Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

14839 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-F4X8-M8JX-PFPG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-16 15:31 – Updated: 2026-05-16 15:31
VLAI
Details

The Multicollab: Content Team Collaboration and Editorial Workflow plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the 'cf_add_comment' function in all versions up to, and including, 5.2. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to add comments to arbitrary collaborations.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-4202"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-16T13:16:16Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Multicollab: Content Team Collaboration and Editorial Workflow plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the \u0027cf_add_comment\u0027 function in all versions up to, and including, 5.2. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to add comments to arbitrary collaborations.",
  "id": "GHSA-f4x8-m8jx-pfpg",
  "modified": "2026-05-16T15:31:13Z",
  "published": "2026-05-16T15:31:13Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-4202"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/commenting-feature/tags/4.8.1/admin/classes/class-commenting-block-admin.php#L1239"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3519252"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/08ec2376-dfe3-4aeb-8173-01e88309f540?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F527-JGGH-C37W

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-02 06:30 – Updated: 2026-04-08 18:32
VLAI
Details

The Orbit Fox by ThemeIsle plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the register_reference() function in all versions up to, and including, 2.10.28. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to update the connected API keys.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-1047"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-02-02T06:15:45Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Orbit Fox by ThemeIsle plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the register_reference() function in all versions up to, and including, 2.10.28. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to update the connected API keys.",
  "id": "GHSA-f527-jggh-c37w",
  "modified": "2026-04-08T18:32:31Z",
  "published": "2024-02-02T06:30:32Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-1047"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/themeisle-companion/trunk/vendor/codeinwp/themeisle-sdk/src/Modules/Promotions.php#L175"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3029507/themeisle-companion/tags/2.10.29/vendor/codeinwp/themeisle-sdk/src/Modules/Promotions.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3040302%40templates-patterns-collection\u0026new=3040302%40templates-patterns-collection\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/6147582f-578a-47ad-b16c-65c37896783d?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F53H-2F4M-78JF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-13 03:30 – Updated: 2024-11-13 03:30
VLAI
Details

The Styler for Ninja Forms plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data that can lead to a denial of service due to a missing capability check on the deactivate_license function in all versions up to, and including, 3.3.4. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to delete arbitrary option values on the WordPress site. This can be leveraged to delete an option that would create an error on the site and deny service to legitimate users. Note: This issue can also be used to add arbitrary options with an empty value.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-10717"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-11-13T02:15:14Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Styler for Ninja Forms plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data that can lead to a denial of service due to a missing capability check on the deactivate_license function in all versions up to, and including, 3.3.4. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to delete arbitrary option values on the WordPress site. This can be leveraged to delete an option that would create an error on the site and deny service to legitimate users. Note: This issue can also be used to add arbitrary options with an empty value.",
  "id": "GHSA-f53h-2f4m-78jf",
  "modified": "2024-11-13T03:30:45Z",
  "published": "2024-11-13T03:30:45Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-10717"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/styler-for-ninja-forms-lite/tags/3.3.4/admin-menu/licenses.php#L126"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/a26da53c-4be0-4c9f-9caf-05f054a6d5e7?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F557-C6MQ-9H68

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-12 09:30 – Updated: 2026-04-08 21:32
VLAI
Details

The WordPress Header Builder Plugin – Pearl plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized site option deletion due to a missing validation and capability checks on the stm_hb_delete() function in all versions up to, and including, 1.3.7. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to delete arbitrary options that can be used to perform a denial of service attack on a site.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-5468"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-06-12T09:15:21Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The WordPress Header Builder Plugin \u2013 Pearl plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized site option deletion due to a missing validation and capability checks on the stm_hb_delete() function in all versions up to, and including, 1.3.7. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to delete arbitrary options that can be used to perform a denial of service attack on a site.",
  "id": "GHSA-f557-c6mq-9h68",
  "modified": "2026-04-08T21:32:46Z",
  "published": "2024-06-12T09:30:48Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-5468"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/pearl-header-builder/tags/1.3.7/includes/helpers.php#L304"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/c2e770e0-1a39-4946-838b-4fd1f1dea1c8?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F56Q-8FRX-6RWQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-09 21:31 – Updated: 2025-01-10 18:31
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Drupal Download All Files allows Forceful Browsing.This issue affects Download All Files: from 0.0.0 before 2.0.2.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-13303"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-01-09T21:15:28Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Drupal Download All Files allows Forceful Browsing.This issue affects Download All Files: from 0.0.0 before 2.0.2.",
  "id": "GHSA-f56q-8frx-6rwq",
  "modified": "2025-01-10T18:31:40Z",
  "published": "2025-01-09T21:31:32Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-13303"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.drupal.org/sa-contrib-2024-069"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F57C-RM2W-7QMQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-01 15:31 – Updated: 2024-11-01 15:31
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in WofficeIO Woffice Core allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs.This issue affects Woffice Core: from n/a through 5.4.8.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-37470"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-11-01T15:15:26Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in WofficeIO Woffice Core allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs.This issue affects Woffice Core: from n/a through 5.4.8.",
  "id": "GHSA-f57c-rm2w-7qmq",
  "modified": "2024-11-01T15:31:57Z",
  "published": "2024-11-01T15:31:57Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-37470"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/woffice-core/wordpress-woffice-core-plugin-5-4-8-unauthenticated-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F582-6GF6-GX4G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-24 17:28 – Updated: 2026-03-25 21:00
VLAI
Summary
Craft CMS has an authorization bypass which allows any control panel user to move entries without permissions
Details

Summary

An authenticated control panel user with only accessCp can move entries across sections via POST /actions/entries/move-to-section, even when they do not have saveEntries:{sectionUid} permission for either source or destination section.

