CWE-862
Allowed-with-ReviewMissing Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
14831 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-PH7R-RMF7-Q23W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-26 15:32 – Updated: 2026-06-26 15:32Unauthenticated Broken Access Control in Paymob for WooCommerce <= 4.1.2 versions.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-56025"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-26T15:16:42Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Unauthenticated Broken Access Control in Paymob for WooCommerce \u003c= 4.1.2 versions.",
"id": "GHSA-ph7r-rmf7-q23w",
"modified": "2026-06-26T15:32:15Z",
"published": "2026-06-26T15:32:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-56025"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/paymob-for-woocommerce/vulnerability/wordpress-paymob-for-woocommerce-plugin-4-1-2-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PH87-4X2G-6HP4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-11-29 15:30 – Updated: 2024-05-30 14:08Jenkins NeuVector Vulnerability Scanner Plugin 1.22 and earlier does not perform a permission check in a connection test HTTP endpoint. This allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to connect to an attacker-specified hostname and port using attacker-specified username and password. Additionally, this HTTP endpoint does not require POST requests, resulting in a cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability.
NeuVector Vulnerability Scanner Plugin 2.2 requires POST requests and Overall/Administer permission for the affected HTTP endpoint.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "io.jenkins.plugins:neuvector-vulnerability-scanner"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-49674"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-11-29T21:31:50Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-11-29T14:15:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Jenkins NeuVector Vulnerability Scanner Plugin 1.22 and earlier does not perform a permission check in a connection test HTTP endpoint. This allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to connect to an attacker-specified hostname and port using attacker-specified username and password. Additionally, this HTTP endpoint does not require POST requests, resulting in a cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability.\n\nNeuVector Vulnerability Scanner Plugin 2.2 requires POST requests and Overall/Administer permission for the affected HTTP endpoint.",
"id": "GHSA-ph87-4x2g-6hp4",
"modified": "2024-05-30T14:08:23Z",
"published": "2023-11-29T15:30:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-49674"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/neuvector-vulnerability-scanner-plugin"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2023-11-29/#SECURITY-3256"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2023/11/29/1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Jenkins NeuVector Vulnerability Scanner Plugin missing permission check"
}
GHSA-PHCX-R5FX-MPR6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-09 09:30 – Updated: 2026-04-08 21:32The Cliengo – Chatbot plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the 'update_chatbot_token' and 'update_chatbot_position' functions in all versions up to, and including, 3.0.1. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to change chatbot settings, which can lead to unavailability or other changes to the chatbot.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-5992"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-07-09T09:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Cliengo \u2013 Chatbot plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the \u0027update_chatbot_token\u0027 and \u0027update_chatbot_position\u0027 functions in all versions up to, and including, 3.0.1. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to change chatbot settings, which can lead to unavailability or other changes to the chatbot.",
"id": "GHSA-phcx-r5fx-mpr6",
"modified": "2026-04-08T21:32:51Z",
"published": "2024-07-09T09:30:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-5992"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/cliengo/trunk/admin/class-cliengo-form.php#L80"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/cliengo/trunk/admin/class-cliengo-form.php#L99"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3118688"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/a7f0afe8-234a-4c3f-87c8-f3f23ac94fe3?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PHF8-3QGV-RG5Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:18 – Updated: 2025-01-17 17:10The optional Run/Artifacts permission can be enabled by setting a Java system property.
Blue Ocean did not check this permission before providing access to archived artifacts, Item/Read permission was sufficient.
Blue Ocean now correctly checks the Run/Artifacts permission if it’s enabled before providing access to artifacts.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "io.jenkins.blueocean:blueocean"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "1.2.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-1000105"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-11-01T23:02:55Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2017-10-05T01:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The optional Run/Artifacts permission can be enabled by setting a Java system property.\n\nBlue Ocean did not check this permission before providing access to archived artifacts, Item/Read permission was sufficient.\n\nBlue Ocean now correctly checks the Run/Artifacts permission if it\u2019s enabled before providing access to artifacts.",
"id": "GHSA-phf8-3qgv-rg5q",
"modified": "2025-01-17T17:10:19Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:18:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-1000105"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jenkins.io/security/advisory/2017-08-07"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Missing Authorization in Jenkins Blue Ocean Plugin"
}
GHSA-PHFP-3MX7-3Q73
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-13 21:31 – Updated: 2026-03-13 21:31Missing Authorization vulnerability in Israpil Textmetrics webtexttool allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Textmetrics: from n/a through <= 3.6.4.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-32331"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-13T19:54:43Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Israpil Textmetrics webtexttool allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Textmetrics: from n/a through \u003c= 3.6.4.",
"id": "GHSA-phfp-3mx7-3q73",
"modified": "2026-03-13T21:31:47Z",
"published": "2026-03-13T21:31:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-32331"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/webtexttool/vulnerability/wordpress-textmetrics-plugin-3-6-4-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PHHV-843P-5RR5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-09 21:30 – Updated: 2024-08-01 15:31In CompanionDeviceManagerService.java, there is a possible way to pair a companion device without user acceptance due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-31318"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-269",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-07-09T21:15:13Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In CompanionDeviceManagerService.java, there is a possible way to pair a companion device without user acceptance due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
"id": "GHSA-phhv-843p-5rr5",
"modified": "2024-08-01T15:31:54Z",
