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-65P6-Q3MJ-RVGV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-23 03:32 – Updated: 2025-07-23 03:32
VLAI
Details

The Realty Portal – Agent plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Privilege Escalation due to missing authorization within the rp_user_profile() AJAX handler in versions 0.1.0 through 0.3.9. The handler reads the client-supplied meta key and value pairs from $_POST and passes them directly to update_user_meta() without restricting to a safe whitelist. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to overwrite the wp_capabilities meta and grant themselves the administrator role.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-6190"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-07-23T03:15:24Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The Realty Portal \u2013 Agent plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Privilege Escalation due to missing authorization within the rp_user_profile() AJAX handler in versions 0.1.0 through 0.3.9. The handler reads the client-supplied meta key and value pairs from $_POST and passes them directly to update_user_meta() without restricting to a safe whitelist. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to overwrite the wp_capabilities meta and grant themselves the administrator role.",
  "id": "GHSA-65p6-q3mj-rvgv",
  "modified": "2025-07-23T03:32:05Z",
  "published": "2025-07-23T03:32:05Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-6190"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/realty-portal-agent/trunk/includes/class-agent-process.php#L494"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/realty-portal-agent"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/b3adfe9e-ebdf-4a50-b60f-03a606a84ec0?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-65VC-5V9H-JMCW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-26 15:32 – Updated: 2026-06-26 15:32
VLAI
Details

Contributor Broken Access Control in Nelio Content <= 4.3.4 versions.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-57648"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-26T15:16:52Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Contributor Broken Access Control in Nelio Content \u003c= 4.3.4 versions.",
  "id": "GHSA-65vc-5v9h-jmcw",
  "modified": "2026-06-26T15:32:18Z",
  "published": "2026-06-26T15:32:18Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-57648"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/nelio-content/vulnerability/wordpress-nelio-content-plugin-4-3-4-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-65W6-PF7X-5G85

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-08 00:15 – Updated: 2026-04-08 00:15
VLAI
Summary
@delmaredigital/payload-puc is missing authorization on /api/puck/* CRUD endpoints allows unauthenticated access to Puck-registered collections
Details

Impact

All /api/puck/* CRUD endpoint handlers registered by createPuckPlugin() called Payload's local API with the default overrideAccess: true, bypassing all collection-level access control. The access option passed to createPuckPlugin() and any access rules defined on Puck-registered collections were silently ignored on these endpoints.

An unauthenticated remote attacker could:

  • List all documents (including drafts) in any Puck-registered collection
  • Read any document by ID (including drafts)
  • Create new documents with arbitrary field values
  • Update any document (including bypassing field-level access rules)
  • Delete any document
  • Read version history and restore arbitrary versions

In typical installations, the affected scope is the collection backing the website's pages (default slug: pages). For most users this means an attacker could read, modify, create, or delete every page on the website — including unpublished drafts and version history.

Scope is limited to collections explicitly registered with createPuckPlugin() — the endpoints validate the collection slug against an allowlist, so attackers cannot pivot to other Payload collections such as users, media, or business data not exposed to the plugin. The auto-created puck-templates, puck-ai-prompts, and puck-ai-context collections are also outside the allowlist; they have their own dedicated endpoints with separate authentication.

Other endpoints in the plugin (AI, styles, prompts, context, and the Next.js API route factories in src/api/) were unaffected — they had their own authentication checks.

Patches

Fixed in 0.6.23. All endpoint handlers in src/endpoints/index.ts now pass overrideAccess: false and forward req to Payload's local API, so collection-level access rules are evaluated against the current user.

