Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-693
DiscouragedProtection Mechanism Failure
Abstraction: Pillar · Status: Draft
The product does not use or incorrectly uses a protection mechanism that provides sufficient defense against directed attacks against the product.
978 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-24118 (GCVE-0-2026-24118)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-04 16:28 – Updated: 2026-07-15 01:17
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
VM2 Sandbox Breakout Through __lookupGetter__
Summary
vm2 is an open source vm/sandbox for Node.js. Prior to version 3.11.0, VM2 suffers from a sandbox breakout vulnerability. This allows attackers to write code which can escape from the VM2 sandbox and execute arbitrary commands on the host system. This issue has been patched in version 3.11.0.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
9.1 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/commit/2b5f3e3… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/commit/f9b700b… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/releases/tag/v3.11.0 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-24118 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2466502 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/v… | x_sadp-csaf-vex |
Impacted products
3 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| patriksimek | vm2 |
Affected:
< 3.11.0
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Developer Hub |
cpe:/a:redhat:rhdh:1 |
|
| Red Hat | Self-service automation portal 2 |
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_portal:2 |
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CVE-2026-23830 (GCVE-0-2026-23830)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-27 23:32 – Updated: 2026-01-28 15:09
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
SandboxJS has Sandbox Escape via Unprotected AsyncFunction Constructor
Summary
SandboxJS is a JavaScript sandboxing library. Versions prior to 0.8.26 have a sandbox escape vulnerability due to `AsyncFunction` not being isolated in `SandboxFunction`. The library attempts to sandbox code execution by replacing the global `Function` constructor with a safe, sandboxed version (`SandboxFunction`). This is handled in `utils.ts` by mapping `Function` to `sandboxFunction` within a map used for lookups. However, before version 0.8.26, the library did not include mappings for `AsyncFunction`, `GeneratorFunction`, and `AsyncGeneratorFunction`. These constructors are not global properties but can be accessed via the `.constructor` property of an instance (e.g., `(async () => {}).constructor`). In `executor.ts`, property access is handled. When code running inside the sandbox accesses `.constructor` on an async function (which the sandbox allows creating), the `executor` retrieves the property value. Since `AsyncFunction` was not in the safe-replacement map, the `executor` returns the actual native host `AsyncFunction` constructor. Constructors for functions in JavaScript (like `Function`, `AsyncFunction`) create functions that execute in the global scope. By obtaining the host `AsyncFunction` constructor, an attacker can create a new async function that executes entirely outside the sandbox context, bypassing all restrictions and gaining full access to the host environment (Remote Code Execution). Version 0.8.26 patches this vulnerability.
Severity
10 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/nyariv/SandboxJS/security/advi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/nyariv/SandboxJS/commit/345aee… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-22709 (GCVE-0-2026-22709)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-26 21:32 – Updated: 2026-01-27 21:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
vm2 has a Sandbox Escape
Summary
vm2 is an open source vm/sandbox for Node.js. In vm2 prior to version 3.10.2, `Promise.prototype.then` `Promise.prototype.catch` callback sanitization can be bypassed. This allows attackers to escape the sandbox and run arbitrary code. In lib/setup-sandbox.js, the callback function of `localPromise.prototype.then` is sanitized, but `globalPromise.prototype.then` is not sanitized. The return value of async functions is `globalPromise` object. Version 3.10.2 fixes the issue.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/commit/4b009c2… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/releases/tag/v3.10.2 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| patriksimek | vm2 |
