CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2589 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-QPM3-VR34-H8W8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-07 00:30 – Updated: 2025-03-27 03:53Caddy v2.4.6 was discovered to contain an open redirection vulnerability which allows attackers to redirect users to phishing websites via crafted URLs
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.5.0-beta.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-28923"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-02-15T15:35:34Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-02-06T23:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Caddy v2.4.6 was discovered to contain an open redirection vulnerability which allows attackers to redirect users to phishing websites via crafted URLs",
"id": "GHSA-qpm3-vr34-h8w8",
"modified": "2025-03-27T03:53:05Z",
"published": "2023-02-07T00:30:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-28923"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/caddyserver/caddy/commit/78b5356f2b1945a90de1ef7f2c7669d82098edbd"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/caddyserver/caddy"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lednerb.de/en/publications/responsible-disclosure/caddy-open-redirect-vulnerability"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pkg.go.dev/vuln/GO-2023-1567"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Open Redirect in Caddy"
}
GHSA-QQ3F-H5R7-2W66
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-07 12:30 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:33URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in CRM Perks. Integration for Constant Contact and Contact Form 7, WPForms, Elementor, Ninja Forms.This issue affects Integration for Constant Contact and Contact Form 7, WPForms, Elementor, Ninja Forms: from n/a through 1.1.4.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-47779"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-07T12:15:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in CRM Perks. Integration for Constant Contact and Contact Form 7, WPForms, Elementor, Ninja Forms.This issue affects Integration for Constant Contact and Contact Form 7, WPForms, Elementor, Ninja Forms: from n/a through 1.1.4.",
"id": "GHSA-qq3f-h5r7-2w66",
"modified": "2026-04-28T21:33:18Z",
"published": "2023-12-07T12:30:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-47779"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/cf7-constant-contact/wordpress-integration-for-contact-form-7-and-constant-contact-plugin-1-1-4-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QQHX-23CG-7WXP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:01 – Updated: 2022-05-14 02:01Eventum before 3.4.0 has an open redirect vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-16761"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-09-09T21:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Eventum before 3.4.0 has an open redirect vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-qqhx-23cg-7wxp",
"modified": "2022-05-14T02:01:48Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T02:01:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-16761"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/eventum/eventum/releases/tag/v3.4.0"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QQXW-M5FJ-F7GV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-20 18:02 – Updated: 2021-05-24 21:20Impact
An open redirect vulnerability has been found in oauth2_proxy. Anyone who uses oauth2_proxy may potentially be impacted.
For a context [detectify] have an in depth blog post about the potential impact of an open redirect. Particularly see the OAuth section.
tl;dr: People's authentication tokens could be silently harvested by an attacker. e.g:
facebook.com/oauth.php?clientid=123&state=abc&redirect_url=https://yourdomain.com/red.php?url%3dhttps://attacker.com/
Patches
@sauyon found the issue, and has submitted a patch.
diff --git a/oauthproxy.go b/oauthproxy.go
index 72ab580..f420df6 100644
--- a/oauthproxy.go
+++ b/oauthproxy.go
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ func (p *OAuthProxy) GetRedirect(req *http.Request) (redirect string, err error)
// IsValidRedirect checks whether the redirect URL is whitelisted
func (p *OAuthProxy) IsValidRedirect(redirect string) bool {
switch {
- case strings.HasPrefix(redirect, "/") && !strings.HasPrefix(redirect, "//"):
+ case strings.HasPrefix(redirect, "/") && !strings.HasPrefix(redirect, "//") && !strings.HasPrefix(redirect, "/\\"):
return true
case strings.HasPrefix(redirect, "http://") || strings.HasPrefix(redirect, "https://"):
redirectURL, err := url.Parse(redirect)
This patch will be applied to the next release, which is scheduled for when this is publicly disclosed.