Workarounds

If you cannot upgrade immediately, place a reverse-proxy or middleware authentication check in front of /api/puck/* to require an authenticated session before requests reach the plugin's handlers.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "@delmaredigital/payload-puck"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.6.23"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-39397"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-08T00:15:54Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-07T21:17:18Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\nAll `/api/puck/*` CRUD endpoint handlers registered by `createPuckPlugin()` called Payload\u0027s local API with the default `overrideAccess: true`, bypassing all collection-level access control. The `access` option passed to `createPuckPlugin()` and any `access` rules defined on Puck-registered collections were silently ignored on these endpoints.\n\nAn unauthenticated remote attacker could:\n\n- List all documents (including drafts) in any Puck-registered collection\n- Read any document by ID (including drafts)\n- Create new documents with arbitrary field values\n- Update any document (including bypassing field-level access rules)\n- Delete any document\n- Read version history and restore arbitrary versions\n\n**In typical installations**, the affected scope is the collection backing the website\u0027s pages (default slug: `pages`). For most users this means an attacker could read, modify, create, or delete every page on the website \u2014 including unpublished drafts and version history.\n\n**Scope is limited to collections explicitly registered with `createPuckPlugin()`** \u2014 the endpoints validate the collection slug against an allowlist, so attackers cannot pivot to other Payload collections such as `users`, `media`, or business data not exposed to the plugin. The auto-created `puck-templates`, `puck-ai-prompts`, and `puck-ai-context` collections are also outside the allowlist; they have their own dedicated endpoints with separate authentication.\n\nOther endpoints in the plugin (AI, styles, prompts, context, and the Next.js API route factories in `src/api/`) were unaffected \u2014 they had their own authentication checks.\n\n### Patches\n\nFixed in **0.6.23**. All endpoint handlers in `src/endpoints/index.ts` now pass `overrideAccess: false` and forward `req` to Payload\u0027s local API, so collection-level access rules are evaluated against the current user.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nIf you cannot upgrade immediately, place a reverse-proxy or middleware authentication check in front of `/api/puck/*` to require an authenticated session before requests reach the plugin\u0027s handlers.",
  "id": "GHSA-65w6-pf7x-5g85",
  "modified": "2026-04-08T00:15:54Z",
  "published": "2026-04-08T00:15:54Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/delmaredigital/payload-puck/security/advisories/GHSA-65w6-pf7x-5g85"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-39397"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/delmaredigital/payload-puck/issues/7"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/delmaredigital/payload-puck/commit/9148201c6bbfa140d44546438027a2f8a70f79a4"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/delmaredigital/payload-puck"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "@delmaredigital/payload-puc is missing authorization on /api/puck/* CRUD endpoints allows unauthenticated access to Puck-registered collections"
}

GHSA-65XM-C867-M6J9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-16 18:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:35
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in ValvePress Pinterest Automatic Pin allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Pinterest Automatic Pin: from n/a through 4.18.2.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-39511"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-05-16T16:15:41Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in ValvePress Pinterest Automatic Pin allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Pinterest Automatic Pin: from n/a through 4.18.2.",
  "id": "GHSA-65xm-c867-m6j9",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:35:06Z",
  "published": "2025-05-16T18:31:08Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-39511"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/wp-pinterest-automatic/vulnerability/wordpress-pinterest-automatic-pin-4-18-2-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-6633-4H9P-3H29

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-16 21:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:33
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Goldstar Goldstar allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Goldstar: from n/a through 2.1.1.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-23962"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-01-16T21:15:37Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Goldstar Goldstar allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Goldstar: from n/a through 2.1.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-6633-4h9p-3h29",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:33:17Z",
  "published": "2025-01-16T21:31:06Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-23962"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/goldstar/vulnerability/wordpress-goldstar-plugin-2-1-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-664V-GM8M-VH2F

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-15 21:30 – Updated: 2026-06-15 21:30
VLAI
Details

Unauthenticated Broken Access Control in Easy Appointments <= 3.12.21 versions.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-39513"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-15T21:16:45Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Unauthenticated Broken Access Control in Easy Appointments \u003c= 3.12.21 versions.",
  "id": "GHSA-664v-gm8m-vh2f",
  "modified": "2026-06-15T21:30:45Z",
  "published": "2026-06-15T21:30:44Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-39513"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/easy-appointments/vulnerability/wordpress-easy-appointments-plugin-3-12-21-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-665F-VRMF-89J8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-08 09:31 – Updated: 2026-04-13 21:30
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in ilGhera JW Player for WordPress jw-player-7-for-wp allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects JW Player for WordPress: from n/a through <= 2.3.6.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-39614"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-08T09:16:31Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in ilGhera JW Player for WordPress jw-player-7-for-wp allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects JW Player for WordPress: from n/a through \u003c= 2.3.6.",
  "id": "GHSA-665f-vrmf-89j8",
  "modified": "2026-04-13T21:30:35Z",
  "published": "2026-04-08T09:31:33Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-39614"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/jw-player-7-for-wp/vulnerability/wordpress-jw-player-for-wordpress-plugin-2-3-6-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.