CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2307 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-Q9QM-M8MX-29XG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-27 18:31 – Updated: 2025-08-27 18:31A vulnerability in the Virtual Keyboard Video Monitor (vKVM) connection handling of Cisco Integrated Management Controller (IMC) could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect a user to a malicious website.
This vulnerability is due to insufficient verification of vKVM endpoints. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by persuading a user to click a crafted link. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to redirect a user to a malicious webpage and potentially capture user credentials. Note: The affected vKVM client is also included in Cisco UCS Manager.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-20317"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-27T17:15:36Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the Virtual Keyboard Video Monitor (vKVM) connection handling of Cisco Integrated Management Controller (IMC) could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect a user to a malicious website.\n\nThis vulnerability is due to insufficient verification of vKVM endpoints. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by persuading a user to click a crafted link. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to redirect a user to a malicious webpage and potentially capture user credentials.\nNote: The affected vKVM client is also included in Cisco UCS Manager.",
"id": "GHSA-q9qm-m8mx-29xg",
"modified": "2025-08-27T18:31:54Z",
"published": "2025-08-27T18:31:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-20317"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-ucs-vkvmorv-CnKrV7HK"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-Q9RJ-XVG6-V42W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-26 21:31 – Updated: 2025-06-26 21:31URL redirection to an untrusted site ('Open Redirect') in Kibana can lead to sending a user to an arbitrary site and server-side request forgery via a specially crafted URL.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-25012"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-25T12:15:19Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL redirection to an untrusted site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) in Kibana can lead to sending a user to an arbitrary site and server-side request forgery via a specially crafted URL.",
"id": "GHSA-q9rj-xvg6-v42w",
"modified": "2025-06-26T21:31:11Z",
"published": "2025-06-26T21:31:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-25012"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://discuss.elastic.co/t/kibana-7-17-29-8-17-8-8-18-3-9-0-3-security-update-esa-2025-10/379444"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-Q9RR-H3HX-M87G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-02 22:17 – Updated: 2024-12-02 22:17Summary:
A open redirect vulnerability exists in the loading endpoint, allowing attackers to redirect authenticated users to arbitrary external URLs via the "next" parameter.
Details:
The loading endpoint accepts and uses an unvalidated "next" parameter for redirects:
PoC:
Visit: /loading?next=https://google.com while authenticated. The page will redirect to google.com.
Impact:
This vulnerability could be used in phishing attacks by redirecting users from a legitimate application URL to malicious sites.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/bunkerity/bunkerweb"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.5.11"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-53264"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-12-02T22:17:18Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-27T19:15:33Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary:\nA open redirect vulnerability exists in the loading endpoint, allowing attackers to redirect authenticated users to arbitrary external URLs via the \"next\" parameter.\n\n### Details:\nThe loading endpoint accepts and uses an unvalidated \"next\" parameter for redirects:\n\n### PoC:\nVisit: `/loading?next=https://google.com` while authenticated. The page will redirect to google.com.\n\n### Impact:\nThis vulnerability could be used in phishing attacks by redirecting users from a legitimate application URL to malicious sites.",
"id": "GHSA-q9rr-h3hx-m87g",
"modified": "2024-12-02T22:17:18Z",
"published": "2024-12-02T22:17:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/bunkerity/bunkerweb/security/advisories/GHSA-q9rr-h3hx-m87g"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-53264"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/bunkerity/bunkerweb"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "BunkerWeb has Open Redirect Vulnerability in Loading Page"
}
GHSA-QC9F-5C9X-X8XF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:27 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:27Open redirect vulnerability in IBM Cloud Orchestrator 2.4.x before 2.4.0 FP3 allows remote authenticated users to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-0204"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2016-10-16T21:59:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in IBM Cloud Orchestrator 2.4.x before 2.4.0 FP3 allows remote authenticated users to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-qc9f-5c9x-x8xf",
"modified": "2022-05-14T03:27:49Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:27:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-0204"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg2C1000124"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/93512"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QCH9-VMV9-F8V6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-03 21:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 03:47An issue has been discovered in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions before 15.8.5, 15.9.4, 15.10.1. Open redirects was possible due to framing arbitrary content on any page allowing user controlled markdown