Workarounds
At this stage there is no work around.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/oauth2-proxy/oauth2-proxy"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.0.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-5233"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-05-24T21:20:17Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\nAn open redirect vulnerability has been found in `oauth2_proxy`. Anyone who uses `oauth2_proxy` may potentially be impacted. \n\nFor a context [detectify] have an in depth blog post about the potential impact of an open redirect. Particularly see the OAuth section.\n\n**tl;dr**: People\u0027s authentication tokens could be silently harvested by an attacker. e.g:\n`facebook.com/oauth.php?clientid=123\u0026state=abc\u0026redirect_url=https://yourdomain.com/red.php?url%3dhttps://attacker.com/`\n\n### Patches\n\n@sauyon found the issue, and has submitted a patch. \n\n```\ndiff --git a/oauthproxy.go b/oauthproxy.go\nindex 72ab580..f420df6 100644\n--- a/oauthproxy.go\n+++ b/oauthproxy.go\n@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ func (p *OAuthProxy) GetRedirect(req *http.Request) (redirect string, err error)\n // IsValidRedirect checks whether the redirect URL is whitelisted\n func (p *OAuthProxy) IsValidRedirect(redirect string) bool {\n \tswitch {\n-\tcase strings.HasPrefix(redirect, \"/\") \u0026\u0026 !strings.HasPrefix(redirect, \"//\"):\n+\tcase strings.HasPrefix(redirect, \"/\") \u0026\u0026 !strings.HasPrefix(redirect, \"//\") \u0026\u0026 !strings.HasPrefix(redirect, \"/\\\\\"):\n \t\treturn true\n \tcase strings.HasPrefix(redirect, \"http://\") || strings.HasPrefix(redirect, \"https://\"):\n \t\tredirectURL, err := url.Parse(redirect)\n```\n\nThis patch will be applied to the next release, which is scheduled for when this is publicly disclosed.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nAt this stage there is no work around.",
"id": "GHSA-qqxw-m5fj-f7gv",
"modified": "2021-05-24T21:20:17Z",
"published": "2021-12-20T18:02:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/oauth2-proxy/oauth2-proxy/security/advisories/GHSA-qqxw-m5fj-f7gv"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-5233"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/oauth2-proxy/oauth2_proxy/commit/a316f8a06f3c0ca2b5fc5fa18a91781b313607b2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blog.detectify.com/2019/05/16/the-real-impact-of-an-open-redirect"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/oauth2-proxy/oauth2_proxy/releases/tag/v5.0.0"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "The pattern \u0027/\\domain.com\u0027 is not disallowed when redirecting, allowing for open redirect"
}
GHSA-QR4G-CHW5-GPRJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:41 – Updated: 2022-05-14 01:41The SV3C HD Camera (L-SERIES V2.3.4.2103-S50-NTD-B20170508B and V2.3.4.2103-S50-NTD-B20170823B) does not perform origin checks on URLs that the camera's web interface redirects a user to. This can be leveraged to send a user to an unexpected endpoint.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-12675"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-10-19T22:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The SV3C HD Camera (L-SERIES V2.3.4.2103-S50-NTD-B20170508B and V2.3.4.2103-S50-NTD-B20170823B) does not perform origin checks on URLs that the camera\u0027s web interface redirects a user to. This can be leveraged to send a user to an unexpected endpoint.",
"id": "GHSA-qr4g-chw5-gprj",
"modified": "2022-05-14T01:41:35Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T01:41:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-12675"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.bishopfox.com/news/2018/10/sv3c-l-series-hd-camera-multiple-vulnerabilities"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QR9H-F4FQ-2H85
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:09 – Updated: 2022-05-14 01:09A vulnerability was found in mod_auth_mellon before v0.14.2. An open redirect in the logout URL allows requests with backslashes to pass through by assuming that it is a relative URL, while the browsers silently convert backslash characters into forward slashes treating them as an absolute URL. This mismatch allows an attacker to bypass the redirect URL validation logic in apr_uri_parse function.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-3877"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-03-27T13:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in mod_auth_mellon before v0.14.2. An open redirect in the logout URL allows requests with backslashes to pass through by assuming that it is a relative URL, while the browsers silently convert backslash characters into forward slashes treating them as an absolute URL. This mismatch allows an attacker to bypass the redirect URL validation logic in apr_uri_parse function.",
"id": "GHSA-qr9h-f4fq-2h85",
"modified": "2022-05-14T01:09:51Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T01:09:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-3877"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Uninett/mod_auth_mellon/issues/35"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Uninett/mod_auth_mellon/commit/62041428a32de402e0be6ba45fe12df6a83bedb8"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:0766"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:3421"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2019-3877"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/CNW5YMC5TLWVWNJEY6AIWNSNPRAMWPQJ"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/X7NLAU7KROWNTHAYSA2S67X347F42L2I"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3924-1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QRPP-3CGC-4JFF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 02:48 – Updated: 2022-05-17 02:48IBM Marketing Platform 10.0 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, caused by an open redirect vulnerability in various scripts. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability to redirect a victim to arbitrary Web sites. IBM X-Force ID: 110236.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-0228"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-04-17T21:59:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM Marketing Platform 10.0 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, caused by an open redirect vulnerability in various scripts. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability to redirect a victim to arbitrary Web sites. IBM X-Force ID: 110236.",