Details

Root-cause analysis

  1. actionMoveToSection accepts sectionId and entryIds, loads entries, and iterates: Craft::$app->getEntries()->moveEntryToSection($entry, $section).
  2. The endpoint does not enforce per-entry or per-section authorization checks.
  3. moveEntryToSection() also does not enforce current-user authorization.
  4. There is a permission check in actionMoveToSectionModalData for building UI options, but that check is not enforced in the actual endpoint.
  5. Therefore, a direct POST request can bypass UI filtering and perform unauthorized entry moves.

### Impact

  • This is an authorization bypass permitting unauthorized content changes.
  • Authenticated low-privileged control panel users can move entries they should not be able to manage, violating integrity and potentially disrupting routing/editorial controls.
Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 5.9.13"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "craftcms/cms"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "5.3.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "5.9.14"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-33162"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-285",
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-24T17:28:40Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-24T18:16:10Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nAn authenticated control panel user with only accessCp can move entries across sections via POST `/actions/entries/move-to-section`, even when they do not have `saveEntries:{sectionUid}` permission for either source or destination section.\n\n### Details\n\n#### Root-cause analysis\n\n  1. actionMoveToSection accepts sectionId and entryIds, loads entries, and iterates:\n`Craft::$app-\u003egetEntries()-\u003emoveEntryToSection($entry, $section)`.\n  2. The endpoint does not enforce per-entry or per-section authorization checks.\n  3. `moveEntryToSection()` also does not enforce current-user authorization.\n  4. There is a permission check in `actionMoveToSectionModalData` for building UI options, but that check is not enforced in the actual endpoint.\n  5. Therefore, a direct POST request can bypass UI filtering and perform unauthorized entry moves.\n\n ### Impact\n\n* This is an authorization bypass permitting unauthorized content changes.\n* Authenticated low-privileged control panel users can move entries they should not be able to manage, violating integrity and potentially disrupting routing/editorial controls.",
  "id": "GHSA-f582-6gf6-gx4g",
  "modified": "2026-03-25T21:00:30Z",
  "published": "2026-03-24T17:28:40Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms/security/advisories/GHSA-f582-6gf6-gx4g"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33162"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms/commit/3c1ab1c4445dd9237855a66e6a06ecf3591a718e"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms/releases/tag/5.9.14"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Craft CMS has an authorization bypass which allows any control panel user to move entries without permissions"
}

GHSA-F596-88PF-RRM5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-09 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-23 15:33
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in ProfilePress Membership Team ProfilePress allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects ProfilePress: from n/a through 4.13.2.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-50882"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-12-09T13:15:38Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in ProfilePress Membership Team ProfilePress allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects ProfilePress: from n/a through 4.13.2.",
  "id": "GHSA-f596-88pf-rrm5",
  "modified": "2026-04-23T15:33:39Z",
  "published": "2024-12-09T15:31:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-50882"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/wp-user-avatar/vulnerability/wordpress-profilepress-plugin-4-13-2-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F5C9-X837-F3VM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-30 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-08 18:33
VLAI
Details

The Borderless – Widgets, Elements, Templates and Toolkit for Elementor & Gutenberg plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized loss of data due to a missing capability check on the 'remove_zipped_font' function in all versions up to, and including, 1.5.9. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to delete icon fonts that were previously uploaded.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-11583"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-01-30T14:15:31Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Borderless \u2013 Widgets, Elements, Templates and Toolkit for Elementor \u0026 Gutenberg plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized loss of data due to a missing capability check on the \u0027remove_zipped_font\u0027 function in all versions up to, and including, 1.5.9. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to delete icon fonts that were previously uploaded.",
  "id": "GHSA-f5c9-x837-f3vm",
  "modified": "2026-04-08T18:33:47Z",
  "published": "2025-01-30T15:31:37Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-11583"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/borderless/tags/1.5.7/includes/icon-manager/icon-manager.php#L270"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026new=3230461%40borderless%2Ftrunk\u0026old=3209805%40borderless%2Ftrunk\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/0968fe3b-2256-41e8-8cc9-e800dd7f8c27?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F5JH-V84W-PG57

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-03 15:30 – Updated: 2026-02-03 18:30
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in approveme WP Forms Signature Contract Add-On wp-forms-signature-contract-add-on allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects WP Forms Signature Contract Add-On: from n/a through <= 1.8.2.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-24985"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-03T15:16:17Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in approveme WP Forms Signature Contract Add-On wp-forms-signature-contract-add-on allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects WP Forms Signature Contract Add-On: from n/a through \u003c= 1.8.2.",
  "id": "GHSA-f5jh-v84w-pg57",
  "modified": "2026-02-03T18:30:42Z",
  "published": "2026-02-03T15:30:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-24985"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/wp-forms-signature-contract-add-on/vulnerability/wordpress-wp-forms-signature-contract-add-on-plugin-1-8-2-broken-access-control-to-notice-dismissal-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.