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-0155"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-03T21:15:16Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue has been discovered in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions before 15.8.5, 15.9.4, 15.10.1. Open redirects was possible due to framing arbitrary content on any page allowing user controlled markdown",
"id": "GHSA-qch9-vmv9-f8v6",
"modified": "2024-04-04T03:47:20Z",
"published": "2023-05-03T21:30:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-0155"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/1817250"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/cves/-/blob/master/2023/CVE-2023-0155.json"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/387638"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QCMW-RMJG-W3HR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-11 21:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:32URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in QuomodoSoft ElementsReady Addons for Elementor.This issue affects ElementsReady Addons for Elementor: from n/a through 6.4.2.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-47353"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-11T19:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in QuomodoSoft ElementsReady Addons for Elementor.This issue affects ElementsReady Addons for Elementor: from n/a through 6.4.2.",
"id": "GHSA-qcmw-rmjg-w3hr",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:32:01Z",
"published": "2024-10-11T21:31:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-47353"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/element-ready-lite/vulnerability/wordpress-elementsready-addons-for-elementor-plugin-6-4-2-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/element-ready-lite/wordpress-elementsready-addons-for-elementor-plugin-6-4-2-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QF5R-MP49-68FR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:33 – Updated: 2022-05-14 01:33Open redirect vulnerability in SEIKO EPSON printers and scanners (DS-570W firmware versions released prior to 2018 March 13, DS-780N firmware versions released prior to 2018 March 13, EP-10VA firmware versions released prior to 2017 September 4, EP-30VA firmware versions released prior to 2017 June 19, EP-707A firmware versions released prior to 2017 August 1, EP-708A firmware versions released prior to 2017 August 7, EP-709A firmware versions released prior to 2017 June 12, EP-777A firmware versions released prior to 2017 August 1, EP-807AB/AW/AR firmware versions released prior to 2017 August 1, EP-808AB/AW/AR firmware versions released prior to 2017 August 7, EP-879AB/AW/AR firmware versions released prior to 2017 June 12, EP-907F firmware versions released prior to 2017 August 1, EP-977A3 firmware versions released prior to 2017 August 1, EP-978A3 firmware versions released prior to 2017 August 7, EP-979A3 firmware versions released prior to 2017 June 12, EP-M570T firmware versions released prior to 2017 September 6, EW-M5071FT firmware versions released prior to 2017 November 2, EW-M660FT firmware versions released prior to 2018 April 19, EW-M770T firmware versions released prior to 2017 September 6, PF-70 firmware versions released prior to 2018 April 20, PF-71 firmware versions released prior to 2017 July 18, PF-81 firmware versions released prior to 2017 September 14, PX-048A firmware versions released prior to 2017 July 4, PX-049A firmware versions released prior to 2017 September 11, PX-437A firmware versions released prior to 2017 July 24, PX-M350F firmware versions released prior to 2018 February 23, PX-M5040F firmware versions released prior to 2017 November 20, PX-M5041F firmware versions released prior to 2017 November 20, PX-M650A firmware versions released prior to 2017 October 17, PX-M650F firmware versions released prior to 2017 October 17, PX-M680F firmware versions released prior to 2017 June 29, PX-M7050F firmware versions released prior to 2017 October 13, PX-M7050FP firmware versions released prior to 2017 October 13, PX-M7050FX firmware versions released prior to 2017 November 7, PX-M7070FX firmware versions released prior to 2017 April 27, PX-M740F firmware versions released prior to 2017 December 4, PX-M741F firmware versions released prior to 2017 December 4, PX-M780F firmware versions released prior to 2017 June 29, PX-M781F firmware versions released prior to 2017 June 27, PX-M840F firmware versions released prior to 2017 November 16, PX-M840FX firmware versions released prior to 2017 December 8, PX-M860F firmware versions released prior to 2017 October 25, PX-S05B/W firmware versions released prior to 2018 March 9, PX-S350 firmware versions released prior to 2018 February 23, PX-S5040 firmware versions released prior to 2017 November 20, PX-S7050 firmware versions released prior to 2018 February 21, PX-S7050PS firmware versions released prior to 2018 February 21, PX-S7050X firmware versions released prior to 2017 November 7, PX-S7070X firmware versions released prior to 2017 April 27, PX-S740 firmware versions released prior to 2017 December 3, PX-S840 firmware versions released prior to 2017 November 16, PX-S840X firmware versions released prior to 2017 December 8, PX-S860 firmware versions released prior to 2017 December 7) allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via the web interface of the affected product.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-0688"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-01-09T23:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in SEIKO EPSON printers and scanners (DS-570W firmware versions released prior to 2018 March 13, DS-780N firmware versions released prior to 2018 March 13, EP-10VA firmware versions released prior to 2017 September 4, EP-30VA firmware versions released prior to 2017 June 19, EP-707A firmware versions released prior to 2017 August 1, EP-708A firmware versions released prior to 2017 August 7, EP-709A firmware versions released prior to 2017 June 12, EP-777A firmware versions released prior to 2017 August 1, EP-807AB/AW/AR firmware versions released prior to 2017 August 1, EP-808AB/AW/AR firmware versions released prior to 2017 August 7, EP-879AB/AW/AR firmware versions released prior to 2017 June 12, EP-907F firmware versions released prior to 2017 August 1, EP-977A3 firmware versions released prior to 2017 August 1, EP-978A3 firmware versions released prior to 2017 August 