Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-79
AllowedImproper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable
The product does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes user-controllable input before it is placed in output that is used as a web page that is served to other users.
67214 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-1780 (GCVE-0-2026-1780)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-18 03:37 – Updated: 2026-04-08 17:29
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
[CR]Paid Link Manager <= 0.5 - Reflected Cross-Site Scripting
Summary
The [CR]Paid Link Manager plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Reflected Cross-Site Scripting via the URL path in all versions up to, and including, 0.5 due to insufficient input sanitization and output escaping. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to inject arbitrary web scripts in pages that execute if they can successfully trick a user into performing an action such as clicking on a link.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| silentwind | [CR]Paid Link Manager |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 0.5
(semver)
|
Credits
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CVE-2026-1769 (GCVE-0-2026-1769)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-06 17:19 – Updated: 2026-02-06 18:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Stored XSS on Xerox CentreWare Web 7.0.6
Summary
Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation (XSS or 'Cross-site Scripting') vulnerability in Xerox CentreWare on Windows allows Stored XSS.This issue affects CentreWare: through 7.0.6.
Consider
upgrading Xerox® CentreWare Web® to v7.2.2.25 via the software available on Xerox.com
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation (XSS or 'Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Xerox | CentreWare |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 7.0.6
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-02-02 18:30
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CVE-2026-1755 (GCVE-0-2026-1755)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-03 22:22 – Updated: 2026-04-08 16:44
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Menu Icons by ThemeIsle <= 0.13.20 - Authenticated (Author+) Stored Cross-Site Scripting
Summary
The Menu Icons by ThemeIsle plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Stored Cross-Site Scripting via the ‘_wp_attachment_image_alt’ post meta in all versions up to, and including, 0.13.20 due to insufficient input sanitization and output escaping. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Author-level access and above, to inject arbitrary web scripts in pages that will execute whenever a user accesses an injected page.
Severity
6.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| themeisle | Menu Icons by ThemeIsle |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 0.13.20
(semver)
|
Credits
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CVE-2026-1754 (GCVE-0-2026-1754)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-14 04:35 – Updated: 2026-04-08 16:59
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
personal-authors-category <= 0.3 - Reflected Cross-Site Scripting
Summary
The personal-authors-category plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Reflected Cross-Site Scripting via the URL path in all versions up to, and including, 0.3 due to insufficient input sanitization and output escaping. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to inject arbitrary web scripts in pages that execute if they can successfully trick a user into performing an action such as clicking on a link.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| alexeyknyazev | personal-authors-category |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 0.3
(semver)
|
Credits
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CVE-2026-1744 (GCVE-0-2026-1744)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-02 04:32 – Updated: 2026-02-23 09:14 Unsupported When Assigned
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
D-Link DSL-6641K sp_pppoe_user.js doSubmitPPP cross site scripting
Summary
A vulnerability was found in D-Link DSL-6641K N8.TR069.20131126. Affected by this issue is the function doSubmitPPP of the file sp_pppoe_user.js. The manipulation of the argument Username results in cross site scripting. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used. This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.343675 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.343675 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.742439 | third-party-advisory |
| https://tzh00203.notion.site/D-Link-DSL6641K-vers… | exploit |
| https://www.dlink.com/ | product |
Credits
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CVE-2026-1711 (GCVE-0-2026-1711)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-15 21:32 – Updated: 2026-04-16 14:17
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Pega Platform versions 8.1.0 through 25.1.1 are affected by a Stored Cross-Site Scripting vulnerability in a user interface component. Requires a high privileged user with a developer role.
