CWE-862
Allowed-with-ReviewMissing Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
14627 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-H85M-JJFX-M44R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-01 15:31 – Updated: 2024-11-01 15:31Missing Authorization vulnerability in OptinlyHQ Optinly allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Optinly: from n/a through 1.0.18.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-37220"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-01T15:15:21Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in OptinlyHQ Optinly allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Optinly: from n/a through 1.0.18.",
"id": "GHSA-h85m-jjfx-m44r",
"modified": "2024-11-01T15:31:57Z",
"published": "2024-11-01T15:31:57Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-37220"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/optinly/wordpress-optinly-plugin-1-0-18-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-H85M-P47H-4WHP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-18 03:30 – Updated: 2024-01-25 03:30In jpg driver, there is a possible missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with System execution privileges needed
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-48339"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-18T03:15:57Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In jpg driver, there is a possible missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with System execution privileges needed",
"id": "GHSA-h85m-p47h-4whp",
"modified": "2024-01-25T03:30:58Z",
"published": "2024-01-18T03:30:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-48339"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/1745735200442220545"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-H86G-X8MM-78M5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-10 19:16 – Updated: 2025-06-10 19:16Summary
It is possible to bypass the default REST API security and access the index page.
Details
The REST API security handles rest and its subpaths but not rest with an extension (e.g., rest.html).
Impact
The REST API index can disclose whether certain extensions are installed.
Workaround
In ${GEOSERVER_DATA_DIR}/security/config.xml, change the paths for the rest filter to /rest.*,/rest/** and change the paths for the gwc filter to /gwc/rest.*,/gwc/rest/** and restart GeoServer.
References
https://osgeo-org.atlassian.net/browse/GEOS-11664
https://osgeo-org.atlassian.net/browse/GEOS-11776
https://github.com/geoserver/geoserver/pull/8170
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.geoserver.web:gs-web-app"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.26.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.26.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.geoserver.web:gs-web-app"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.25.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.geoserver:gs-rest"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.26.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.26.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.geoserver:gs-rest"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.25.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-27505"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-06-10T19:16:18Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-10T15:15:23Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\nIt is possible to bypass the default REST API security and access the index page.\n\n### Details\nThe REST API security handles `rest` and its subpaths but not `rest` with an extension (e.g., `rest.html`).\n\n### Impact\nThe REST API index can disclose whether certain extensions are installed.\n\n### Workaround\nIn `${GEOSERVER_DATA_DIR}/security/config.xml`, change the paths for the `rest` filter to `/rest.*,/rest/**` and change the paths for the `gwc` filter to `/gwc/rest.*,/gwc/rest/**` and restart GeoServer.\n\n### References\nhttps://osgeo-org.atlassian.net/browse/GEOS-11664 \nhttps://osgeo-org.atlassian.net/browse/GEOS-11776 \nhttps://github.com/geoserver/geoserver/pull/8170",
"id": "GHSA-h86g-x8mm-78m5",
"modified": "2025-06-10T19:16:18Z",
"published": "2025-06-10T19:16:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/geoserver/geoserver/security/advisories/GHSA-h86g-x8mm-78m5"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-27505"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/geoserver/geoserver/pull/8170"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/geoserver/geoserver"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://osgeo-org.atlassian.net/browse/GEOS-11664"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://osgeo-org.atlassian.net/browse/GEOS-11776"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "GeoServer Missing Authorization on REST API Index"
}
GHSA-H86X-7VC9-275H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-27 18:32 – Updated: 2026-04-27 18:32ProjeQtor versions 7.0 through 12.4.3 contain a missing authorization vulnerability in the objectDetail.php endpoint that allows authenticated users with guest-level privileges to retrieve sensitive data belonging to other users including password hashes and API keys. Attackers can bypass access controls by directly accessing the endpoint without ownership or role-based validation to extract administrator credentials and perform privilege escalation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-41464"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-27T16:16:45Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "ProjeQtor versions 7.0 through 12.4.3 contain a missing authorization vulnerability in the objectDetail.php endpoint that allows authenticated users with guest-level privileges to retrieve sensitive data belonging to other users including password hashes and API keys. Attackers can bypass access controls by directly accessing the endpoint without ownership or role-based validation to extract administrator credentials and perform privilege escalation.",
"id": "GHSA-h86x-7vc9-275h",
"modified": "2026-04-27T18:32:07Z",
"published": "2026-04-27T18:32:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-41464"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://damiri.fr/en/cves/CVE-2026-41464"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gryfman.fr/cves/CVE-2026-41464"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.projeqtor.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/projeqtor-missing-authorization-via-objectdetail-php"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-H87X-8J6M-C77Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-22 12:30 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:34Missing Authorization vulnerability in Long Watch Studio MyRewards.This issue affects MyRewards: from n/a through 5.3.0.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-32688"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-22T11:15:47Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Long Watch Studio MyRewards.This issue affects MyRewards: from n/a through 5.3.0.",
"id": "GHSA-h87x-8j6m-c77q",
"modified": "2026-04-28T21:34:51Z",