Affected:
< 3.10.2
|
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CVE-2026-22707 (GCVE-0-2026-22707)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-14 18:40 – Updated: 2026-05-14 19:40
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Strapi Upload Plugin MIME Validation Bypass via Content API
Summary
Strapi is an open source headless content management system. In Strapi versions prior to 5.33.3, the Upload plugin's Content API endpoints did not enforce the administrator-configured MIME type restrictions (`plugin.upload.security.allowedTypes` and `deniedTypes`). The same restrictions were correctly enforced on the Admin Panel upload path. The upload plugin's `enforceUploadSecurity` security check was invoked in the admin upload controller but was missing from the Content API controller. The Content API handlers `uploadFiles` and `replaceFile` (and the `upload` wrapper that dispatches to them) called the underlying upload service directly, bypassing both the magic-byte MIME detection and the configured allow/deny lists. An authenticated user with the Content API upload permission could therefore upload file types the administrator had explicitly disallowed, including HTML and SVG content. In deployments serving uploaded files from the same origin as the admin panel (default), an attacker could upload an HTML or SVG file that, when opened directly by an admin, executed JavaScript in the admin origin, enabling admin-session hijack and authenticated administrative actions against the admin API. The patch in version 5.33.3 introduces a shared `prepareUploadRequest` helper that wraps `enforceUploadSecurity` and is called from both the Content API and admin upload controllers, ensuring identical security policy enforcement on every upload entry point.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/strapi/strapi/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| strapi | strapi |
Affected:
< 5.33.3
|
|
| strapi | @strapi/upload |
Affected:
< 5.33.3
|
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CVE-2026-22692 (GCVE-0-2026-22692)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-14 16:48 – Updated: 2026-04-14 19:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
October CMS: Twig Sandbox Bypass via Collection Methods
Summary
October is a Content Management System (CMS) and web platform. Versions prior to 3.7.13 and versions 4.0.0 through 4.1.4 contain a sandbox bypass vulnerability in the optional Twig safe mode feature (CMS_SAFE_MODE). Certain methods on the collect() helper were not properly restricted, allowing authenticated users with template editing permissions to bypass sandbox protections. Exploitation requires authenticated backend access with CMS template editing permissions and only affects installations with CMS_SAFE_MODE enabled (disabled by default). This issue has been fixed in versions 3.7.13 and 4.1.5. To workaround this issue, users can disable CMS_SAFE_MODE if untrusted template editing is not required, and restrict CMS template editing permissions to fully trusted administrators only.
Severity
4.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/octobercms/october/security/ad… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| octobercms | october |
Affected:
< 3.7.13
Affected: >= 4.0.0, < 4.1.5 |
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CVE-2026-22686 (GCVE-0-2026-22686)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-13 23:11 – Updated: 2026-01-14 14:33
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Sandbox Escape via Host Error Prototype Chain in enclave-vm
Summary
Enclave is a secure JavaScript sandbox designed for safe AI agent code execution. Prior to 2.7.0, there is a critical sandbox escape vulnerability in enclave-vm that allows untrusted, sandboxed JavaScript code to execute arbitrary code in the host Node.js runtime. When a tool invocation fails, enclave-vm exposes a host-side Error object to sandboxed code. This Error object retains its host realm prototype chain, which can be traversed to reach the host Function constructor. An attacker can intentionally trigger a host error, then climb the prototype chain. Using the host Function constructor, arbitrary JavaScript can be compiled and executed in the host context, fully bypassing the sandbox and granting access to sensitive resources such as process.env, filesystem, and network. This breaks enclave-vm’s core security guarantee of isolating untrusted code. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.7.0.
