Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-862
Allowed-with-ReviewMissing Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
14888 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-CGC2-28W6-WQ4G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-23 15:31 – Updated: 2026-01-23 22:35
VLAI
Details
Missing Authorization vulnerability in Ecwid by Lightspeed Ecommerce Shopping Cart Ecwid Shopping Cart ecwid-shopping-cart allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Ecwid Shopping Cart: from n/a through <= 7.0.5.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-24613"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-23T15:16:20Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Ecwid by Lightspeed Ecommerce Shopping Cart Ecwid Shopping Cart ecwid-shopping-cart allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Ecwid Shopping Cart: from n/a through \u003c= 7.0.5.",
"id": "GHSA-cgc2-28w6-wq4g",
"modified": "2026-01-23T22:35:51Z",
"published": "2026-01-23T15:31:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-24613"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/ecwid-shopping-cart/vulnerability/wordpress-ecwid-shopping-cart-plugin-7-0-5-broken-access-control-vulnerability-2?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CGCC-8VQ7-798X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-07 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:35
VLAI
Details
Missing Authorization vulnerability in contentstudio ContentStudio allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects ContentStudio: from n/a through 1.3.3.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-47692"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-07T15:16:21Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in contentstudio ContentStudio allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects ContentStudio: from n/a through 1.3.3.",
"id": "GHSA-cgcc-8vq7-798x",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:35:05Z",
"published": "2025-05-07T15:31:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-47692"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/contentstudio/vulnerability/wordpress-contentstudio-1-3-3-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CGFM-WMG3-V2MW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-11 00:00 – Updated: 2022-02-15 00:02
VLAI
Details
In Bluetooth, there is a possible escalation of privilege due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Patch ID: ALPS06148177; Issue ID: ALPS06148177.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-20043"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-02-09T23:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In Bluetooth, there is a possible escalation of privilege due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Patch ID: ALPS06148177; Issue ID: ALPS06148177.",
"id": "GHSA-cgfm-wmg3-v2mw",
"modified": "2022-02-15T00:02:59Z",
"published": "2022-02-11T00:00:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-20043"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://corp.mediatek.com/product-security-bulletin/February-2022"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-CGGF-QWGW-W7PQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-17 09:30 – Updated: 2025-01-17 09:30
VLAI
Details
The WP Hotel Booking plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check when adding rooms in all versions up to, and including, 2.1.5. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to add rooms with custom prices.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-12370"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-17T09:15:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The WP Hotel Booking plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check when adding rooms in all versions up to, and including, 2.1.5. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to add rooms with custom prices.",
"id": "GHSA-cggf-qwgw-w7pq",
"modified": "2025-01-17T09:30:38Z",
"published": "2025-01-17T09:30:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-12370"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3210798%40wp-hotel-booking%2Ftags%2F2.1.5\u0026new=3214765%40wp-hotel-booking%2Ftags%2F2.1.6"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/5df32365-5381-48e0-9313-7e83c4c6c440?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CGH7-PQVH-VH2M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-09-10 00:00 – Updated: 2022-09-15 00:00
VLAI
Details
In network service, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed
Severity
7.8 (High)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-39119"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-09-09T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In network service, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed",
"id": "GHSA-cgh7-pqvh-vh2m",
"modified": "2022-09-15T00:00:19Z",
"published": "2022-09-10T00:00:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-39119"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/1567706764592349186"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CGJ8-GPQH-35QR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-18 09:31 – Updated: 2024-10-18 09:31
VLAI
Details
The WP Easy Post Types plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access, modification, and loss of data due to a missing capability check on multiple functions in all versions up to, and including, 1.4.4. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to add, modify, or delete plugin options and posts.
