CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5416 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-FWVF-MM38-FQ5J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:36 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:36A command injection vulnerability in the IDP feature of Juniper Networks Junos OS on SRX series devices potentially allows a user with login access to the device to execute shell commands and elevate privileges. Affected releases are Juniper Networks Junos OS 12.1X44 prior to 12.1X44-D60; 12.1X46 prior to 12.1X46-D50; 12.1X47 prior to 12.1X47-D30, 12.1X47-D35; 12.3X48 prior to 12.3X48-D20, 12.3X48-D30; 15.1X49 prior to 15.1X49-D20, 15.1X49-D30.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-2349"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-07-17T13:18:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A command injection vulnerability in the IDP feature of Juniper Networks Junos OS on SRX series devices potentially allows a user with login access to the device to execute shell commands and elevate privileges. Affected releases are Juniper Networks Junos OS 12.1X44 prior to 12.1X44-D60; 12.1X46 prior to 12.1X46-D50; 12.1X47 prior to 12.1X47-D30, 12.1X47-D35; 12.3X48 prior to 12.3X48-D20, 12.3X48-D30; 15.1X49 prior to 15.1X49-D20, 15.1X49-D30.",
"id": "GHSA-fwvf-mm38-fq5j",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:36:57Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:36:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-2349"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.juniper.net/JSA10801"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1038898"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-FWVM-2W6F-F28R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:10 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:10In KDE Trojita 0.7, man-in-the-middle attackers can create new folders because untagged responses from an IMAP server are accepted before STARTTLS.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-38372"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-08-10T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In KDE Trojita 0.7, man-in-the-middle attackers can create new folders because untagged responses from an IMAP server are accepted before STARTTLS.",
"id": "GHSA-fwvm-2w6f-f28r",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:10:34Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:10:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-38372"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugs.kde.org/show_bug.cgi?id=432353"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://nostarttls.secvuln.info"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-FX2H-83X2-WXCJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-27 21:31 – Updated: 2026-04-27 21:31A vulnerability was detected in Totolink A8000RU 7.1cu.643_b20200521. Affected is the function CsteSystem of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi of the component CGI Handler. The manipulation of the argument HTTP results in os command injection. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit is now public and may be used.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-7156"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-27T21:16:44Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was detected in Totolink A8000RU 7.1cu.643_b20200521. Affected is the function CsteSystem of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi of the component CGI Handler. The manipulation of the argument HTTP results in os command injection. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit is now public and may be used.",
"id": "GHSA-fx2h-83x2-wxcj",
"modified": "2026-04-27T21:31:04Z",
"published": "2026-04-27T21:31:03Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-7156"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Litengzheng/vuldb_new2/blob/main/A8000RU/vul_320/README.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/801142"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/359755"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/359755/cti"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.totolink.net"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-FX8W-7FWC-6R2C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 04:03 – Updated: 2022-05-14 04:03The FusionSphere OpenStack with software V100R006C00 and V100R006C10 has a command injection vulnerability due to the insufficient input validation on four TCP listening ports. An unauthenticated attacker can exploit the vulnerabilities to gain root privileges by sending some messages with malicious commands.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-8135"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-11-22T19:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The FusionSphere OpenStack with software V100R006C00 and V100R006C10 has a command injection vulnerability due to the insufficient input validation on four TCP listening ports. An unauthenticated attacker can exploit the vulnerabilities to gain root privileges by sending some messages with malicious commands.",
"id": "GHSA-fx8w-7fwc-6r2c",
"modified": "2022-05-14T04:03:21Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T04:03:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-8135"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.huawei.com/en/psirt/security-advisories/huawei-sa-20170531-01-openstack-en"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/102262"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-FXG3-W9HM-VF88
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-30 03:30 – Updated: 2026-03-30 03:30A weakness has been identified in Totolink A3300R 17.0.0cu.557_b20221024. This issue affects the function setUPnPCfg of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. This manipulation of the argument enable causes command injection. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-5103"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-74",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-30T02:16:15Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A weakness has been identified in Totolink A3300R 17.0.0cu.557_b20221024. This issue affects the function setUPnPCfg of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. This manipulation of the argument enable causes command injection. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks.",
"id": "GHSA-fxg3-w9hm-vf88",
"modified": "2026-03-30T03:30:19Z",
"published": "2026-03-30T03:30:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-5103"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/LvHongW/Vuln-of-totolink_A3300R/tree/main/A3300R_enable_cmd_inject"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/779140"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/354128"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/354128/cti"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.totolink.net"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-FXGG-2Q7Q-95WX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-06 15:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 04:35There is a command injection vulnerability in the Tenda G103 Gigabit GPON Terminal with firmware version V1.0.0.5. If an attacker gains web management privileges, they can inject commands gaining shell privileges.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-33530"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-06T13:15:15Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "There is a command injection vulnerability in the Tenda G103 Gigabit GPON Terminal with firmware version V1.0.0.5. If an attacker gains web management privileges, they can inject commands gaining shell privileges.",
"id": "GHSA-fxgg-2q7q-95wx",
"modified": "2024-04-04T04:35:52Z",
