CWE-862
Allowed-with-ReviewMissing Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
14839 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-2J5J-53GG-96G7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-07 18:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:33Missing Authorization vulnerability in Lenderd 1003 Mortgage Application allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs.This issue affects 1003 Mortgage Application: from n/a through 1.87.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-22592"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-07T16:15:55Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Lenderd 1003 Mortgage Application allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs.This issue affects 1003 Mortgage Application: from n/a through 1.87.",
"id": "GHSA-2j5j-53gg-96g7",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:33:05Z",
"published": "2025-01-07T18:30:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-22592"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/1003-mortgage-application/vulnerability/wordpress-1003-mortgage-application-plugin-1-87-broken-access-control-vulnerability-2?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2J72-QJQ6-2XH9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-06 09:30 – Updated: 2024-12-06 09:30The SV100 Companion plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data that can lead to privilege escalation due to a missing capability check on the settings_import() function in all versions up to, and including, 2.0.02. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to update arbitrary options on the WordPress site. This can be leveraged to update the default role for registration to administrator and enable user registration for attackers to gain administrative user access to a vulnerable site.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-12155"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-06T09:15:08Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The SV100 Companion plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data that can lead to privilege escalation due to a missing capability check on the settings_import() function in all versions up to, and including, 2.0.02. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to update arbitrary options on the WordPress site. This can be leveraged to update the default role for registration to administrator and enable user registration for attackers to gain administrative user access to a vulnerable site.",
"id": "GHSA-2j72-qjq6-2xh9",
"modified": "2024-12-06T09:30:49Z",
"published": "2024-12-06T09:30:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-12155"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/sv100-companion/trunk/lib/modules/sv_settings/sv_settings.php#L47"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/c244eb33-acaf-460b-ae1d-6688b21cc60f?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2J8M-7C2M-9C93
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-15 21:30 – Updated: 2026-06-15 21:30Subscriber Broken Access Control in rtMedia for WordPress, BuddyPress and bbPress <= 4.7.9 versions.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-40773"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-15T21:16:49Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Subscriber Broken Access Control in rtMedia for WordPress, BuddyPress and bbPress \u003c= 4.7.9 versions.",
"id": "GHSA-2j8m-7c2m-9c93",
"modified": "2026-06-15T21:30:46Z",
"published": "2026-06-15T21:30:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-40773"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/buddypress-media/vulnerability/wordpress-rtmedia-for-wordpress-buddypress-and-bbpress-plugin-4-7-9-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2J94-R3FW-9PW5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-20 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:35Missing Authorization vulnerability in cscode WooCommerce Manager – Customize and Control Cart page, Add to Cart button, Checkout fields easily allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects WooCommerce Manager – Customize and Control Cart page, Add to Cart button, Checkout fields easily: from n/a through 1.2.4.5.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-50008"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-20T15:15:26Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in cscode WooCommerce Manager \u0026#8211; Customize and Control Cart page, Add to Cart button, Checkout fields easily allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects WooCommerce Manager \u0026#8211; Customize and Control Cart page, Add to Cart button, Checkout fields easily: from n/a through 1.2.4.5.",
"id": "GHSA-2j94-r3fw-9pw5",