Severity
7.3 (High)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-10078"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-18T08:15:04Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The WP Easy Post Types plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access, modification, and loss of data due to a missing capability check on multiple functions in all versions up to, and including, 1.4.4. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to add, modify, or delete plugin options and posts.",
"id": "GHSA-cgj8-gpqh-35qr",
"modified": "2024-10-18T09:31:26Z",
"published": "2024-10-18T09:31:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-10078"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-post-types/tags/1.4.4/custom-type.php#L111"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-post-types/tags/1.4.4/custom-type.php#L112"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-post-types/tags/1.4.4/custom-type.php#L113"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-post-types/tags/1.4.4/custom-type.php#L114"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-post-types/tags/1.4.4/custom-type.php#L115"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-post-types/tags/1.4.4/custom-type.php#L116"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-post-types/tags/1.4.4/custom-type.php#L117"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-post-types/tags/1.4.4/custom-type.php#L118"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-post-types/tags/1.4.4/custom-type.php#L119"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-post-types/tags/1.4.4/custom-type.php#L120"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-post-types/tags/1.4.4/custom-type.php#L121"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-post-types/tags/1.4.4/custom-type.php#L122"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-post-types/tags/1.4.4/custom-type.php#L123"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-post-types/tags/1.4.4/custom-type.php#L124"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-post-types/tags/1.4.4/custom-type.php#L125"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-post-types/tags/1.4.4/custom-type.php#L126"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-post-types/tags/1.4.4/custom-type.php#L127"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-post-types/tags/1.4.4/custom-type.php#L128"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-post-types/tags/1.4.4/custom-type.php#L129"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-post-types/tags/1.4.4/custom-type.php#L130"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-post-types/tags/1.4.4/custom-type.php#L131"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-post-types/tags/1.4.4/custom-type.php#L132"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-post-types/tags/1.4.4/custom-type.php#L133"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-post-types/tags/1.4.4/custom-type.php#L134"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/d12c4b1c-23d0-430f-a6ea-0a3ab487ed10?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CGJG-P2M2-QM4P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-16 15:32 – Updated: 2026-02-19 19:40
VLAI
Summary
Mattermost fails to enforce invite permissions when updating team settings
Details
Mattermost versions 10.11.x <= 10.11.9 fail to enforce invite permissions when updating team settings, which allows team administrators without proper permissions to bypass restrictions and add users to their team via API requests. Mattermost Advisory ID: MMSA-2025-00561
Severity
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/mattermost/mattermost/server/v8"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "8.0.0-20251215190648-6404ab29acc0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c 11.1.3"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/mattermost/mattermost-server"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "11.1.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c 10.11.10"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/mattermost/mattermost-server"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "10.11.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c 11.2.2"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/mattermost/mattermost-server"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "11.2.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/mattermost/mattermost-server"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.3.2-0.20251215190648-6404ab29acc0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-14573"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-02-19T19:40:43Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-16T13:16:00Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "Mattermost versions 10.11.x \u003c= 10.11.9 fail to enforce invite permissions when updating team settings, which allows team administrators without proper permissions to bypass restrictions and add users to their team via API requests. Mattermost Advisory ID: MMSA-2025-00561",
"id": "GHSA-cgjg-p2m2-qm4p",
"modified": "2026-02-19T19:40:43Z",
"published": "2026-02-16T15:32:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-14573"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/mattermost/mattermost/commit/6404ab29acc04901c5cb1cf5ad97fc3c0693e2cd"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/mattermost/mattermost"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://mattermost.com/security-updates"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Mattermost fails to enforce invite permissions when updating team settings"
}
GHSA-CGM2-63MV-58W4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-31 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:34
VLAI
Details
Missing Authorization vulnerability in Gagan Deep Singh PostmarkApp Email Integrator allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects PostmarkApp Email Integrator: from n/a through 2.4.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-31576"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-31T13:15:51Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Gagan Deep Singh PostmarkApp Email Integrator allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects PostmarkApp Email Integrator: from n/a through 2.4.",
"id": "GHSA-cgm2-63mv-58w4",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:34:16Z",
"published": "2025-03-31T15:30:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-31576"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/postmarkapp-email-integrator/vulnerability/wordpress-postmarkapp-email-integrator-plugin-2-4-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CGV7-8CQ3-8938
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-03 03:30 – Updated: 2025-06-03 03:30
VLAI
Details
The Broken Link Checker plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized data access due to a missing capability check on the ajax_full_status and ajax_dashboard_status functions in all versions up to, and including, 2.4.4. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to view the plugin's status.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-4047"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-03T03:15:27Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Broken Link Checker plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized data access due to a missing capability check on the ajax_full_status and ajax_dashboard_status functions in all versions up to, and including, 2.4.4. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to view the plugin\u0027s status.",
"id": "GHSA-cgv7-8cq3-8938",
"modified": "2025-06-03T03:30:32Z",
"published": "2025-06-03T03:30:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-4047"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/broken-link-checker/tags/2.4.2/legacy/core/core.php#L3272"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3294992"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/33ac910c-9531-45ea-84cf-1d379233f7d3?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CGV8-R622-XVF9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-13 12:35 – Updated: 2026-07-13 12:35
VLAI
Details
Missing Authorization vulnerability in wpdevart Booking calendar, Appointment Booking System booking-calendar allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Booking calendar, Appointment Booking System: from n/a through <= 3.2.36.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-57778"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-13T10:16:41Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in wpdevart Booking calendar, Appointment Booking System booking-calendar allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Booking calendar, Appointment Booking System: from n/a through \u003c= 3.2.36.",
"id": "GHSA-cgv8-r622-xvf9",
"modified": "2026-07-13T12:35:04Z",
"published": "2026-07-13T12:35:04Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-57778"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/booking-calendar/vulnerability/wordpress-booking-calendar-appointment-booking-system-plugin-3-2-36-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration
Installation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.