CWE-862
Allowed-with-ReviewMissing Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
14599 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-HMVR-JMXQ-Q9HJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-23 06:30 – Updated: 2026-04-08 18:33The Email Subscribers by Icegram Express – Email Marketing, Newsletters, Automation for WordPress & WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access of data due to a missing capability check on the get_template_content function in all versions up to, and including, 5.7.17. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber access and above, to obtain the contents of private and password-protected posts.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-3626"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-05-23T06:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Email Subscribers by Icegram Express \u2013 Email Marketing, Newsletters, Automation for WordPress \u0026 WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access of data due to a missing capability check on the get_template_content function in all versions up to, and including, 5.7.17. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber access and above, to obtain the contents of private and password-protected posts.",
"id": "GHSA-hmvr-jmxq-q9hj",
"modified": "2026-04-08T18:33:14Z",
"published": "2024-05-23T06:30:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-3626"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/email-subscribers/trunk/lite/admin/class-email-subscribers-admin.php#L849"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/email-subscribers/trunk/lite/includes/class-email-subscribers.php#L1063"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026new=3072302%40email-subscribers%2Ftrunk\u0026old=3069441%40email-subscribers%2Ftrunk\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/5a56e621-2508-4500-b865-4d5e4463b91a?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HMXW-MJ2J-6M7X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-16 00:30 – Updated: 2025-11-03 21:34This issue was addressed with additional entitlement checks. This issue is fixed in macOS Sequoia 15.7, macOS Sonoma 14.8, macOS Tahoe 26. An app may be able to access protected user data.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-43311"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-15T23:15:34Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "This issue was addressed with additional entitlement checks. This issue is fixed in macOS Sequoia 15.7, macOS Sonoma 14.8, macOS Tahoe 26. An app may be able to access protected user data.",
"id": "GHSA-hmxw-mj2j-6m7x",
"modified": "2025-11-03T21:34:30Z",
"published": "2025-09-16T00:30:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-43311"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/125110"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/125111"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/125112"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Sep/53"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Sep/54"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Sep/55"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HP4M-HGPX-5799
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-06 09:31 – Updated: 2024-11-06 09:31The Video Gallery for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the remove_unused_thumbnails() function in all versions up to, and including, 1.31. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to delete thumbnails in the video-wc-gallery-thumb directory.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-10535"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-06T07:15:03Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Video Gallery for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the remove_unused_thumbnails() function in all versions up to, and including, 1.31. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to delete thumbnails in the video-wc-gallery-thumb directory.",
"id": "GHSA-hp4m-hgpx-5799",
"modified": "2024-11-06T09:31:21Z",
"published": "2024-11-06T09:31:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-10535"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/video-wc-gallery/trunk/admin/admin-ui-setup.php#L545"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3182174%40video-wc-gallery\u0026new=3182174%40video-wc-gallery\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/50259040-a984-42a8-8d58-cc94e349ca45?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HP4V-MQPF-9MWH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-08 09:31 – Updated: 2026-04-23 12:31Missing Authorization vulnerability in NitroPack NitroPack nitropack allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects NitroPack: from n/a through <= 1.19.3.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-39669"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-08T09:16:38Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in NitroPack NitroPack nitropack allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects NitroPack: from n/a through \u003c= 1.19.3.",
"id": "GHSA-hp4v-mqpf-9mwh",
"modified": "2026-04-23T12:31:34Z",
"published": "2026-04-08T09:31:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-39669"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/nitropack/vulnerability/wordpress-nitropack-plugin-1-19-3-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HP59-F5W9-W867
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-09 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:32Missing Authorization vulnerability in Repute info systems ARForms.This issue affects ARForms: from n/a through 6.4.1.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-54217"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-09T13:15:41Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Repute info systems ARForms.This issue affects ARForms: from n/a through 6.4.1.",
"id": "GHSA-hp59-f5w9-w867",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:32:42Z",
"published": "2024-12-09T15:31:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-54217"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/arforms/vulnerability/wordpress-arforms-plugin-6-4-1-subscriber-plugin-settings-change-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HP5M-24VP-VQ2Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-08 19:45 – Updated: 2026-05-15 23:52Summary
The /responses endpoint in the OpenAI router accepts any authenticated user and forwards requests directly to upstream LLM providers without enforcing per-model access control. While the primary chat completion endpoint (generate_chat_completion) checks model ownership, group membership, and AccessGrants before allowing a request, the /responses proxy only validates that the user has a valid session via get_verified_user.
This allows any authenticated user — regardless of role or group assignment — to interact with any model configured on the instance by sending a POST request to /api/openai/responses with an arbitrary model ID.
Impact
As per OWASP TOP 10 LLM:
-
Model Denial of Service (OWASP LLM04): An unauthorized user can submit resource-intensive requests to expensive models (e.g., o1-pro, GPT-4o) that were explicitly restricted by the administrator. In shared deployments, this can exhaust API budgets or rate limits, causing total service disruption for all legitimate users.
-
Model Theft (OWASP LLM10): If the instance proxies access to fine-tuned or self-hosted models, unauthorized users can freely interact with them, enabling capability extraction or model distillation without authorization.
-
Access Policy Bypass: Administrators lose the ability to enforce cost-tier restrictions, team-based model assignments, or compliance boundaries through the existing access control system.
The endpoint is a raw passthrough proxy and does not resolve workspace model configurations (system prompts, knowledge bases, RAG pipelines). Therefore, workspace-specific confidential data is not directly exposed through this vector.