Summary
Pega Platform versions 8.1.0 through 25.1.1 are affected by a Stored Cross-Site Scripting vulnerability in a user interface component. Requires a high privileged user with a developer role.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pegasystems | Pega Infinity |
Affected:
8.1.0 , < Infinity 25.1.2
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-04-15 22:00
Credits
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CVE-2026-1706 (GCVE-0-2026-1706)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-04 09:24 – Updated: 2026-04-08 17:18
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
All-in-One Video Gallery <= 4.7.1 - Reflected Cross-Site Scripting via 'vi' Parameter
Summary
The All-in-One Video Gallery plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Reflected Cross-Site Scripting via the 'vi' parameter in all versions up to, and including, 4.7.1 due to insufficient input sanitization and output escaping. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to inject arbitrary web scripts in pages that execute if they can successfully trick a user into performing an action such as clicking on a link.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| plugins360 | All-in-One Video Gallery |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 4.7.1
(semver)
|
Credits
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CVE-2026-1705 (GCVE-0-2026-1705)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-30 21:32 – Updated: 2026-02-23 09:11
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
D-Link DSL-6641K Web ad_virtual_server_vdsl cross site scripting
Summary
A vulnerability was detected in D-Link DSL-6641K N8.TR069.20131126. Affected by this issue is the function ad_virtual_server_vdsl of the component Web Interface. Performing a manipulation of the argument Name results in cross site scripting. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit is now public and may be used.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.343510 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.343510 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.742421 | third-party-advisory |
| https://tzh00203.notion.site/D-Link-DSL6641K-vers… | exploit |
| https://www.dlink.com/ | product |
Credits
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CVE-2026-1700 (GCVE-0-2026-1700)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-30 17:02 – Updated: 2026-02-23 09:10 X_Freeware
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
projectworlds House Rental and Property Listing sms.php cross site scripting
Summary
A weakness has been identified in projectworlds House Rental and Property Listing 1.0. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file /app/sms.php. This manipulation of the argument Message causes cross site scripting. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.343490 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.343490 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.741977 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/jiahao412/CVE/issues/3 | exploitissue-tracking |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| projectworlds | House Rental and Property Listing |
Affected:
1.0
|
Credits
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CVE-2026-1696 (GCVE-0-2026-1696)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-26 07:57 – Updated: 2026-03-26 08:23
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Missing security HTTP headers
Summary
Some HTTP security headers are not properly set by the web server when sending responses to the client application.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation (XSS or 'Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.pcvue.com/security/#SB2026-2 | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-02-25 23:00
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"value": "\u003cb\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\n\n\u003cb\u003eHarden the configuration\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cu\u003eWho should apply this recommendation:\u003c/u\u003e All users\u003cbr\u003e\n\nTo reduce the risk of exploitation, ARC Informatique strongly recommends implementing the following defensive measures:\n\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eMinimize network exposure for all control system devices and/or systems, and ensure they are not accessible from insecure networks.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eLocate control system networks and remote devices behind firewalls and isolate them from business networks.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eWhen remote access is required, use secure methods, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), recognizing VPNs may have vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most current version available. Also recognize VPN is only as secure as its connected devices.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eUninstall the Web Server\u003c/b\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003cu\u003eWho should apply this recommendation:\u003c/u\u003e All users \u003cb\u003enot \u003c/b\u003eusing the affected component \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIf your system does not require the use of the Web \u0026amp; Mobile features, you should make sure not to install them. If your system requires the use of the Web \u0026amp; Mobile features, they should be installed only on the Web Server.\u003cbr\u003eSee the product help related to the installation for more information.