CWE-862
Allowed-with-ReviewMissing Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
14874 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-CRV4-3FGG-F4CF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-13 12:35 – Updated: 2026-07-13 12:35Missing Authorization vulnerability in NSquared Simply Schedule Appointments simply-schedule-appointments allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Simply Schedule Appointments: from n/a through <= 1.6.12.4.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-57812"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-13T10:16:45Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in NSquared Simply Schedule Appointments simply-schedule-appointments allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Simply Schedule Appointments: from n/a through \u003c= 1.6.12.4.",
"id": "GHSA-crv4-3fgg-f4cf",
"modified": "2026-07-13T12:35:05Z",
"published": "2026-07-13T12:35:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-57812"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/simply-schedule-appointments/vulnerability/wordpress-simply-schedule-appointments-plugin-1-6-12-4-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CRVQ-R2JC-V9JV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-31 06:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:34Missing Authorization vulnerability in Fahad Mahmood WP Docs allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects WP Docs: from n/a through n/a.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-31417"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-31T06:15:31Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Fahad Mahmood WP Docs allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects WP Docs: from n/a through n/a.",
"id": "GHSA-crvq-r2jc-v9jv",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:34:15Z",
"published": "2025-03-31T06:30:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-31417"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/wp-docs/vulnerability/wordpress-wp-docs-plugin-2-2-7-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CRWM-V9WF-M9PG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-01 00:30 – Updated: 2025-11-04 00:32This issue was addressed by adding a delay between verification code attempts. This issue is fixed in macOS Sequoia 15.4. A malicious app may be able to access a user's saved passwords.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-24245"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-31T23:15:21Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "This issue was addressed by adding a delay between verification code attempts. This issue is fixed in macOS Sequoia 15.4. A malicious app may be able to access a user\u0027s saved passwords.",
"id": "GHSA-crwm-v9wf-m9pg",
"modified": "2025-11-04T00:32:21Z",
"published": "2025-04-01T00:30:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-24245"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122373"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Apr/8"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CRWV-Q9PJ-PWRG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-07 03:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 04:38The WordPress Automatic Plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary options updates in versions up to, and including, 3.53.2. This is due to missing authorization and option validation in the process_form.php file. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to arbitrarily update the settings of a vulnerable site and ultimately compromise the entire site.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-4374"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-07T02:15:15Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The WordPress Automatic Plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary options updates in versions up to, and including, 3.53.2. This is due to missing authorization and option validation in the process_form.php file. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to arbitrarily update the settings of a vulnerable site and ultimately compromise the entire site.",
"id": "GHSA-crwv-q9pj-pwrg",
"modified": "2024-04-04T04:38:36Z",
"published": "2023-06-07T03:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-4374"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blog.nintechnet.com/critical-vulnerability-fixed-in-wordpress-automatic-plugin"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/d0567dc8-7a4c-42f4-bf45-f31a8efaa354?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CRWX-4Q98-MP2J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-29 03:33 – Updated: 2026-04-08 21:32The Oliver POS – A WooCommerce Point of Sale (POS) plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access due to missing capability checks on several functions hooked via AJAX in the includes/class-pos-bridge-install.php file in all versions up to, and including, 2.4.1.8. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to perform several unauthorized actions like deactivating the plugin, disconnecting the subscription, syncing the status and more.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-0702"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-29T01:43:25Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The Oliver POS \u2013 A WooCommerce Point of Sale (POS) plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access due to missing capability checks on several functions hooked via AJAX in the includes/class-pos-bridge-install.php file in all versions up to, and including, 2.4.1.8. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to perform several unauthorized actions like deactivating the plugin, disconnecting the subscription, syncing the status and more.",
"id": "GHSA-crwx-4q98-mp2j",
"modified": "2026-04-08T21:32:17Z",
