Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-444

Allowed

Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product acts as an intermediary HTTP agent (such as a proxy or firewall) in the data flow between two entities such as a client and server, but it does not interpret malformed HTTP requests or responses in ways that are consistent with how the messages will be processed by those entities that are at the ultimate destination.

550 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-WM47-8V5P-WJPJ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-03-09 18:49 – Updated: 2021-08-31 21:19
VLAI
Summary
Possible request smuggling in HTTP/2 due missing validation
Details

Impact

If a Content-Length header is present in the original HTTP/2 request, the field is not validated by Http2MultiplexHandler as it is propagated up. This is fine as long as the request is not proxied through as HTTP/1.1. If the request comes in as an HTTP/2 stream, gets converted into the HTTP/1.1 domain objects (HttpRequest, HttpContent, etc.) via Http2StreamFrameToHttpObjectCodecand then sent up to the child channel's pipeline and proxied through a remote peer as HTTP/1.1 this may result in request smuggling.

In a proxy case, users may assume the content-length is validated somehow, which is not the case. If the request is forwarded to a backend channel that is a HTTP/1.1 connection, the Content-Length now has meaning and needs to be checked.

An attacker can smuggle requests inside the body as it gets downgraded from HTTP/2 to HTTP/1.1. A sample attack request looks like:

POST / HTTP/2
:authority:: externaldomain.com
Content-Length: 4

asdfGET /evilRedirect HTTP/1.1
Host: internaldomain.com

Users are only affected if all of this is true: * HTTP2MultiplexCodec or Http2FrameCodec is used * Http2StreamFrameToHttpObjectCodec is used to convert to HTTP/1.1 objects * These HTTP/1.1 objects are forwarded to another remote peer.

Patches

This has been patched in 4.1.60.Final

Workarounds

The user can do the validation by themselves by implementing a custom ChannelInboundHandler that is put in the ChannelPipeline behind Http2StreamFrameToHttpObjectCodec.

References

Related change to workaround the problem: https://github.com/Netflix/zuul/pull/980