\n\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eUpdate IIS configuration \u2013 manually update HTTP headers\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cu\u003eWho should apply this recommendation:\u003c/u\u003e \n\nAll users running affected components.\n\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAs a quick mitigation for the unnecessary and missing HTTP headers, you can disable default headers and add secure HTTP headers for all requests. Those options can be set via the web.config file located on the IIS by following those steps:\u003cbr\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003eOpen the file \u003ci\u003eC:\\inetpub\\\u0026lt;SV Website\u0026gt;\\web.config\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eAdd the following entries to the section \u003ci\u003ecustomHeaders\u003c/i\u003e, which are the recommendations from the official OWASP site:\u003cbr\u003e\u0026lt;remove name=\"X-Powered-By\" /\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026lt;add name=\"X-Frame-Options\" value=\"DENY\" /\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026lt;add name=\"X-XSS-Protection\" value=\"0\" /\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026lt;add name=\"X-Content-Type-Options\" value=\"nosniff\" /\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026lt;add name=\"X-DNS-Prefetch-Control\" value=\"off\" /\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026lt;add name=\"Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy\" value=\"same-origin\" /\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026lt;add name=\"Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy\" value=\"require-corp\" /\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026lt;add name=\"Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy\" value=\"same-site\" /\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026lt;add name=\"Referrer-Policy\" value=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" /\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026lt;add name=\"Strict-Transport-Security\" value=\"max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains; preload\" /\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026lt;add name=\"Permissions-Policy\" value=\"geolocation=(), camera=(), microphone=()\" /\u0026gt;\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\n\n\u003cb\u003eUpdate the Web Deployment Console (WDC) and re deploy the Web Server\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cu\u003eWho should apply this recommendation:\u003c/u\u003e \n\nAll users running affected components.\n\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eInstall a patched release of the Web Deployment Console (WDC) on the IIS Web server and use it to re-deploy the Web Site. Some settings might need to be updated if third-party web apps or services depend on the OAuth ROPC flow.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn a patched release of the WDC, new settings are available for each authorized Client to enable or disable:\u003cbr\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eThe Authorization Code flow\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eThe Authorization Code flow with PKCE\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eThe Resource Owner Password Credentials (ROPC) flow\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003eBy default, all the OAuth flows are now disabled for third-party web apps and need to be manually enabled before deployment if required.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTo verify that the patch is applied correctly, you must check that:\u003cbr\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eThe \u003ci\u003eFile version\u003c/i\u003e property of the file \u003ci\u003e./bin/Modules/WebDeployment/WebDeploymentConsole.exe\u003c/i\u003e matches the deployed release or later, and ensure that any earlier release is no longer used;\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eWeb Sites have been redeployed;\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eOAuth flow are correctly set for each authorized Client.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003cb\u003eAvailable patches:\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePatch provided in:\u003cbr\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003ePcVue 16.3.4 (16.3.4902.3112)\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ePcVue 15.2.14 (15.2.14900.37147)\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e"
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"value": "Harden the configuration\nWho should apply this recommendation: All users\n\n\nTo reduce the risk of exploitation, ARC Informatique strongly recommends implementing the following defensive measures:\n\n * Minimize network exposure for all control system devices and/or systems, and ensure they are not accessible from insecure networks.\n * Locate control system networks and remote devices behind firewalls and isolate them from business networks.\n * When remote access is required, use secure methods, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), recognizing VPNs may have vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most current version available. Also recognize VPN is only as secure as its connected devices.\n\n\n\nUninstall the Web Server \nWho should apply this recommendation: All users not using the affected component \n\nIf your system does not require the use of the Web \u0026 Mobile features, you should make sure not to install them. If your system requires the use of the Web \u0026 Mobile features, they should be installed only on the Web Server.