"modified": "2026-04-28T21:35:42Z",
"published": "2025-06-20T15:30:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-50008"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/innovs-woo-manager/vulnerability/wordpress-woocommerce-manager-customize-and-control-cart-page-add-to-cart-button-checkout-fields-easily-plugin-1-2-4-5-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2J9M-25XV-MP6R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-08 15:31 – Updated: 2026-05-14 13:08The optional extension component TinkerpopClientService is missing the Restricted annotation with the Execute Code Required Permission in Apache NiFi 2.0.0-M1 through 2.8.0. The TinkerpopClientService supports configuration of ByteCode Submission for the Script Submission Type, enabling Groovy Script execution in the service prior to submitting the query. The missing Restricted annotation allows users without the Execute Code Permission to configure the Service in installations that use fine-grained authorization and have the optional TinkerpopClientService installed. Apache NiFi installations that do not have the nifi-other-graph-services-nar installed are not subject to this vulnerability. Upgrading to Apache NiFi 2.9.0 is the recommended mitigation.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2.8.0"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.nifi:nifi-other-graph-services-nar"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.0.0-M1"
},
{
"fixed": "2.9.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-39816"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-14T13:08:01Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-08T14:16:32Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The optional extension component TinkerpopClientService is missing the Restricted annotation with the Execute Code Required Permission in Apache NiFi 2.0.0-M1 through 2.8.0. The TinkerpopClientService supports configuration of ByteCode Submission for the Script Submission Type, enabling Groovy Script execution in the service prior to submitting the query. The missing Restricted annotation allows users without the Execute Code Permission to configure the Service in installations that use fine-grained authorization and have the optional TinkerpopClientService installed. Apache NiFi installations that do not have the nifi-other-graph-services-nar installed are not subject to this vulnerability. Upgrading to Apache NiFi 2.9.0 is the recommended mitigation.",
"id": "GHSA-2j9m-25xv-mp6r",
"modified": "2026-05-14T13:08:02Z",
"published": "2026-05-08T15:31:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-39816"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/nifi/pull/11108"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/nifi/commit/72fab7dde74edfd1063b57e87b0334340c1fbe93"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/nifi"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/gh9g7xwvv4l20gzff6q3367snf35ctcb"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://zeropath.com/blog/nifi-cve-2026-39816-privesc-rce"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/04/13/8"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:L/SI:L/SA:L/AU:Y/R:I/V:C/RE:L/U:Green",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Apache NiFi is missing the Restricted annotation with the Execute Code Required Permission"
}
GHSA-2JF3-V47P-PX69
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-01 15:31 – Updated: 2024-11-01 15:31Missing Authorization vulnerability in Creative Motion Robin image optimizer allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Robin image optimizer: from n/a through 1.6.9.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-43122"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-01T15:15:38Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Creative Motion Robin image optimizer allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Robin image optimizer: from n/a through 1.6.9.",
"id": "GHSA-2jf3-v47p-px69",
"modified": "2024-11-01T15:31:58Z",
"published": "2024-11-01T15:31:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-43122"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/robin-image-optimizer/wordpress-robin-image-optimizer-plugin-1-6-9-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2JHM-QP48-HV5J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-09 21:56 – Updated: 2022-02-09 21:56Impact
Any user with SCRIPT right (EDIT right before XWiki 7.4) can read any file located in the XWiki WAR (for example xwiki.cfg and xwiki.properties) through XWiki#invokeServletAndReturnAsString:
$xwiki.invokeServletAndReturnAsString("/WEB-INF/xwiki.cfg")
Patches
It has been patched in XWiki versions 12.10.9, 13.4.3 and 13.7-rc-1.
Workarounds
The only workaround is to give SCRIPT right only to trusted users.