Severity
5.9 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "io.netty:netty-codec-http2"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "4.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.1.60.Final"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c 4.0.0"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.jboss.netty:netty"
      },
      "ranges": [
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    {
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        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c 4.0.0"
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        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "io.netty:netty"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-21295"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-444"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2021-03-09T18:47:09Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-03-09T19:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\nIf a Content-Length header is present in the original HTTP/2 request, the field is not validated by `Http2MultiplexHandler` as it is propagated up.  This is fine as long as the request is not proxied through as HTTP/1.1.\nIf the request comes in as an HTTP/2 stream, gets converted into the HTTP/1.1 domain objects (`HttpRequest`, `HttpContent`, etc.) via `Http2StreamFrameToHttpObjectCodec `and then sent up to the child channel\u0027s pipeline and proxied through a remote peer as HTTP/1.1 this may result in request smuggling.  \n\nIn a proxy case, users  may assume the content-length is validated somehow, which is not the case.  If the request is forwarded to a backend channel that is a HTTP/1.1 connection, the Content-Length now has meaning and needs to be checked.\n\nAn attacker can smuggle requests inside the body as it gets downgraded from HTTP/2 to HTTP/1.1.   A sample attack request looks like:\n\n```\nPOST / HTTP/2\n:authority:: externaldomain.com\nContent-Length: 4\n\nasdfGET /evilRedirect HTTP/1.1\nHost: internaldomain.com\n```\n\nUsers are only affected if all of this is `true`:\n * `HTTP2MultiplexCodec` or `Http2FrameCodec` is used\n * `Http2StreamFrameToHttpObjectCodec` is used to convert to HTTP/1.1 objects\n * These  HTTP/1.1 objects are forwarded to another remote peer.\n \n\n### Patches\nThis has been patched in 4.1.60.Final\n\n### Workarounds\nThe user can do the validation by themselves by implementing a custom `ChannelInboundHandler` that is put in the `ChannelPipeline` behind `Http2StreamFrameToHttpObjectCodec`.\n\n### References\nRelated change to workaround the problem: https://github.com/Netflix/zuul/pull/980 ",
  "id": "GHSA-wm47-8v5p-wjpj",
  "modified": "2021-08-31T21:19:12Z",
  "published": "2021-03-09T18:49:49Z",
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      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r6d32fc3cd547f7c9a288a57c7f525f5d00a00d5d163613e0d10a23ef@%3Ccommits.servicecomb.apache.org%3E"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r6aee7e3566cb3e51eeed2fd8786704d91f80a7581e00a787ba9f37f6@%3Cissues.hbase.apache.org%3E"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r6a29316d758db628a1df49ca219d64caf493999b52cc77847bfba675@%3Cnotifications.zookeeper.apache.org%3E"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r6a122c25e352eb134d01e7f4fc4d345a491c5ee9453fef6fc754d15b@%3Ccommits.zookeeper.apache.org%3E"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r67e6a636cbc1958383a1cd72b7fd0cd7493360b1dd0e6c12f5761798@%3Cnotifications.zookeeper.apache.org%3E"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r67c4f90658fde875521c949448c54c98517beecdc7f618f902c620ec@%3Cissues.zookeeper.apache.org%3E"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r602e98daacc98934f097f07f2eed6eb07c18bfc1949c8489dc7bfcf5@%3Cissues.flink.apache.org%3E"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r5fc5786cdd640b1b0a3c643237ce0011f0a08a296b11c0e2c669022c@%3Cdev.kafka.apache.org%3E"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r5e66e286afb5506cdfe9bbf68a323e8d09614f6d1ddc806ed0224700@%3Cjira.kafka.apache.org%3E"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r5baac01f9e06c40ff7aab209d5751b3b58802c63734e33324b70a06a@%3Cissues.flink.apache.org%3E"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r59bac5c09f7a4179b9e2460e8f41c278aaf3b9a21cc23678eb893e41@%3Cjira.kafka.apache.org%3E"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r584cf871f188c406d8bd447ff4e2fd9817fca862436c064d0951a071@%3Ccommits.pulsar.apache.org%3E"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r57245853c7245baab09eae08728c52b58fd77666538092389cc3e882@%3Ccommits.servicecomb.apache.org%3E"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r5470456cf1409a99893ae9dd57439799f6dc1a60fda90e11570f66fe@%3Cnotifications.zookeeper.apache.org%3E"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r5232e33a1f3b310a3e083423f736f3925ebdb150844d60ac582809f8@%3Cnotifications.zookeeper.apache.org%3E"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r4ea2f1a9d79d4fc1896e085f31fb60a21b1770d0a26a5250f849372d@%3Cissues.kudu.apache.org%3E"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r490ca5611c150d193b320a2608209180713b7c68e501b67b0cffb925@%3Ccommits.servicecomb.apache.org%3E"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Possible request smuggling in HTTP/2 due missing validation"
}

GHSA-WP36-XPJ5-G4W9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:08 – Updated: 2023-09-28 18:30
VLAI
Details

SAP Web Dispatcher and Internet Communication Manager (ICM), versions - KRNL32NUC 7.21, 7.21EXT, 7.22, 7.22EXT, KRNL32UC 7.21, 7.21EXT, 7.22, 7.22EXT, KRNL64NUC 7.21, 7.21EXT, 7.22, 7.22EXT, 7.49, KRNL64UC 7.21, 7.21EXT, 7.22, 7.22EXT, 7.49, 7.53, 7.73, WEBDISP 7.53, 7.73, 7.77, 7.81, 7.82, 7.83, KERNEL 7.21, 7.22, 7.49, 7.53, 7.73, 7.77, 7.81, 7.82, 7.83, process invalid HTTP header. The incorrect handling of the invalid Transfer-Encoding header in a particular manner leads to a possibility of HTTP Request Smuggling attack. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability to bypass web application firewall protection, divert sensitive data such as customer requests, session credentials, etc.

Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-33683"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-444"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-07-14T12:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "SAP Web Dispatcher and Internet Communication Manager (ICM), versions - KRNL32NUC 7.21, 7.21EXT, 7.22, 7.22EXT, KRNL32UC 7.21, 7.21EXT, 7.22, 7.22EXT, KRNL64NUC 7.21, 7.21EXT, 7.22, 7.22EXT, 7.49, KRNL64UC 7.21, 7.21EXT, 7.22, 7.22EXT, 7.49, 7.53, 7.73, WEBDISP 7.53, 7.73, 7.77, 7.81, 7.82, 7.83, KERNEL 7.21, 7.22, 7.49, 7.53, 7.73, 7.77, 7.81, 7.82, 7.83, process invalid HTTP header. The incorrect handling of the invalid Transfer-Encoding header in a particular manner leads to a possibility of HTTP Request Smuggling attack. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability to bypass web application firewall protection, divert sensitive data such as customer requests, session credentials, etc.",
  "id": "GHSA-wp36-xpj5-g4w9",
  "modified": "2023-09-28T18:30:41Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:08:03Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-33683"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://launchpad.support.sap.com/#/notes/3000663"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://wiki.scn.sap.com/wiki/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=580617506"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-WPXV-X75W-VP46

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-28 12:31 – Updated: 2025-01-28 12:31
VLAI
Details

A flaw was found in OpenShift Service Mesh 2.6.3 and 2.5.6. Rate-limiter avoidance, access-control bypass, CPU and memory exhaustion, and replay attacks may be possible due to improper HTTP header sanitization in Envoy.

Severity
6.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-0752"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-444"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-01-28T10:15:09Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A flaw was found in OpenShift Service Mesh 2.6.3 and 2.5.6. Rate-limiter avoidance, access-control bypass, CPU and memory exhaustion, and replay attacks may be possible due to improper HTTP header sanitization in Envoy.",
  "id": "GHSA-wpxv-x75w-vp46",
  "modified": "2025-01-28T12:31:07Z",
  "published": "2025-01-28T12:31:07Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-0752"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-0752"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2339115"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-WX5J-54MM-RQQQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-09 19:09 – Updated: 2023-08-04 20:07
VLAI
Summary
HTTP request smuggling in netty
Details

Impact

Netty currently just skips control chars when these are present at the beginning / end of the header name. We should better fail fast as these are not allowed by the spec and could lead to HTTP request smuggling.

Failing to do the validation might cause netty to "sanitize" header names before it forward these to another remote system when used as proxy. This remote system can't see the invalid usage anymore and so not do the validation itself.

Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "io.netty:netty-codec-http"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "4.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.1.71.Final"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c 4.0.0"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.jboss.netty:netty"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c 4.0.0"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "io.netty:netty"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-43797"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-444"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2021-12-09T18:17:28Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-12-09T19:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\nNetty currently just skips control chars when these are present at the beginning / end of the header name. We should better fail fast as these are not allowed by the spec and could lead to HTTP request smuggling.\n\nFailing to do the validation might cause netty to \"sanitize\" header names before it forward these to another remote system when used as proxy. This remote system can\u0027t see the invalid usage anymore and so not do the validation itself.\n\n",
  "id": "GHSA-wx5j-54mm-rqqq",
  "modified": "2023-08-04T20:07:19Z",
  "published": "2021-12-09T19:09:17Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/netty/netty/security/advisories/GHSA-wx5j-54mm-rqqq"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-43797"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/netty/netty/pull/11891"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/netty/netty/commit/07aa6b5938a8b6ed7a6586e066400e2643897323"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/netty/netty"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2023/01/msg00008.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20220107-0003"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2023/dsa-5316"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuapr2022.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujul2022.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "HTTP request smuggling in netty"
}

GHSA-X3V4-PXVM-63J8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-05-24 18:13 – Updated: 2023-01-23 20:29
VLAI
Summary
HTTP Request Smuggling in reel
Details

reel through 0.6.1 allows Request Smuggling attacks due to incorrect Content-Length and Transfer encoding header parsing. It is possible to conduct HTTP request smuggling attacks by sending the Content-Length header twice. Furthermore, invalid Transfer Encoding headers were found to be parsed as valid which could be leveraged for TECL smuggling attacks. Note, This project is deprecated, and is not maintained any more.