\nSee the product help related to the installation for more information.\n\n\n\n\nUpdate IIS configuration \u2013 manually update HTTP headers\nWho should apply this recommendation: \n\nAll users running affected components.\n\n\n\nAs a quick mitigation for the unnecessary and missing HTTP headers, you can disable default headers and add secure HTTP headers for all requests. Those options can be set via the web.config file located on the IIS by following those steps:\n * Open the file C:\\inetpub\\\u003cSV Website\u003e\\web.config\n * Add the following entries to the section customHeaders, which are the recommendations from the official OWASP site:\n\u003cremove name=\"X-Powered-By\" /\u003e\n\u003cadd name=\"X-Frame-Options\" value=\"DENY\" /\u003e\n\u003cadd name=\"X-XSS-Protection\" value=\"0\" /\u003e\n\u003cadd name=\"X-Content-Type-Options\" value=\"nosniff\" /\u003e\n\u003cadd name=\"X-DNS-Prefetch-Control\" value=\"off\" /\u003e\n\u003cadd name=\"Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy\" value=\"same-origin\" /\u003e\n\u003cadd name=\"Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy\" value=\"require-corp\" /\u003e\n\u003cadd name=\"Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy\" value=\"same-site\" /\u003e\n\u003cadd name=\"Referrer-Policy\" value=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" /\u003e\n\u003cadd name=\"Strict-Transport-Security\" value=\"max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains; preload\" /\u003e\n\u003cadd name=\"Permissions-Policy\" value=\"geolocation=(), camera=(), microphone=()\" /\u003e\n\n\n\n\nUpdate the Web Deployment Console (WDC) and re deploy the Web Server\nWho should apply this recommendation: \n\nAll users running affected components.\n\n\n\nInstall a patched release of the Web Deployment Console (WDC) on the IIS Web server and use it to re-deploy the Web Site. Some settings might need to be updated if third-party web apps or services depend on the OAuth ROPC flow.\n\nIn a patched release of the WDC, new settings are available for each authorized Client to enable or disable:\n * The Authorization Code flow\n * The Authorization Code flow with PKCE\n * The Resource Owner Password Credentials (ROPC) flow\n\n\nBy default, all the OAuth flows are now disabled for third-party web apps and need to be manually enabled before deployment if required.\n\nTo verify that the patch is applied correctly, you must check that:\n * The File version property of the file ./bin/Modules/WebDeployment/WebDeploymentConsole.exe matches the deployed release or later, and ensure that any earlier release is no longer used;\n * Web Sites have been redeployed;\n * OAuth flow are correctly set for each authorized Client.\n\n\n\n\n\nAvailable patches:\nPatch provided in:\n * PcVue 16.3.4 (16.3.4902.3112)\n * PcVue 15.2.14 (15.2.14900.37147)"
}
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"discovery": "EXTERNAL"
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Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
- Examples of libraries and frameworks that make it easier to generate properly encoded output include Microsoft's Anti-XSS library, the OWASP ESAPI Encoding module, and Apache Wicket.
Mitigation
Implementation
Architecture and Design
- Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
- For any data that will be output to another web page, especially any data that was received from external inputs, use the appropriate encoding on all non-alphanumeric characters.
- Parts of the same output document may require different encodings, which will vary depending on whether the output is in the:
- etc. Note that HTML Entity Encoding is only appropriate for the HTML body.
- Consult the XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet [REF-724] for more details on the types of encoding and escaping that are needed.
- HTML body
- Element attributes (such as src="XYZ")
- URIs
- JavaScript sections
- Cascading Style Sheets and style property
Mitigation MIT-6
Architecture and Design
Implementation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation MIT-27
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Parameterization
If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
Mitigation MIT-30.1
Implementation
Strategy: Output Encoding
- Use and specify an output encoding that can be handled by the downstream component that is reading the output. Common encodings include ISO-8859-1, UTF-7, and UTF-8. When an encoding is not specified, a downstream component may choose a different encoding, either by assuming a default encoding or automatically inferring which encoding is being used, which can be erroneous. When the encodings are inconsistent, the downstream component might treat some character or byte sequences as special, even if they are not special in the original encoding. Attackers might then be able to exploit this discrepancy and conduct injection attacks; they even might be able to bypass protection mechanisms that assume the original encoding is also being used by the downstream component.
- The problem of inconsistent output encodings often arises in web pages. If an encoding is not specified in an HTTP header, web browsers often guess about which encoding is being used. This can open up the browser to subtle XSS attacks.
Mitigation MIT-43
Implementation
With Struts, write all data from form beans with the bean's filter attribute set to true.