"published": "2023-06-06T15:30:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-33530"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/D2y6p/CVE/blob/main/tenda/CVE-2023-33530/RCE2/tenda_G103_RCE_2.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://tenda.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-FXGH-826P-6CX6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-27 00:01 – Updated: 2022-01-11 00:02Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an authenticated user. This affects D6200 before 1.1.00.40, D7000 before 1.0.1.78, R6020 before 1.0.0.42, R6080 before 1.0.0.42, R6050 before 1.0.1.26, JR6150 before 1.0.1.26, R6120 before 1.0.0.66, R6220 before 1.1.0.110, R6230 before 1.1.0.110, R6260 before 1.1.0.64, R6800 before 1.2.0.62, R6700v2 before 1.2.0.62, R6900v2 before 1.2.0.62, R7450 before 1.2.0.62, AC2100 before 1.2.0.62, AC2400 before 1.2.0.62, AC2600 before 1.2.0.62, and WNR2020 before 1.1.0.62.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-45551"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-26T01:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an authenticated user. This affects D6200 before 1.1.00.40, D7000 before 1.0.1.78, R6020 before 1.0.0.42, R6080 before 1.0.0.42, R6050 before 1.0.1.26, JR6150 before 1.0.1.26, R6120 before 1.0.0.66, R6220 before 1.1.0.110, R6230 before 1.1.0.110, R6260 before 1.1.0.64, R6800 before 1.2.0.62, R6700v2 before 1.2.0.62, R6900v2 before 1.2.0.62, R7450 before 1.2.0.62, AC2100 before 1.2.0.62, AC2400 before 1.2.0.62, AC2600 before 1.2.0.62, and WNR2020 before 1.1.0.62.",
"id": "GHSA-fxgh-826p-6cx6",
"modified": "2022-01-11T00:02:04Z",
"published": "2021-12-27T00:01:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45551"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.netgear.com/000064056/Security-Advisory-for-Post-Authentication-Command-Injection-on-Some-Routers-PSV-2019-0022"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-FXMM-JP7Q-8QVP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-20 09:30 – Updated: 2023-01-30 21:30A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Small Business RV160 and RV260 Series VPN Routers could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system of an affected device. This vulnerability is due to insufficient validation of user input. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted request to the web-based management interface of an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary commands using root-level privileges on the affected device. To exploit this vulnerability, the attacker must have valid Administrator-level credentials on the affected device.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-20045"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-20",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-01-20T07:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Small Business RV160 and RV260 Series VPN Routers could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system of an affected device. This vulnerability is due to insufficient validation of user input. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted request to the web-based management interface of an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary commands using root-level privileges on the affected device. To exploit this vulnerability, the attacker must have valid Administrator-level credentials on the affected device.",
"id": "GHSA-fxmm-jp7q-8qvp",
"modified": "2023-01-30T21:30:42Z",
"published": "2023-01-20T09:30:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-20045"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-rv-cmd-exe-n47kJQLE"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-FXMW-JCGR-W44V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-11 21:31 – Updated: 2025-12-12 16:42The PLAIN restore meta-command filter introduced in pgAdmin as part of the fix for CVE-2025-12762 does not detect meta-commands when a SQL file begins with a UTF-8 Byte Order Mark (EF BB BF) or other special byte sequences. The implemented filter uses the function has_meta_commands(), which scans raw bytes using a regular expression. The regex does not treat the bytes as ignorable, so meta-commands such as \\! remain undetected. When pgAdmin invokes psql with --file, psql strips the bytes and executes the command. This can result in remote command execution during a restore operation.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "pgadmin4"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "9.11"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-13780"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-12-12T16:42:54Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-11T19:15:52Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The PLAIN restore meta-command filter introduced in pgAdmin as part of the fix for CVE-2025-12762 does not detect meta-commands when a SQL file begins with a UTF-8 Byte Order Mark (EF BB BF) or other special byte sequences. The implemented filter uses the function `has_meta_commands()`, which scans raw bytes using a regular expression. The regex does not treat the bytes as ignorable, so meta-commands such as `\\\\!` remain undetected. When pgAdmin invokes psql with --file, psql strips the bytes and executes the command. This can result in remote command execution during a restore operation.",
"id": "GHSA-fxmw-jcgr-w44v",
"modified": "2025-12-12T16:42:54Z",
"published": "2025-12-11T21:31:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-13780"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pgadmin-org/pgadmin4/issues/9368"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pgadmin-org/pgadmin4/pull/9426"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pgadmin-org/pgadmin4/commit/1d397395f75320ca1d4ed5e9ca721c603415e836"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pgadmin-org/pgadmin4/commit/d5a909f14cb9713d89b49481ad1929fad89f4576"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/pgadmin-org/pgadmin4"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "pgadmin4 has a Meta-Command Filter Command Execution"
}
GHSA-FXW5-F8VF-F238
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-18 18:32 – Updated: 2025-11-18 18:32A code injection vulnerability exists in baryhuang/mcp-server-aws-resources-python 0.1.0 that allows remote code execution through insufficient input validation in the execute_query method. The vulnerability stems from the exposure of dangerous Python built-in functions (import, getattr, hasattr) in the execution namespace and the direct use of exec() to execute user-supplied code. An attacker can craft malicious queries to execute arbitrary Python code, leading to AWS credential theft (AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID, AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY), file system access, environment variable disclosure, and potential system compromise. The vulnerability allows attackers to bypass intended security controls and gain unauthorized access to sensitive AWS resources and credentials stored in the server's environment.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-63604"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-18T16:15:46Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A code injection vulnerability exists in baryhuang/mcp-server-aws-resources-python 0.1.0 that allows remote code execution through insufficient input validation in the execute_query method. The vulnerability stems from the exposure of dangerous Python built-in functions (__import__, getattr, hasattr) in the execution namespace and the direct use of exec() to execute user-supplied code. An attacker can craft malicious queries to execute arbitrary Python code, leading to AWS credential theft (AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID, AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY), file system access, environment variable disclosure, and potential system compromise. The vulnerability allows attackers to bypass intended security controls and gain unauthorized access to sensitive AWS resources and credentials stored in the server\u0027s environment.",
"id": "GHSA-fxw5-f8vf-f238",
"modified": "2025-11-18T18:32:52Z",
"published": "2025-11-18T18:32:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-63604"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/baryhuang/mcp-server-aws-resources-python/issues/8"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.