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "reel"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "0.6.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-7659"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-444"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2021-05-14T17:59:38Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-06-01T13:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "reel through 0.6.1 allows Request Smuggling attacks due to incorrect Content-Length and Transfer encoding header parsing. It is possible to conduct HTTP request smuggling attacks by sending the Content-Length header twice. Furthermore, invalid Transfer Encoding headers were found to be parsed as valid which could be leveraged for TECL smuggling attacks. Note, This project is deprecated, and is not maintained any more.",
  "id": "GHSA-x3v4-pxvm-63j8",
  "modified": "2023-01-23T20:29:58Z",
  "published": "2021-05-24T18:13:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-7659"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/celluloid/reel"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-RUBY-REEL-569135"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "HTTP Request Smuggling in reel"
}

GHSA-X67C-X34F-8F4W

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-18 00:01 – Updated: 2026-07-05 00:31
VLAI
Details

An HTTP/1.1 misconfiguration in web interface of TP-Link AX10v1 before V1_211117 could allow an attacker to send a specially crafted HTTP/0.9 packet that could cause a cache poisoning attack.

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-41451"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-444"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-12-17T15:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An HTTP/1.1 misconfiguration in web interface of TP-Link AX10v1 before V1_211117 could allow an attacker to send a specially crafted HTTP/0.9 packet that could cause a cache poisoning attack.",
  "id": "GHSA-x67c-x34f-8f4w",
  "modified": "2026-07-05T00:31:24Z",
  "published": "2021-12-18T00:01:03Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-41451"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.tp-link.com/us/support/download/archer-ax10/v1/#Firmware"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://ax10v1.com"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://tp-link.com"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-X7JG-6PWG-FX5H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-05-22 14:55 – Updated: 2023-05-16 15:53
VLAI
Summary
HTTP Smuggling via Transfer-Encoding Header in Puma
Details

Impact

By using an invalid transfer-encoding header, an attacker could smuggle an HTTP response.

Originally reported by @ZeddYu, who has our thanks for the detailed report.

Patches

The problem has been fixed in Puma 3.12.5 and Puma 4.3.4.

For more information

If you have any questions or comments about this advisory:

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "puma"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.12.5"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "puma"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "4.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.3.4"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-11076"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-444"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2020-05-22T14:40:36Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-05-22T15:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\nBy using an invalid transfer-encoding header, an attacker could [smuggle an HTTP response.](https://portswigger.net/web-security/request-smuggling)\n\nOriginally reported by @ZeddYu, who has our thanks for the detailed report.\n\n### Patches\n\nThe problem has been fixed in Puma 3.12.5 and Puma 4.3.4.\n\n### For more information\n\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n\n* Open an issue in [Puma](https://github.com/puma/puma)\n* See our [security policy](https://github.com/puma/puma/security/policy)",
  "id": "GHSA-x7jg-6pwg-fx5h",
  "modified": "2023-05-16T15:53:31Z",
  "published": "2020-05-22T14:55:05Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/puma/puma/security/advisories/GHSA-x7jg-6pwg-fx5h"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-11076"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/puma/puma/commit/f24d5521295a2152c286abb0a45a1e1e2bd275bd"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/puma/puma"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/puma/puma/blob/master/History.md#434435-and-31253126--2020-05-22"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/puma/CVE-2020-11076.yml"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2020/10/msg00009.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/SKIY5H67GJIGJL6SMFWFLUQQQR3EMVPR"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-07/msg00034.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-07/msg00038.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "HTTP Smuggling via Transfer-Encoding Header in Puma"
}

GHSA-XC8X-VP79-P3WM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-10-25 21:15 – Updated: 2025-11-04 16:46
VLAI
Summary
twisted.web has disordered HTTP pipeline response
Details

Twisted is an event-based framework for internet applications. Prior to version 23.10.0rc1, when sending multiple HTTP requests in one TCP packet, twisted.web will process the requests asynchronously without guaranteeing the response order. If one of the endpoints is controlled by an attacker, the attacker can delay the response on purpose to manipulate the response of the second request when a victim launched two requests using HTTP pipeline. Version 23.10.0rc1 contains a patch for this issue.