PR: https://github.com/open-webui/open-webui/pull/23481
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.8.12"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "open-webui"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.9.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-44556"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-08T19:45:53Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-15T20:16:47Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "## Summary\n\nThe /responses endpoint in the OpenAI router accepts any authenticated user and forwards requests directly to upstream LLM providers without enforcing per-model access control. While the primary chat completion endpoint (generate_chat_completion) checks model ownership, group membership, and AccessGrants before allowing a request, the /responses proxy only validates that the user has a valid session via get_verified_user.\n\nThis allows any authenticated user \u2014 regardless of role or group assignment \u2014 to interact with any model configured on the instance by sending a POST request to /api/openai/responses with an arbitrary model ID.\n\n## Impact\n\nAs per OWASP TOP 10 LLM:\n\n- **Model Denial of Service (OWASP LLM04):** An unauthorized user can submit resource-intensive requests to expensive models (e.g., o1-pro, GPT-4o) that were explicitly restricted by the administrator. In shared deployments, this can exhaust API budgets or rate limits, causing total service disruption for all legitimate users.\n\n- **Model Theft (OWASP LLM10):** If the instance proxies access to fine-tuned or self-hosted models, unauthorized users can freely interact with them, enabling capability extraction or model distillation without authorization.\n\n- **Access Policy Bypass:** Administrators lose the ability to enforce cost-tier restrictions, team-based model assignments, or compliance boundaries through the existing access control system.\n\nThe endpoint is a raw passthrough proxy and does not resolve workspace model configurations (system prompts, knowledge bases, RAG pipelines). Therefore, workspace-specific confidential data is not directly exposed through this vector.\n\nPR: https://github.com/open-webui/open-webui/pull/23481",
"id": "GHSA-hp5m-24vp-vq2q",
"modified": "2026-05-15T23:52:36Z",
"published": "2026-05-08T19:45:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/open-webui/open-webui/security/advisories/GHSA-hp5m-24vp-vq2q"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-44556"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/open-webui/open-webui/pull/23481"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/open-webui/open-webui"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Open WebUI\u0027s responses passthrough endpoint lacks access control authorization"
}
GHSA-HP66-92P5-JH23
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-09 18:30 – Updated: 2026-06-09 18:30Mem0 versions through 0.2.8, fixed in commit ae7f406, contain a missing authorization vulnerability in the self-hosted server component where the POST /configure endpoint modifies global LLM provider and embedder configuration but only verifies authentication via JWT or X-API-Key without validating the caller's role. Any authenticated user holding a distributed API key can redirect all LLM and embedder traffic to an attacker-controlled server, with the malicious configuration persisted to PostgreSQL and surviving server restarts to affect all users and API keys on the instance.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-49948"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-09T16:16:43Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Mem0 versions through 0.2.8, fixed in commit ae7f406, contain a missing authorization vulnerability in the self-hosted server component where the POST /configure endpoint modifies global LLM provider and embedder configuration but only verifies authentication via JWT or X-API-Key without validating the caller\u0027s role. Any authenticated user holding a distributed API key can redirect all LLM and embedder traffic to an attacker-controlled server, with the malicious configuration persisted to PostgreSQL and surviving server restarts to affect all users and API keys on the instance.",
"id": "GHSA-hp66-92p5-jh23",
"modified": "2026-06-09T18:30:39Z",
"published": "2026-06-09T18:30:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-49948"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/mem0ai/mem0/issues/5127"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/mem0ai/mem0/issues/5384"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/mem0ai/mem0/pull/5360"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/mem0ai/mem0/commit/ae7f4062652df1376990221101d1adbb0819c973"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/mem0-missing-authorization-via-post-configure-endpoint"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-HP6C-F946-XGFC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-08 03:30 – Updated: 2026-04-08 18:32The Wicked Folders plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to authorization bypass due to a missing capability check on the ajax_unassign_folders function in versions up to, and including, 2.18.16. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level permissions and above, to invoke this function and perform actions intended for administrators such as changing the folder structure maintained by the plugin.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-0684"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-02-08T02:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Wicked Folders plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to authorization bypass due to a missing capability check on the ajax_unassign_folders function in versions up to, and including, 2.18.16. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level permissions and above, to invoke this function and perform actions intended for administrators such as changing the folder structure maintained by the plugin.",
"id": "GHSA-hp6c-f946-xgfc",
"modified": "2026-04-08T18:32:01Z",
"published": "2023-02-08T03:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-0684"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wicked-folders/tags/2.18.16/lib/class-wicked-folders-ajax.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026new=2860994%40wicked-folders%2Ftrunk\u0026old=2805161%40wicked-folders%2Ftrunk\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/29358ea9-21b7-4294-8fc9-0d38e689cf53"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/29358ea9-21b7-4294-8fc9-0d38e689cf53?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HP7G-VPRM-RQ58
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-01 15:31 – Updated: 2024-11-01 15:31Missing Authorization vulnerability in Envira Gallery Team Envira Photo Gallery allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Envira Photo Gallery: from n/a through 1.8.14.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-43925"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-01T15:15:48Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Envira Gallery Team Envira Photo Gallery allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Envira Photo Gallery: from n/a through 1.8.14.",
"id": "GHSA-hp7g-vprm-rq58",
"modified": "2024-11-01T15:31:59Z",
"published": "2024-11-01T15:31:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-43925"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/envira-gallery-lite/wordpress-envira-gallery-lite-plugin-1-8-14-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HP82-HH22-6JG2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-16 18:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:35Missing Authorization vulnerability in ValvePress Wordpress Auto Spinner allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Wordpress Auto Spinner: from n/a through 3.25.0.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-47534"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-16T16:15:41Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in ValvePress Wordpress Auto Spinner allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Wordpress Auto Spinner: from n/a through 3.25.0.",
"id": "GHSA-hp82-hh22-6jg2",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:35:06Z",
"published": "2025-05-16T18:31:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-47534"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/wp-auto-spinner/vulnerability/wordpress-wordpress-auto-spinner-3-25-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.