Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

14839 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-F2JQ-83MV-J4MG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:19 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:19
VLAI
Details

EasyLobby Solo could allow a local attacker to gain elevated privileges on the system. By visiting the kiosk and typing "esc" to exit the program, an attacker could exploit this vulnerability to perform unauthorized actions on the computer.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-17491"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-03-21T16:00:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "EasyLobby Solo could allow a local attacker to gain elevated privileges on the system. By visiting the kiosk and typing \"esc\" to exit the program, an attacker could exploit this vulnerability to perform unauthorized actions on the computer.",
  "id": "GHSA-f2jq-83mv-j4mg",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:19:28Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:19:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-17491"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/149651"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F2MH-H264-8QRW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-16 18:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:32
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Marco Giannini XML Multilanguage Sitemap Generator.This issue affects XML Multilanguage Sitemap Generator: from n/a through 2.0.6.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-55999"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-12-16T16:15:08Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Marco Giannini XML Multilanguage Sitemap Generator.This issue affects XML Multilanguage Sitemap Generator: from n/a through 2.0.6.",
  "id": "GHSA-f2mh-h264-8qrw",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:32:52Z",
  "published": "2024-12-16T18:31:09Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-55999"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/xml-multilanguage-sitemap-generator/vulnerability/wordpress-xml-multilanguage-sitemap-generator-plugin-2-0-6-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F2Q9-V7GQ-WP5M

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-06 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:35
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in facturaone TicketBAI Facturas para WooCommerce allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects TicketBAI Facturas para WooCommerce: from n/a through 3.19.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-24762"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-06-06T13:15:26Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in facturaone TicketBAI Facturas para WooCommerce allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects TicketBAI Facturas para WooCommerce: from n/a through 3.19.",
  "id": "GHSA-f2q9-v7gq-wp5m",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:35:17Z",
  "published": "2025-06-06T15:30:45Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-24762"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/wp-ticketbai/vulnerability/wordpress-ticketbai-facturas-para-woocommerce-3-19-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F2R8-4C84-9C9F

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-16 09:31 – Updated: 2026-01-20 15:32
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Design Stylish Price List stylish-price-list allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Stylish Price List: from n/a through <= 7.2.2.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-66122"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-12-16T09:15:56Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Design Stylish Price List stylish-price-list allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Stylish Price List: from n/a through \u003c= 7.2.2.",
  "id": "GHSA-f2r8-4c84-9c9f",
  "modified": "2026-01-20T15:32:14Z",
  "published": "2025-12-16T09:31:09Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-66122"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/stylish-price-list/vulnerability/wordpress-stylish-price-list-plugin-7-2-2-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/stylish-price-list/vulnerability/wordpress-stylish-price-list-plugin-7-2-2-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F2RM-GF2X-XX53

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-06 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:35
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Ability, Inc Accessibility Suite allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Accessibility Suite: from n/a through 4.19.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-30636"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-06-06T13:15:32Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Ability, Inc Accessibility Suite allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Accessibility Suite: from n/a through 4.19.",
  "id": "GHSA-f2rm-gf2x-xx53",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:35:19Z",
  "published": "2025-06-06T15:30:47Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-30636"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/online-accessibility/vulnerability/wordpress-accessibility-suite-4-19-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F2V6-XR44-FWRM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-22 18:30 – Updated: 2026-01-28 18:30
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Icegram Icegram icegram allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Icegram: from n/a through <= 3.1.35.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-68507"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-01-22T17:16:10Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Icegram Icegram icegram allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Icegram: from n/a through \u003c= 3.1.35.",
  "id": "GHSA-f2v6-xr44-fwrm",
  "modified": "2026-01-28T18:30:43Z",
  "published": "2026-01-22T18:30:35Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-68507"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/icegram/vulnerability/wordpress-icegram-plugin-3-1-35-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F2V8-P56H-3QJ9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-04 03:31 – Updated: 2026-04-04 03:31
VLAI
Details

The Pie Register – User Registration, Profiles & Content Restriction plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the pie_main() function in all versions up to, and including, 3.8.4.8. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to change registration form status.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-3571"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-04T02:15:59Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Pie Register \u2013 User Registration, Profiles \u0026 Content Restriction plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the pie_main() function in all versions up to, and including, 3.8.4.8. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to change registration form status.",
  "id": "GHSA-f2v8-p56h-3qj9",
  "modified": "2026-04-04T03:31:13Z",
  "published": "2026-04-04T03:31:13Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-3571"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3494602/pie-register"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/3137a85e-82e3-4111-ae60-1bcf1abd0c0b?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F2WH-CRM6-349C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-11-10 12:01 – Updated: 2025-05-01 15:31
VLAI
Details