7, EP-979A3 firmware versions released prior to 2017 June 12, EP-M570T firmware versions released prior to 2017 September 6, EW-M5071FT firmware versions released prior to 2017 November 2, EW-M660FT firmware versions released prior to 2018 April 19, EW-M770T firmware versions released prior to 2017 September 6, PF-70 firmware versions released prior to 2018 April 20, PF-71 firmware versions released prior to 2017 July 18, PF-81 firmware versions released prior to 2017 September 14, PX-048A firmware versions released prior to 2017 July 4, PX-049A firmware versions released prior to 2017 September 11, PX-437A firmware versions released prior to 2017 July 24, PX-M350F firmware versions released prior to 2018 February 23, PX-M5040F firmware versions released prior to 2017 November 20, PX-M5041F firmware versions released prior to 2017 November 20, PX-M650A firmware versions released prior to 2017 October 17, PX-M650F firmware versions released prior to 2017 October 17, PX-M680F firmware versions released prior to 2017 June 29, PX-M7050F firmware versions released prior to 2017 October 13, PX-M7050FP firmware versions released prior to 2017 October 13, PX-M7050FX firmware versions released prior to 2017 November 7, PX-M7070FX firmware versions released prior to 2017 April 27, PX-M740F firmware versions released prior to 2017 December 4, PX-M741F firmware versions released prior to 2017 December 4, PX-M780F firmware versions released prior to 2017 June 29, PX-M781F firmware versions released prior to 2017 June 27, PX-M840F firmware versions released prior to 2017 November 16, PX-M840FX firmware versions released prior to 2017 December 8, PX-M860F firmware versions released prior to 2017 October 25, PX-S05B/W firmware versions released prior to 2018 March 9, PX-S350 firmware versions released prior to 2018 February 23, PX-S5040 firmware versions released prior to 2017 November 20, PX-S7050 firmware versions released prior to 2018 February 21, PX-S7050PS firmware versions released prior to 2018 February 21, PX-S7050X firmware versions released prior to 2017 November 7, PX-S7070X firmware versions released prior to 2017 April 27, PX-S740 firmware versions released prior to 2017 December 3, PX-S840 firmware versions released prior to 2017 November 16, PX-S840X firmware versions released prior to 2017 December 8, PX-S860 firmware versions released prior to 2017 December 7) allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via the web interface of the affected product.",
"id": "GHSA-qf5r-mp49-68fr",
"modified": "2022-05-14T01:33:54Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T01:33:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-0688"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN89767228/index.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.epson.jp/support/misc/20181203_oshirase.htm"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QF7X-W4MC-MCP8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-22 21:30 – Updated: 2025-04-15 21:31Requests initiated through reader mode did not properly omit cookies with a SameSite attribute. This vulnerability affects Thunderbird < 91.9, Firefox ESR < 91.9, and Firefox < 100.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-29912"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-22T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Requests initiated through reader mode did not properly omit cookies with a SameSite attribute. This vulnerability affects Thunderbird \u003c 91.9, Firefox ESR \u003c 91.9, and Firefox \u003c 100.",
"id": "GHSA-qf7x-w4mc-mcp8",
"modified": "2025-04-15T21:31:24Z",
"published": "2022-12-22T21:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-29912"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1692655"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2022-16"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2022-17"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2022-18"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QF8P-GPW6-R52G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:44 – Updated: 2024-04-04 00:09Cloud Foundry UAA Release, versions prior to 71.0, allows clients to be configured with an insecure redirect uri. Given a UAA client was configured with a wildcard in the redirect uri's subdomain, a remote malicious unauthenticated user can craft a phishing link to get a UAA access code from the victim.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-3788"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-04-25T21:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Cloud Foundry UAA Release, versions prior to 71.0, allows clients to be configured with an insecure redirect uri. Given a UAA client was configured with a wildcard in the redirect uri\u0027s subdomain, a remote malicious unauthenticated user can craft a phishing link to get a UAA access code from the victim.",
"id": "GHSA-qf8p-gpw6-r52g",
"modified": "2024-04-04T00:09:49Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:44:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-3788"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cloudfoundry.org/blog/cve-2019-3788"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QFPJ-FGMR-WW6V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-04 18:31 – Updated: 2024-10-04 18:31There is an unvalidated redirect vulnerability in Esri Portal for ArcGIS 10.8.1 - 11.2 that may allow a remote, unauthenticated attacker to craft a URL that could redirect a victim to an arbitrary website, simplifying phishing attacks.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-8148"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-04T18:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "There is an unvalidated redirect vulnerability in Esri Portal for ArcGIS 10.8.1 - 11.2 that may allow a remote, unauthenticated attacker to craft a URL that could redirect a victim to an arbitrary website, simplifying phishing attacks.",
"id": "GHSA-qfpj-fgmr-ww6v",
"modified": "2024-10-04T18:31:11Z",
"published": "2024-10-04T18:31:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-8148"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.esri.com/arcgis-blog/products/trust-arcgis/administration/portal-for-arcgis-security-2024-update-2-released"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.