"published": "2024-07-09T21:30:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-31318"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/base/+/b68b257d56a8600d53b4d2d06fb82aa44086a4a5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2024-06-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PHJ2-CGMX-VR7V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-09 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:35Missing Authorization vulnerability in wooproductimporter Sharkdropship for AliExpress Dropship and Affiliate allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Sharkdropship for AliExpress Dropship and Affiliate: from n/a through 2.2.3.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-30870"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-09T13:15:28Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in wooproductimporter Sharkdropship for AliExpress Dropship and Affiliate allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Sharkdropship for AliExpress Dropship and Affiliate: from n/a through 2.2.3.",
"id": "GHSA-phj2-cgmx-vr7v",
"modified": "2026-04-28T21:35:18Z",
"published": "2024-12-09T15:31:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-30870"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/wooshark-aliexpress-importer/vulnerability/wordpress-sharkdropship-for-aliexpress-dropship-and-affiliate-plugin-2-2-3-multiple-broken-access-control-vulnerabilities?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PHJ2-PPC2-2MJF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-15 12:30 – Updated: 2025-01-15 12:30The NitroPack plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the 'nitropack_dismiss_notice_forever' AJAX action in all versions up to, and including, 1.17.0. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to update arbitrary options to a fixed value of '1' which can activate certain options (e.g., enable user registration) or modify certain options in a way that leads to a denial of service condition.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-11848"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-15T12:15:25Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The NitroPack plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the \u0027nitropack_dismiss_notice_forever\u0027 AJAX action in all versions up to, and including, 1.17.0. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to update arbitrary options to a fixed value of \u00271\u0027 which can activate certain options (e.g., enable user registration) or modify certain options in a way that leads to a denial of service condition.",
"id": "GHSA-phj2-ppc2-2mjf",
"modified": "2025-01-15T12:30:46Z",
"published": "2025-01-15T12:30:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-11848"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3211235/nitropack"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/1e1b06d0-f348-4a8b-8730-a87d8e2ba2a1?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PHMW-JX86-X666
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-11-16 20:48 – Updated: 2023-11-17 22:04Access to two URLs used in both Rundeck Open Source and Process Automation products could allow authenticated users to access the URL path, which would allow access to view or delete jobs, without the necessary authorization checks.
The affected URLs are:
- http[s]://[host]/context/rdJob/*
- http[s]://[host]/context/api/*/incubator/jobs
Impact
Rundeck, Process Automation version 4.12.0 up to 4.16.0
Patches
Patched versions: 4.17.3
Workarounds
Access to two URLs used in either Rundeck Open Source or Process Automation products could be blocked at a load balancer level.
- http[s]://host/context/rdJob/*
- http[s]://host/context/api/*/incubator/jobs
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory: * Open an issue in our forums * Enterprise Customers can open a Support ticket
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.rundeck:rundeck"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.12.0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.17.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-48222"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-11-16T20:48:46Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-11-16T22:15:28Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Access to two URLs used in both Rundeck Open Source and Process Automation products could allow authenticated users to access the URL path, which would allow access to view or delete jobs, without the necessary authorization checks.\n\nThe affected URLs are:\n- `http[s]://[host]/context/rdJob/*` \n- `http[s]://[host]/context/api/*/incubator/jobs`\n\n### Impact\n\nRundeck, Process Automation version 4.12.0 up to 4.16.0\n\n### Patches\n\nPatched versions: 4.17.3\n\n### Workarounds\n\nAccess to two URLs used in either Rundeck Open Source or Process Automation products could be blocked at a load balancer level.\n- `http[s]://host/context/rdJob/*` \n- `http[s]://host/context/api/*/incubator/jobs`\n\n### For more information\n\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n* Open an issue in [our forums](https://community.pagerduty.com/forum/c/process-automation)\n* Enterprise Customers can open a [Support ticket](https://support.rundeck.com)\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-phmw-jx86-x666",
"modified": "2023-11-17T22:04:57Z",
"published": "2023-11-16T20:48:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rundeck/rundeck/security/advisories/GHSA-phmw-jx86-x666"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-48222"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/rundeck/rundeck"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Authenticated Rundeck users can view or delete jobs they do not have authorization for."
}
GHSA-PHPV-5VXX-FM28
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-28 09:31 – Updated: 2026-05-28 09:31The 3D Viewer – 3D Model Viewer – Augmented Reality – Virtual Try On plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to authorization bypass in all versions up to, and including, 2.0.1. This is due to the plugin not properly verifying that a user is authorized to perform an action. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to modify all plugin settings by writing arbitrary data to the ar_try_on_settings option in the database via the /wp-json/ar_try_on/v1/settings REST endpoint.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-8682"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-28T08:16:37Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The 3D Viewer \u2013 3D Model Viewer \u2013 Augmented Reality \u2013 Virtual Try On plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to authorization bypass in all versions up to, and including, 2.0.1. This is due to the plugin not properly verifying that a user is authorized to perform an action. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to modify all plugin settings by writing arbitrary data to the ar_try_on_settings option in the database via the /wp-json/ar_try_on/v1/settings REST endpoint.",
"id": "GHSA-phpv-5vxx-fm28",
"modified": "2026-05-28T09:31:19Z",
"published": "2026-05-28T09:31:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-8682"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/ar-vr-3d-model-try-on/tags/1.9.0/api/AR_TRY_ON_Api_Routes.php#L102"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/ar-vr-3d-model-try-on/tags/1.9.0/api/AR_TRY_ON_Api_Routes.php#L358"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/ar-vr-3d-model-try-on/tags/1.9.0/api/AR_TRY_ON_Api_Routes.php#L40"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/ar-vr-3d-model-try-on/tags/2.0.1/api/AR_TRY_ON_Api_Routes.php#L102"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/ar-vr-3d-model-try-on/tags/2.0.1/api/AR_TRY_ON_Api_Routes.php#L358"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/ar-vr-3d-model-try-on/tags/2.0.1/api/AR_TRY_ON_Api_Routes.php#L40"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3536110%40ar-vr-3d-model-try-on\u0026new=3536110%40ar-vr-3d-model-try-on\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/bfcd914c-3c12-4e6a-bb05-38d42ce411d4?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.