"published": "2024-02-29T03:33:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-0702"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/oliver-pos/trunk/includes/class-pos-bridge-install.php#L11"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3038694%40oliver-pos\u0026new=3038694%40oliver-pos\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/b5c6f351-477b-4384-9863-fe3b45ddf21d?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CV23-X4W3-WXJX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-13 18:30 – Updated: 2025-12-13 18:30The Popover Windows plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on multiple ajax actions (e.g., pop_submit, poptheme_submit) in all versions up to, and including, 1.2. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to modify the plugin's settings and content.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-14395"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-13T16:16:49Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Popover Windows plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on multiple ajax actions (e.g., pop_submit, poptheme_submit) in all versions up to, and including, 1.2. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to modify the plugin\u0027s settings and content.",
"id": "GHSA-cv23-x4w3-wxjx",
"modified": "2025-12-13T18:30:21Z",
"published": "2025-12-13T18:30:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-14395"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/popover-windows/tags/1.2/popoveroptions.php#L98"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/0cae43cb-a0b7-4067-95b3-26fec31ebf42?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CV28-8PQV-X45P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-14 00:01 – Updated: 2021-12-16 00:02Advanced Custom Fields versions prior to 5.11 and Advanced Custom Fields Pro versions prior to 5.11 contain a missing authorization vulnerability in moving the field group which may allow a user to move the unauthorized field group via unspecified vectors.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-20867"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-13T07:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Advanced Custom Fields versions prior to 5.11 and Advanced Custom Fields Pro versions prior to 5.11 contain a missing authorization vulnerability in moving the field group which may allow a user to move the unauthorized field group via unspecified vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-cv28-8pqv-x45p",
"modified": "2021-12-16T00:02:56Z",
"published": "2021-12-14T00:01:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-20867"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN09136401/index.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/advanced-custom-fields"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.advancedcustomfields.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-CV4M-7PH2-F339
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-01 15:31 – Updated: 2024-11-01 15:31Missing Authorization vulnerability in Easy Digital Downloads allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Easy Digital Downloads: from n/a through 3.2.12.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-43162"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-01T15:15:40Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Easy Digital Downloads allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Easy Digital Downloads: from n/a through 3.2.12.",
"id": "GHSA-cv4m-7ph2-f339",
"modified": "2024-11-01T15:31:59Z",
"published": "2024-11-01T15:31:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-43162"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/easy-digital-downloads/wordpress-easy-digital-downloads-plugin-3-2-12-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CV4X-9F34-8RP9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-11-29 15:30 – Updated: 2023-11-29 21:32Jenkins MATLAB Plugin determines whether a user-specified directory on the Jenkins controller is the location of a MATLAB installation by parsing an XML file in that directory.
MATLAB Plugin 2.11.0 and earlier does not perform permission checks in several HTTP endpoints implementing related form validation.
Additionally, these HTTP endpoints do not require POST requests, resulting in a cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability.
Additionally, the plugin does not configure its XML parser to prevent XML external entity (XXE) attacks. This allows attackers able to create files on the Jenkins controller file system to have Jenkins parse a crafted XML document that uses external entities for extraction of secrets from the Jenkins controller or server-side request forgery.
MATLAB Plugin 2.11.1 configures its XML parser to prevent XML external entity (XXE) attacks.
Additionally, POST requests and Item/Configure permission are required for the affected HTTP endpoints.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.jenkins-ci.plugins:matlab"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.11.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-49654"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-11-29T21:32:07Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-11-29T14:15:07Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Jenkins MATLAB Plugin determines whether a user-specified directory on the Jenkins controller is the location of a MATLAB installation by parsing an XML file in that directory.\n\nMATLAB Plugin 2.11.0 and earlier does not perform permission checks in several HTTP endpoints implementing related form validation.\n\nAdditionally, these HTTP endpoints do not require POST requests, resulting in a cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability.\n\nAdditionally, the plugin does not configure its XML parser to prevent XML external entity (XXE) attacks. This allows attackers able to create files on the Jenkins controller file system to have Jenkins parse a crafted XML document that uses external entities for extraction of secrets from the Jenkins controller or server-side request forgery.\n\nMATLAB Plugin 2.11.1 configures its XML parser to prevent XML external entity (XXE) attacks.\n\nAdditionally, POST requests and Item/Configure permission are required for the affected HTTP endpoints.",
"id": "GHSA-cv4x-9f34-8rp9",
"modified": "2023-11-29T21:32:07Z",
"published": "2023-11-29T15:30:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-49654"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2023-11-29/#SECURITY-3193"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2023/11/29/1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Jenkins MATLAB Plugin missing permission checks"
}
GHSA-CV55-V6RW-7R5V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-10 17:14 – Updated: 2024-04-10 22:01Impact
Any user who can edit any page like their profile can create a custom skin with a template override that is executed with programming right, thus allowing remote code execution.