Severity
10 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/agentfront/enclave/security/ad… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/agentfront/enclave/commit/ed8b… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| agentfront | enclave |
Affected:
< 2.7.0
|
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CVE-2026-21513 (GCVE-0-2026-21513)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-10 17:51 – Updated: 2026-05-11 21:25
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MSHTML Framework Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability
Summary
Protection mechanism failure in MSHTML Framework allows an unauthorized attacker to bypass a security feature over a network.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: active
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-693 - Protection Mechanism Failure
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
| https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilit… | government-resource |
| https://www.vicarius.io/vsociety/posts/cve-2026-2… | |
| https://www.vicarius.io/vsociety/posts/cve-2026-2… |
Impacted products
22 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1607 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8868
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1809 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.8389
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 21H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.6937
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.6937
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 22H3 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.6649
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 23H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.6649
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 24H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.7840
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 25H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26200.0 , < 10.0.26200.7840
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 26H1 |
Affected:
10.0.28000.0 , < 10.0.28000.1575
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 26H1 |
Affected:
10.0.28000.0 , < 10.0.28000.1575
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25923
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25923
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.23022
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.23022
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8868
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8868
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.8389
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.8389
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022 |
Affected:
10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.4773
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.2149
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.32370
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.32370
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-02-10 16:00
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CVE-2026-21510 (GCVE-0-2026-21510)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-10 17:51 – Updated: 2026-05-11 21:25
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Windows Shell Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability
Summary
Protection mechanism failure in Windows Shell allows an unauthorized attacker to bypass a security feature over a network.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: active
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-693 - Protection Mechanism Failure
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
| https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilit… | government-resource |
Impacted products
22 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1607 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8868
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1809 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.8389
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 21H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.6937
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.6937
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 22H3 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.6649
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 23H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.6649
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 24H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.7840
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 25H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26200.0 , < 10.0.26200.7840
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 26H1 |
Affected:
10.0.28000.0 , < 10.0.28000.1575
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 26H1 |
Affected:
10.0.28000.0 , < 10.0.28000.1575
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25923
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25923
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.23022
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.23022
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8868
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8868
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.8389
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.8389
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022 |
Affected:
10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.4773
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.2149
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.32370
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.32370
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-02-10 16:00
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CVE-2026-20824 (GCVE-0-2026-20824)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-13 17:56 – Updated: 2026-04-01 13:48
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Windows Remote Assistance Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability
Summary
Protection mechanism failure in Windows Remote Assistance allows an unauthorized attacker to bypass a security feature locally.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-693 - Protection Mechanism Failure
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
20 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1607 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8783
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1809 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.8276
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 21H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.6809
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.6809
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 22H3 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.6491
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 23H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.6491
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 24H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.7623
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 25H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26200.0 , < 10.0.26200.7623
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25868
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25868
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22968
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22968
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8783
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8783
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.8276
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.8276
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022 |
Affected:
10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.4648
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.2092
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.32230
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.32230
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-01-13 16:00
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CVE-2026-15618 (GCVE-0-2026-15618)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-13 23:45 – Updated: 2026-07-14 12:47
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
mosaxiv clawlet exec Safety Guard tool_exec.go guardExecCommand protection mechanism
Summary
A security flaw has been discovered in mosaxiv clawlet up to 0.2.10. The affected element is the function guardExecCommand of the file tools/tool_exec.go of the component exec Safety Guard. The manipulation results in protection mechanism failure. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. The reported GitHub issue was closed with the label "not planned".
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-693 - Protection Mechanism Failure
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/378121 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/378121/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-15618 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/855792 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/mosaxiv/clawlet/issues/12 | exploitissue-tracking |
| https://github.com/mosaxiv/clawlet/ | product |
Impacted products
Credits
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No mitigation information available for this CWE.
CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs
In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.
CAPEC-107: Cross Site Tracing
Cross Site Tracing (XST) enables an adversary to steal the victim's session cookie and possibly other authentication credentials transmitted in the header of the HTTP request when the victim's browser communicates to a destination system's web server.
CAPEC-127: Directory Indexing
An adversary crafts a request to a target that results in the target listing/indexing the content of a directory as output. One common method of triggering directory contents as output is to construct a request containing a path that terminates in a directory name rather than a file name since many applications are configured to provide a list of the directory's contents when such a request is received. An adversary can use this to explore the directory tree on a target as well as learn the names of files. This can often end up revealing test files, backup files, temporary files, hidden files, configuration files, user accounts, script contents, as well as naming conventions, all of which can be used by an attacker to mount additional attacks.
CAPEC-17: Using Malicious Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's configuration that allows an adversary to either directly access an executable file, for example through shell access; or in a possible worst case allows an adversary to upload a file and then execute it. Web servers, ftp servers, and message oriented middleware systems which have many integration points are particularly vulnerable, because both the programmers and the administrators must be in synch regarding the interfaces and the correct privileges for each interface.