Mitigation MIT-31
Implementation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
To help mitigate XSS attacks against the user's session cookie, set the session cookie to be HttpOnly. In browsers that support the HttpOnly feature (such as more recent versions of Internet Explorer and Firefox), this attribute can prevent the user's session cookie from being accessible to malicious client-side scripts that use document.cookie. This is not a complete solution, since HttpOnly is not supported by all browsers. More importantly, XmlHttpRequest and other powerful browser technologies provide read access to HTTP headers, including the Set-Cookie header in which the HttpOnly flag is set.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When dynamically constructing web pages, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set based on the expected value of the parameter in the request. All input should be validated and cleansed, not just parameters that the user is supposed to specify, but all data in the request, including hidden fields, cookies, headers, the URL itself, and so forth. A common mistake that leads to continuing XSS vulnerabilities is to validate only fields that are expected to be redisplayed by the site. It is common to see data from the request that is reflected by the application server or the application that the development team did not anticipate. Also, a field that is not currently reflected may be used by a future developer. Therefore, validating ALL parts of the HTTP request is recommended.
- Note that proper output encoding, escaping, and quoting is the most effective solution for preventing XSS, although input validation may provide some defense-in-depth. This is because it effectively limits what will appear in output. Input validation will not always prevent XSS, especially if you are required to support free-form text fields that could contain arbitrary characters. For example, in a chat application, the heart emoticon ("<3") would likely pass the validation step, since it is commonly used. However, it cannot be directly inserted into the web page because it contains the "<" character, which would need to be escaped or otherwise handled. In this case, stripping the "<" might reduce the risk of XSS, but it would produce incorrect behavior because the emoticon would not be recorded. This might seem to be a minor inconvenience, but it would be more important in a mathematical forum that wants to represent inequalities.
- Even if you make a mistake in your validation (such as forgetting one out of 100 input fields), appropriate encoding is still likely to protect you from injection-based attacks. As long as it is not done in isolation, input validation is still a useful technique, since it may significantly reduce your attack surface, allow you to detect some attacks, and provide other security benefits that proper encoding does not address.
- Ensure that you perform input validation at well-defined interfaces within the application. This will help protect the application even if a component is reused or moved elsewhere.
Mitigation MIT-21
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
Mitigation MIT-29
Operation
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Mitigation MIT-16
Operation
Implementation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-209: XSS Using MIME Type Mismatch
An adversary creates a file with scripting content but where the specified MIME type of the file is such that scripting is not expected. The adversary tricks the victim into accessing a URL that responds with the script file. Some browsers will detect that the specified MIME type of the file does not match the actual type of its content and will automatically switch to using an interpreter for the real content type. If the browser does not invoke script filters before doing this, the adversary's script may run on the target unsanitized, possibly revealing the victim's cookies or executing arbitrary script in their browser.
CAPEC-588: DOM-Based XSS
This type of attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is inserted into the client-side HTML being parsed by a web browser. Content served by a vulnerable web application includes script code used to manipulate the Document Object Model (DOM). This script code either does not properly validate input, or does not perform proper output encoding, thus creating an opportunity for an adversary to inject a malicious script launch a XSS attack. A key distinction between other XSS attacks and DOM-based attacks is that in other XSS attacks, the malicious script runs when the vulnerable web page is initially loaded, while a DOM-based attack executes sometime after the page loads. Another distinction of DOM-based attacks is that in some cases, the malicious script is never sent to the vulnerable web server at all. An attack like this is guaranteed to bypass any server-side filtering attempts to protect users.
CAPEC-591: Reflected XSS
This type of attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is "reflected" off a vulnerable web application and then executed by a victim's browser. The process starts with an adversary delivering a malicious script to a victim and convincing the victim to send the script to the vulnerable web application.
CAPEC-592: Stored XSS
An adversary utilizes a form of Cross-site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is persistently "stored" within the data storage of a vulnerable web application as valid input.
CAPEC-63: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
An adversary embeds malicious scripts in content that will be served to web browsers. The goal of the attack is for the target software, the client-side browser, to execute the script with the users' privilege level. An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that are brought on by allowing remote hosts to execute code and scripts. Web browsers, for example, have some simple security controls in place, but if a remote attacker is allowed to execute scripts (through injecting them in to user-generated content like bulletin boards) then these controls may be bypassed. Further, these attacks are very difficult for an end user to detect.
CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting
This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.