To reproduce, as a user without edit, script or admin right, add an object of class XWiki.XWikiSkins to your profile. Name it whatever you want and set the Base Skin to flamingo.
Add an object of class XWikiSkinFileOverrideClass and set the path to macros.vm and the content to:
#macro(mediumUserAvatar $username)
#resizedUserAvatar($username 50)
$services.logging.getLogger('Skin').error("I got programming: $services.security.authorization.hasAccess('programming')")
#end
Back to your profile, click Test this skin. Force a refresh, just in case.
If the error "Skin - I got programming: true" gets logged, the installation is vulnerable.
Patches
This has been patched in XWiki 14.10.19, 15.5.4 and 15.10RC1.
Workarounds
We're not aware of any workaround except upgrading.
References
- https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XWIKI-21478
- https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/commit/3d4dbb41f52d1a6e39835cfb1695ca6668605a39 (>= 15.8 RC1)
- https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/commit/da177c3c972e797d92c1a31e278f946012c41b56 (< 15.8 RC1)
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.xwiki.platform:xwiki-platform-oldcore"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.4-milestone-1"
},
{
"fixed": "14.10.19"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.xwiki.platform:xwiki-platform-oldcore"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "15.0-rc-1"
},
{
"fixed": "15.5.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.xwiki.platform:xwiki-platform-oldcore"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "15.6-rc-1"
},
{
"fixed": "15.10-rc-1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-31987"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-04-10T17:14:47Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-10T21:15:07Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "### Impact\nAny user who can edit any page like their profile can create a custom skin with a template override that is executed with programming right, thus allowing remote code execution. \n\nTo reproduce, as a user without edit, script or admin right, add an object of class `XWiki.XWikiSkins` to your profile. Name it whatever you want and set the Base Skin to `flamingo`.\nAdd an object of class `XWikiSkinFileOverrideClass` and set the path to `macros.vm` and the content to:\n```\n#macro(mediumUserAvatar $username)\n #resizedUserAvatar($username 50)\n $services.logging.getLogger(\u0027Skin\u0027).error(\"I got programming: $services.security.authorization.hasAccess(\u0027programming\u0027)\")\n#end\n```\nBack to your profile, click `Test this skin`. Force a refresh, just in case.\nIf the error \"Skin - I got programming: true\" gets logged, the installation is vulnerable.\n\n### Patches\nThis has been patched in XWiki 14.10.19, 15.5.4 and 15.10RC1.\n\n### Workarounds\nWe\u0027re not aware of any workaround except upgrading.\n\n### References\n* https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XWIKI-21478\n* https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/commit/3d4dbb41f52d1a6e39835cfb1695ca6668605a39 (\u003e= 15.8 RC1)\n* https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/commit/da177c3c972e797d92c1a31e278f946012c41b56 (\u003c 15.8 RC1)\n",
"id": "GHSA-cv55-v6rw-7r5v",
"modified": "2024-04-10T22:01:40Z",
"published": "2024-04-10T17:14:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/security/advisories/GHSA-cv55-v6rw-7r5v"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-31987"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/commit/3d4dbb41f52d1a6e39835cfb1695ca6668605a39"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/commit/626d2a5dbf95b4e719ae13bf1a0a9c76e4edd5a2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/commit/da177c3c972e797d92c1a31e278f946012c41b56"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XWIKI-21478"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "XWiki Platform remote code execution from account via custom skins support"
}
Mitigation
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.