CAPEC-20: Encryption Brute Forcing
An attacker, armed with the cipher text and the encryption algorithm used, performs an exhaustive (brute force) search on the key space to determine the key that decrypts the cipher text to obtain the plaintext.
CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client
An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.
CAPEC-237: Escaping a Sandbox by Calling Code in Another Language
The attacker may submit malicious code of another language to obtain access to privileges that were not intentionally exposed by the sandbox, thus escaping the sandbox. For instance, Java code cannot perform unsafe operations, such as modifying arbitrary memory locations, due to restrictions placed on it by the Byte code Verifier and the JVM. If allowed, Java code can call directly into native C code, which may perform unsafe operations, such as call system calls and modify arbitrary memory locations on their behalf. To provide isolation, Java does not grant untrusted code with unmediated access to native C code. Instead, the sandboxed code is typically allowed to call some subset of the pre-existing native code that is part of standard libraries.
CAPEC-36: Using Unpublished Interfaces or Functionality
An adversary searches for and invokes interfaces or functionality that the target system designers did not intend to be publicly available. If interfaces fail to authenticate requests, the attacker may be able to invoke functionality they are not authorized for.
CAPEC-477: Signature Spoofing by Mixing Signed and Unsigned Content
An attacker exploits the underlying complexity of a data structure that allows for both signed and unsigned content, to cause unsigned data to be processed as though it were signed data.
CAPEC-480: Escaping Virtualization
An adversary gains access to an application, service, or device with the privileges of an authorized or privileged user by escaping the confines of a virtualized environment. The adversary is then able to access resources or execute unauthorized code within the host environment, generally with the privileges of the user running the virtualized process. Successfully executing an attack of this type is often the first step in executing more complex attacks.
CAPEC-51: Poison Web Service Registry
SOA and Web Services often use a registry to perform look up, get schema information, and metadata about services. A poisoned registry can redirect (think phishing for servers) the service requester to a malicious service provider, provide incorrect information in schema or metadata, and delete information about service provider interfaces.
CAPEC-57: Utilizing REST's Trust in the System Resource to Obtain Sensitive Data
This attack utilizes a REST(REpresentational State Transfer)-style applications' trust in the system resources and environment to obtain sensitive data once SSL is terminated.
CAPEC-59: Session Credential Falsification through Prediction
This attack targets predictable session ID in order to gain privileges. The attacker can predict the session ID used during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking.
CAPEC-65: Sniff Application Code
An adversary passively sniffs network communications and captures application code bound for an authorized client. Once obtained, they can use it as-is, or through reverse-engineering glean sensitive information or exploit the trust relationship between the client and server. Such code may belong to a dynamic update to the client, a patch being applied to a client component or any such interaction where the client is authorized to communicate with the server.
CAPEC-668: Key Negotiation of Bluetooth Attack (KNOB)
An adversary can exploit a flaw in Bluetooth key negotiation allowing them to decrypt information sent between two devices communicating via Bluetooth. The adversary uses an Adversary in the Middle setup to modify packets sent between the two devices during the authentication process, specifically the entropy bits. Knowledge of the number of entropy bits will allow the attacker to easily decrypt information passing over the line of communication.
CAPEC-74: Manipulating State
The adversary modifies state information maintained by the target software or causes a state transition in hardware. If successful, the target will use this tainted state and execute in an unintended manner.
State management is an important function within a software application. User state maintained by the application can include usernames, payment information, browsing history as well as application-specific contents such as items in a shopping cart. Manipulating user state can be employed by an adversary to elevate privilege, conduct fraudulent transactions or otherwise modify the flow of the application to derive certain benefits.
If there is a hardware logic error in a finite state machine, the adversary can use this to put the system in an undefined state which could cause a denial of service or exposure of secure data.
CAPEC-87: Forceful Browsing
An attacker employs forceful browsing (direct URL entry) to access portions of a website that are otherwise unreachable. Usually, a front controller or similar design pattern is employed to protect access to portions of a web application. Forceful browsing enables an attacker to access information, perform privileged operations and otherwise reach sections of the web application that have been improperly protected.