"published": "2024-04-22T12:30:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-32688"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/woorewards/wordpress-myrewards-plugin-5-3-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-H883-4576-V3X4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-19 06:31 – Updated: 2026-06-19 06:31The Classified Listing – Classified ads & Business Directory plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Missing Authorization in all versions up to, and including, 5.4.2. This is due to a missing capability/ownership check on the gallery_image_update_as_feature AJAX handler (action: rtcl_fb_gallery_image_update_as_feature), which accepts a user-supplied listing ID and attachment ID and sets the featured image of a listing while only validating a nonce that is exposed to any logged-in user on the frontend listing-submission form. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to change the featured image of arbitrary listings they do not own.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-10779"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-19T06:17:01Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Classified Listing \u2013 Classified ads \u0026 Business Directory plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Missing Authorization in all versions up to, and including, 5.4.2. This is due to a missing capability/ownership check on the gallery_image_update_as_feature AJAX handler (action: rtcl_fb_gallery_image_update_as_feature), which accepts a user-supplied listing ID and attachment ID and sets the featured image of a listing while only validating a nonce that is exposed to any logged-in user on the frontend listing-submission form. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to change the featured image of arbitrary listings they do not own.",
"id": "GHSA-h883-4576-v3x4",
"modified": "2026-06-19T06:31:55Z",
"published": "2026-06-19T06:31:55Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-10779"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/classified-listing/tags/5.3.8/app/Controllers/Ajax/FormBuilderAjax.php#L590"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/classified-listing/tags/5.3.8/app/Controllers/Ajax/FormBuilderAjax.php#L605"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/classified-listing/tags/5.3.8/app/Controllers/Ajax/FormBuilderAjax.php#L617"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/classified-listing/tags/5.4.2/app/Controllers/Ajax/FormBuilderAjax.php#L590"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/classified-listing/tags/5.4.2/app/Controllers/Ajax/FormBuilderAjax.php#L605"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/classified-listing/tags/5.4.2/app/Controllers/Ajax/FormBuilderAjax.php#L617"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3571741%40classified-listing\u0026new=3571741%40classified-listing\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/5f7660ba-c3be-44f0-91cb-809d0021759a?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-H889-475R-WFMM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-09 18:32 – Updated: 2026-01-21 14:46Missing Authorization in Lablup's BackendAI allows attackers to takeover all active sessions; Accessing, stealing, or altering any data accessible in the session. This vulnerability exists in all current versions of BackendAI.
NOTE: The maintainers of BackendAI do not consider this report to fit with their threat model and advise users to follow security advice from https://github.com/lablup/backend.ai/pull/7587 in their instances to protect themselves from the conditions that would lead to the situation described in the CVE record.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "backend.ai"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "25.3.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-49651"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-06-11T16:51:42Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-09T18:15:26Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization in Lablup\u0027s BackendAI allows attackers to takeover all active sessions; Accessing, stealing, or altering any data accessible in the session. This vulnerability exists in all current versions of BackendAI.\n\nNOTE: The maintainers of BackendAI do not consider this report to fit with their threat model and advise users to follow security advice from https://github.com/lablup/backend.ai/pull/7587 in their instances to protect themselves from the conditions that would lead to the situation described in the CVE record.",
"id": "GHSA-h889-475r-wfmm",
"modified": "2026-01-21T14:46:26Z",
"published": "2025-06-09T18:32:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-49651"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/lablup/backend.ai/pull/7587"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/lablup/backend.ai"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hiddenlayer.com/sai_security_advisor/2025-05-backendai-49653"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hiddenlayer.com/sai_security_advisor/2025-06-backendai"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Backend.AI Missing Authorization vulnerability"
}
GHSA-H896-G8FR-JXM5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-06 03:30 – Updated: 2024-04-06 03:30The Image Watermark plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the watermark_action_ajax() function in all versions up to, and including, 1.7.3. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to apply and remove watermarks from images.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-1994"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-06T02:15:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Image Watermark plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the watermark_action_ajax() function in all versions up to, and including, 1.7.3. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to apply and remove watermarks from images.",
"id": "GHSA-h896-g8fr-jxm5",
"modified": "2024-04-06T03:30:26Z",
"published": "2024-04-06T03:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-1994"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3064501%40image-watermark\u0026new=3064501%40image-watermark\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/31a66e30-972b-4a7b-9d47-ad7abd574e36?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-H897-V8RP-9CRR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-02 12:32 – Updated: 2026-04-23 15:34Missing Authorization vulnerability in CoCart Headless, LLC CoCart – Headless ecommerce allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects CoCart – Headless ecommerce: from n/a through 3.11.2.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-47241"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-02T12:15:15Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in CoCart Headless, LLC CoCart \u2013 Headless ecommerce allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects CoCart \u2013 Headless ecommerce: from n/a through 3.11.2.",
"id": "GHSA-h897-v8rp-9crr",
"modified": "2026-04-23T15:34:20Z",
"published": "2025-01-02T12:32:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-47241"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/cart-rest-api-for-woocommerce/vulnerability/wordpress-cocart-headless-ecommerce-plugin-3-9-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-H8F7-HC62-FWJ7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-05 09:30 – Updated: 2025-11-05 09:30The KiotViet Sync plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the saveConfig() function in all versions up to, and including, 1.8.5. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to update the plugin's config.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-12675"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-05T08:15:33Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The KiotViet Sync plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the saveConfig() function in all versions up to, and including, 1.8.5. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to update the plugin\u0027s config.",
"id": "GHSA-h8f7-hc62-fwj7",
"modified": "2025-11-05T09:30:25Z",
"published": "2025-11-05T09:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-12675"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/kiotvietsync"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/e67c6c3f-0b2a-424f-b8f2-2771449c82b4?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.