Details

There's an example faulty program:

from twisted.internet import reactor, endpoints
from twisted.web import server
from twisted.web.proxy import ReverseProxyResource
from twisted.web.resource import Resource

class Second(Resource):
    isLeaf = True
    def render_GET(self, request):
        return b'SECOND\n'

class First(Resource):
    isLeaf = True
    def render_GET(self, request):
        def send_response():
            request.write(b'FIRST DELAYED\n')
            request.finish()
        reactor.callLater(0.5, send_response)
        return server.NOT_DONE_YET

root = Resource()

root.putChild(b'second', Second())
root.putChild(b'first', First())

endpoint = endpoints.TCP4ServerEndpoint(reactor, 8080)
endpoint.listen(server.Site(root))
reactor.run()

When two requests for /first and /second are sent in the same order, the second request will be responded to first.

echo -en "GET /first HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: a\r\n\r\nGET /second HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: a\r\n\r\n" | nc localhost 8080
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
6.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "Twisted"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "23.10.0rc1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-46137"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-444"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2023-10-25T21:15:13Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-10-25T21:15:10Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Twisted is an event-based framework for internet applications. Prior to version 23.10.0rc1, when sending multiple HTTP requests in one TCP packet, twisted.web will process the requests asynchronously without guaranteeing the response order. If one of the endpoints is controlled by an attacker, the attacker can delay the response on purpose to manipulate the response of the second request when a victim launched two requests using HTTP pipeline. Version 23.10.0rc1 contains a patch for this issue.\n\n### Details\nThere\u0027s an example faulty program:\n```python\nfrom twisted.internet import reactor, endpoints\nfrom twisted.web import server\nfrom twisted.web.proxy import ReverseProxyResource\nfrom twisted.web.resource import Resource\n\nclass Second(Resource):\n    isLeaf = True\n    def render_GET(self, request):\n        return b\u0027SECOND\\n\u0027\n\nclass First(Resource):\n    isLeaf = True\n    def render_GET(self, request):\n        def send_response():\n            request.write(b\u0027FIRST DELAYED\\n\u0027)\n            request.finish()\n        reactor.callLater(0.5, send_response)\n        return server.NOT_DONE_YET\n\nroot = Resource()\n\nroot.putChild(b\u0027second\u0027, Second())\nroot.putChild(b\u0027first\u0027, First())\n\nendpoint = endpoints.TCP4ServerEndpoint(reactor, 8080)\nendpoint.listen(server.Site(root))\nreactor.run()\n```\n\nWhen two requests for `/first` and `/second` are sent in the same order, the second request will be responded to first.\n```shell\necho -en \"GET /first HTTP/1.1\\r\\nHost: a\\r\\n\\r\\nGET /second HTTP/1.1\\r\\nHost: a\\r\\n\\r\\n\" | nc localhost 8080\n```",
  "id": "GHSA-xc8x-vp79-p3wm",
  "modified": "2025-11-04T16:46:32Z",
  "published": "2023-10-25T21:15:13Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/twisted/twisted/security/advisories/GHSA-xc8x-vp79-p3wm"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-46137"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/twisted/PYSEC-2023-224.yaml"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/twisted/twisted"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/11/msg00028.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "twisted.web has disordered HTTP pipeline response"
}

GHSA-XGQ7-JP95-V2QV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-08-10 21:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:49
VLAI
Details

HAProxy through 2.0.32, 2.1.x and 2.2.x through 2.2.30, 2.3.x and 2.4.x through 2.4.23, 2.5.x and 2.6.x before 2.6.15, 2.7.x before 2.7.10, and 2.8.x before 2.8.2 forwards empty Content-Length headers, violating RFC 9110 section 8.6. In uncommon cases, an HTTP/1 server behind HAProxy may interpret the payload as an extra request.