"id": "GHSA-qrpp-3cgc-4jff",
"modified": "2022-05-17T02:48:58Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T02:48:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-0228"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg22001952"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/97670"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QRXC-F2M6-RVQG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:16 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:16PlaceOS Authentication Service before 1.29.10.0 allows app/controllers/auth/sessions_controller.rb open redirect.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-41826"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-09-30T00:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "PlaceOS Authentication Service before 1.29.10.0 allows app/controllers/auth/sessions_controller.rb open redirect.",
"id": "GHSA-qrxc-f2m6-rvqg",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:16:15Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:16:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-41826"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/PlaceOS/auth/issues/36"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/164345/PlaceOS-1.2109.1-Open-Redirection.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-QV2M-WJH4-MV79
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-22 00:31 – Updated: 2026-07-22 00:31Vulnerability in the JDBC component of Oracle Database Server. Supported versions that are affected are 19.3-19.31, 21.3-21.22 and 23.4.0-23.26.2. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows high privileged attacker having None privilege with network access via Oracle Net to compromise JDBC. Successful attacks require human interaction from a person other than the attacker. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in takeover of JDBC. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 6.8 (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-47045"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-21T22:17:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Vulnerability in the JDBC component of Oracle Database Server. Supported versions that are affected are 19.3-19.31, 21.3-21.22 and 23.4.0-23.26.2. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows high privileged attacker having None privilege with network access via Oracle Net to compromise JDBC. Successful attacks require human interaction from a person other than the attacker. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in takeover of JDBC. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 6.8 (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).",
"id": "GHSA-qv2m-wjh4-mv79",
"modified": "2026-07-22T00:31:17Z",
"published": "2026-07-22T00:31:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-47045"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujul2026.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QV78-6GPP-HM68
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-03 12:30 – Updated: 2026-02-03 19:07A flaw was found in Moodle. An Open Redirect vulnerability in the OAuth login flow allows a remote attacker to redirect users to attacker-controlled pages after they have successfully authenticated. This occurs due to insufficient validation of redirect parameters, which could lead to phishing attacks or information disclosure.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "moodle/moodle"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.1.22"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "moodle/moodle"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.4.0-beta"
},
{
"fixed": "4.4.12"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "moodle/moodle"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.5.0-beta"
},
{
"fixed": "4.5.8"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "moodle/moodle"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.0.0-beta"
},
{
"fixed": "5.0.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "moodle/moodle"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.1.0-beta"
},
{
"fixed": "5.1.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-67852"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-02-03T19:07:08Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-03T11:15:55Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "A flaw was found in Moodle. An Open Redirect vulnerability in the OAuth login flow allows a remote attacker to redirect users to attacker-controlled pages after they have successfully authenticated. This occurs due to insufficient validation of redirect parameters, which could lead to phishing attacks or information disclosure.",
"id": "GHSA-qv78-6gpp-hm68",
"modified": "2026-02-03T19:07:08Z",
"published": "2026-02-03T12:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-67852"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/moodle/moodle/commit/fa1624c8c9e3efa917f0e9d2666bb59d8be2a975"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-67852"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2423844"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/moodle/moodle"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://moodle.org/mod/forum/discuss.php?d=471302"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Moodle Open Redirect vulnerability"
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.