References
https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XWIKI-18870
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory: * Open an issue in Jira XWiki * Email us at our security mailing list
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 13.6"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.xwiki.platform:xwiki-platform-oldcore"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "13.6-rc-1"
},
{
"fixed": "13.7-rc-1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.xwiki.platform:xwiki-platform-oldcore"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "13.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "13.4.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.xwiki.platform:xwiki-platform-oldcore"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "12.10.9"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-23621"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-552",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-02-09T21:56:05Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-02-09T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nAny user with SCRIPT right (EDIT right before XWiki 7.4) can read any file located in the XWiki WAR (for example xwiki.cfg and xwiki.properties) through XWiki#invokeServletAndReturnAsString:\n\n```\n$xwiki.invokeServletAndReturnAsString(\"/WEB-INF/xwiki.cfg\")\n```\n\n### Patches\n\nIt has been patched in XWiki versions 12.10.9, 13.4.3 and 13.7-rc-1.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nThe only workaround is to give SCRIPT right only to trusted users.\n\n### References\n\nhttps://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XWIKI-18870\n\n### For more information\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n* Open an issue in [Jira XWiki](https://jira.xwiki.org)\n* Email us at [our security mailing list](mailto:security@xwiki.org)",
"id": "GHSA-2jhm-qp48-hv5j",
"modified": "2022-02-09T21:56:05Z",
"published": "2022-02-09T21:56:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/security/advisories/GHSA-2jhm-qp48-hv5j"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-23621"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/commit/df8bd49b5a4d87a427002c6535fb5b1746ff117a"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XWIKI-18870"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Missing authorization in xwiki-platform"
}
GHSA-2JHR-PQ53-7PCF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-19 00:00 – Updated: 2022-06-02 00:00An information disclosure vulnerability was reported in some Lenovo Personal Cloud Storage devices that could allow an unauthenticated user to retrieve device and networking details.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-42848"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-05-18T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An information disclosure vulnerability was reported in some Lenovo Personal Cloud Storage devices that could allow an unauthenticated user to retrieve device and networking details.",
"id": "GHSA-2jhr-pq53-7pcf",
"modified": "2022-06-02T00:00:38Z",
"published": "2022-05-19T00:00:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-42848"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://iknow.lenovo.com.cn/detail/dc_200017.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2JJV-QF24-VFM4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-24 18:57 – Updated: 2025-12-22 16:31When using Claude Code with Yarn installed, Yarn config files can trigger code execution when running yarn --version. This could lead to a bypass of the directory trust dialog in Claude Code, as plugins and yarnPath could be executed prior to the user accepting the risks of working in an untrusted directory. Users on standard Claude Code auto-update will have received this fix automatically. Users performing manual updates are advised to update to the latest version.
Thank you to Benjamin Faller, Redguard AG and Michael Hess for reporting this issue!
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@anthropic-ai/claude-code"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.0.39"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-59828"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-829",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-09-24T18:57:44Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-24T20:15:33Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "When using Claude Code with Yarn installed, Yarn config files can trigger code execution when running `yarn --version`. This could lead to a bypass of the directory trust dialog in Claude Code, as plugins and `yarnPath` could be executed prior to the user accepting the risks of working in an untrusted directory. Users on standard Claude Code auto-update will have received this fix automatically. Users performing manual updates are advised to update to the latest version.\n\nThank you to Benjamin Faller, Redguard AG and Michael Hess for reporting this issue!",
"id": "GHSA-2jjv-qf24-vfm4",
"modified": "2025-12-22T16:31:26Z",
"published": "2025-09-24T18:57:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/anthropics/claude-code/security/advisories/GHSA-2jjv-qf24-vfm4"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-59828"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/anthropics/claude-code"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://osv.dev/vulnerability/GHSA-2jjv-qf24-vfm4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-59828"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://yarnpkg.com/advanced/plugin-tutorial"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Claude Code Vulnerable to Arbitrary Code Execution via Plugin Autoloading with Specific Yarn Versions"
}
GHSA-2JMJ-6FF4-3P3W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:39 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:39The Eclipse Hono AMQP and MQTT protocol adapters do not check whether an authenticated gateway device is authorized to receive command & control messages when it has subscribed only to commands for a specific device. The missing check involves verifying that the command target device is configured giving permission for the gateway device to act on its behalf. This means an authenticated device of a certain tenant, notably also a non-gateway device acting like a gateway, may receive command & control messages targeted at a different device of the same tenant without corresponding permissions getting checked.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-27220"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-01-14T23:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The Eclipse Hono AMQP and MQTT protocol adapters do not check whether an authenticated gateway device is authorized to receive command \u0026 control messages when it has subscribed only to commands for a specific device. The missing check involves verifying that the command target device is configured giving permission for the gateway device to act on its behalf. This means an authenticated device of a certain tenant, notably also a non-gateway device acting like a gateway, may receive command \u0026 control messages targeted at a different device of the same tenant without corresponding permissions getting checked.",
"id": "GHSA-2jmj-6ff4-3p3w",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:39:17Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:39:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-27220"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugs.eclipse.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=569856"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
Mitigation
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.