Severity
7.2 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-40225"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-444"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-08-10T21:15:10Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "HAProxy through 2.0.32, 2.1.x and 2.2.x through 2.2.30, 2.3.x and 2.4.x through 2.4.23, 2.5.x and 2.6.x before 2.6.15, 2.7.x before 2.7.10, and 2.8.x before 2.8.2 forwards empty Content-Length headers, violating RFC 9110 section 8.6. In uncommon cases, an HTTP/1 server behind HAProxy may interpret the payload as an extra request.",
  "id": "GHSA-xgq7-jp95-v2qv",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T06:49:14Z",
  "published": "2023-08-10T21:30:45Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-40225"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/haproxy/haproxy/issues/2237"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/haproxy/haproxy/commit/6492f1f29d738457ea9f382aca54537f35f9d856"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/436.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.haproxy.org/download/2.6/src/CHANGELOG"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.haproxy.org/download/2.7/src/CHANGELOG"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.haproxy.org/download/2.8/src/CHANGELOG"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XH68-HFP5-5X5M

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-03 15:30 – Updated: 2026-07-11 22:53
VLAI
Summary
daphne: WebSocket handshake header smuggling through autobahn splitlines() mishandling of non-standard line separators
Details

daphne before 4.2.2 reconstructs a raw HTTP request from Twisted's parsed headers and feeds it to autobahn for WebSocket handshake processing. Twisted does not treat \x0b, \x0c, \x1c, \x1d, \x1e, or \x85 as header line separators, but autobahn decodes header values to str and calls splitlines(). An attacker can exploit this parser differential to inject additional headers into the ASGI scope passed to the application. daphne now rejects requests with these bytes in any header value with a 400 response.

Severity
3.7 (Low)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "daphne"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.2.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-44546"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-444"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-07-11T22:53:35Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-03T14:16:43Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "daphne before 4.2.2 reconstructs a raw HTTP request from Twisted\u0027s parsed headers and feeds it to autobahn for WebSocket handshake processing. Twisted does not treat \\x0b, \\x0c, \\x1c, \\x1d, \\x1e, or \\x85 as header line separators, but autobahn decodes header values to str and calls splitlines(). An attacker can exploit this parser differential to inject additional headers into the ASGI scope passed to the application. daphne now rejects requests with these bytes in any header value with a 400 response.",
  "id": "GHSA-xh68-hfp5-5x5m",
  "modified": "2026-07-11T22:53:35Z",
  "published": "2026-06-03T15:30:43Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-44546"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/django/daphne"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/django/daphne/blob/main/CHANGELOG.txt"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/daphne/PYSEC-2026-214.yaml"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "daphne: WebSocket handshake header smuggling through autobahn splitlines()\u00a0mishandling of non-standard line separators"
}
Mitigation
Implementation

Use a web server that employs a strict HTTP parsing procedure, such as Apache [REF-433].

Mitigation
Implementation

Use only SSL communication.

Mitigation
Implementation

Terminate the client session after each request.

Mitigation
System Configuration

Turn all pages to non-cacheable.

CAPEC-273: HTTP Response Smuggling

An adversary manipulates and injects malicious content in the form of secret unauthorized HTTP responses, into a single HTTP response from a vulnerable or compromised back-end HTTP agent (e.g., server).

See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.

CAPEC-33: HTTP Request Smuggling

An adversary abuses the flexibility and discrepancies in the parsing and interpretation of HTTP Request messages using various HTTP headers, request-line and body parameters as well as message sizes (denoted by the end of message signaled by a given HTTP header) by different intermediary HTTP agents (e.g., load balancer, reverse proxy, web caching proxies, application firewalls, etc.) to secretly send unauthorized and malicious HTTP requests to a back-end HTTP agent (e.g., web server).

See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.

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