The LBS module has a vulnerability in geofencing API access. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may cause third-party apps to access the geofencing APIs without authorization, affecting user confidentiality.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-44549"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-668",
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-11-09T21:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The LBS module has a vulnerability in geofencing API access. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may cause third-party apps to access the geofencing APIs without authorization, affecting user confidentiality.",
  "id": "GHSA-f2wh-crm6-349c",
  "modified": "2025-05-01T15:31:29Z",
  "published": "2022-11-10T12:01:16Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-44549"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://consumer.huawei.com/en/support/bulletin/2022/11"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://device.harmonyos.com/en/docs/security/update/security-bulletins-phones-202211-0000001441016433"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F33W-F2Q9-9JX3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-21 06:30 – Updated: 2025-11-21 06:30
VLAI
Details

The ELEX WordPress HelpDesk & Customer Ticketing System plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the 'eh_crm_settings_restore_trash' AJAX endpoint in all versions up to, and including, 3.3.1. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to restore all deleted tickets.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-12022"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-11-21T06:15:47Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The ELEX WordPress HelpDesk \u0026 Customer Ticketing System plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the \u0027eh_crm_settings_restore_trash\u0027 AJAX endpoint in all versions up to, and including, 3.3.1. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to restore all deleted tickets.",
  "id": "GHSA-f33w-f2q9-9jx3",
  "modified": "2025-11-21T06:30:50Z",
  "published": "2025-11-21T06:30:50Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-12022"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3399391/elex-helpdesk-customer-support-ticket-system/trunk/includes/class-crm-archive-ajax-functions.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/982b23c5-2414-48f7-a2f5-96fef54f8d69?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F34X-RX2W-7PM3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-12 20:08 – Updated: 2026-06-12 20:08
VLAI
Summary
TYPO3 CMS has Broken Access Control in the Recycler Module
Details

Problem

Backend users with access to the Recycler module were able to restore soft-deleted records on pages or for tables they were not authorized to modify.

Solution

Update to TYPO3 versions 10.4.57 ELTS, 11.5.51 ELTS, 12.4.46 ELTS, 13.4.31 LTS, 14.3.3 LTS that fix the problem described.

Credits

TYPO3 CMS thanks Hyunseo Shin for reporting this issue, and TYPO3 security team member Elias Häußler for fixing it.

Resources

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "typo3/cms-core"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "10.4.57"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "typo3/cms-core"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "11.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "11.5.51"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "typo3/cms-core"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "12.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "12.4.46"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "typo3/cms-core"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "13.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "13.4.31"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "typo3/cms-core"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "14.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "14.3.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "typo3/cms-recycler"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "10.4.57"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "typo3/cms-recycler"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "11.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "11.5.51"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "typo3/cms-recycler"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "12.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "12.4.46"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "typo3/cms-recycler"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "13.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "13.4.31"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "typo3/cms-recycler"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "14.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "14.3.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-47349"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-12T20:08:04Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-09T11:16:52Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Problem\nBackend users with access to the Recycler module were able to restore soft-deleted records on pages or for tables they were not authorized to modify.\n\n### Solution\nUpdate to TYPO3 versions 10.4.57 ELTS, 11.5.51 ELTS, 12.4.46 ELTS, 13.4.31 LTS, 14.3.3 LTS that fix the problem described.\n\n### Credits\nTYPO3 CMS thanks Hyunseo Shin for reporting this issue, and TYPO3 security team member Elias H\u00e4u\u00dfler for fixing it.\n\n### Resources\n* [TYPO3-CORE-SA-2026-011](https://typo3.org/security/advisory/typo3-core-sa-2026-011)",
  "id": "GHSA-f34x-rx2w-7pm3",
  "modified": "2026-06-12T20:08:04Z",
  "published": "2026-06-12T20:08:04Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/TYPO3/typo3/security/advisories/GHSA-f34x-rx2w-7pm3"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-47349"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/TYPO3/typo3/commit/92f08d8944f1aeccf506fcd323c260448c64d7c8"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/TYPO3/typo3/commit/9f17a307cf774d63ab8291fc97c6b55653b4265a"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/FriendsOfPHP/security-advisories/blob/master/typo3/cms-core/CVE-2026-47349.yaml"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/TYPO3/typo3"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://typo3.org/security/advisory/typo3-core-sa-2026-011"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "TYPO3 CMS has Broken Access Control in the Recycler Module"
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.