Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-444

Allowed

Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product acts as an intermediary HTTP agent (such as a proxy or firewall) in the data flow between two entities such as a client and server, but it does not interpret malformed HTTP requests or responses in ways that are consistent with how the messages will be processed by those entities that are at the ultimate destination.

550 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-W3H3-4RJ7-4PH4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-16 00:30 – Updated: 2025-09-29 21:13
VLAI
Summary
Request smuggling leading to endpoint restriction bypass in Gunicorn
Details

Gunicorn fails to properly validate Transfer-Encoding headers, leading to HTTP Request Smuggling (HRS) vulnerabilities. By crafting requests with conflicting Transfer-Encoding headers, attackers can bypass security restrictions and access restricted endpoints. This issue is due to Gunicorn's handling of Transfer-Encoding headers, where it incorrectly processes requests with multiple, conflicting Transfer-Encoding headers, treating them as chunked regardless of the final encoding specified. This vulnerability has been shown to allow access to endpoints restricted by gunicorn. This issue has been addressed in version 22.0.0.

To be affected users must have a network path which does not filter out invalid requests. These users are advised to block access to restricted endpoints via a firewall or other mechanism if they are unable to update.

Severity
8.2 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:N
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "gunicorn"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "22.0.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-1135"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-444"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-04-16T02:54:35Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-04-16T00:15:07Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Gunicorn fails to properly validate Transfer-Encoding headers, leading to HTTP Request Smuggling (HRS) vulnerabilities. By crafting requests with conflicting Transfer-Encoding headers, attackers can bypass security restrictions and access restricted endpoints. This issue is due to Gunicorn\u0027s handling of Transfer-Encoding headers, where it incorrectly processes requests with multiple, conflicting Transfer-Encoding headers, treating them as chunked regardless of the final encoding specified. This vulnerability has been shown to allow access to endpoints restricted by gunicorn. This issue has been addressed in version 22.0.0.\n\nTo be affected users must have a network path which does not filter out invalid requests. These users are advised to block access to restricted endpoints via a firewall or other mechanism if they are unable to update.",
  "id": "GHSA-w3h3-4rj7-4ph4",
  "modified": "2025-09-29T21:13:05Z",
  "published": "2024-04-16T00:30:32Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-1135"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/benoitc/gunicorn/issues/3091"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/benoitc/gunicorn/pull/3113"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/benoitc/gunicorn/commit/ac29c9b0a758d21f1e0fb3b3457239e523fa9f1d"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/benoitc/gunicorn"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/benoitc/gunicorn/releases/tag/22.0.0"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/22158e34-cfd5-41ad-97e0-a780773d96c1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/06/msg00027.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/12/msg00018.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Request smuggling leading to endpoint restriction bypass in Gunicorn"
}

GHSA-W4G5-MCC7-3767

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:38 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:38
VLAI
Details

SAP Commerce Cloud, versions - 1808, 1811, 1905, 2005, 2011, allows an authenticated attacker to include invalidated data in the HTTP response Content Type header, due to improper input validation, and sent to a Web user. A successful exploitation of this vulnerability may lead to advanced attacks, including cross-site scripting and page hijacking.

Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-21445"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-444"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-01-12T15:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "SAP Commerce Cloud, versions - 1808, 1811, 1905, 2005, 2011, allows an authenticated attacker to include invalidated data in the HTTP response Content Type header, due to improper input validation, and sent to a Web user. A successful exploitation of this vulnerability may lead to advanced attacks, including cross-site scripting and page hijacking.",
  "id": "GHSA-w4g5-mcc7-3767",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:38:51Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:38:51Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-21445"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://i7p.wdf.sap.corp/sap/support/notes/2984034"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://launchpad.support.sap.com/#/notes/2984034"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://wiki.scn.sap.com/wiki/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=564760476"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-W594-HMPV-QHH5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-10-01 00:00 – Updated: 2024-02-27 21:31
VLAI
Details

Pulse Secure version 9.115 and below may be susceptible to client-side http request smuggling, When the application receives a POST request, it ignores the request's Content-Length header and leaves the POST body on the TCP/TLS socket. This body ends up prefixing the next HTTP request sent down that connection, this means when someone loads website attacker may be able to make browser issue a POST to the application, enabling XSS.

Severity
5.4 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-21826"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-444"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-09-30T17:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Pulse Secure version 9.115 and below may be susceptible to client-side http request smuggling, When the application receives a POST request, it ignores the request\u0027s Content-Length header and leaves the POST body on the TCP/TLS socket. This body ends up prefixing the next HTTP request sent down that connection, this means when someone loads website attacker may be able to make browser issue a POST to the application, enabling XSS.",
  "id": "GHSA-w594-hmpv-qhh5",
  "modified": "2024-02-27T21:31:24Z",
  "published": "2022-10-01T00:00:20Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-21826"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://kb.pulsesecure.net/articles/Pulse_Security_Advisories/Client-Side-Desync-Attack"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-W64W-QQPH-5GXM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-05-22 14:55 – Updated: 2023-05-16 15:55
VLAI
Summary
HTTP Smuggling via Transfer-Encoding Header in Puma
Details

Impact

This is a similar but different vulnerability to the one patched in 3.12.5 and 4.3.4.

A client could smuggle a request through a proxy, causing the proxy to send a response back to another unknown client.

If the proxy uses persistent connections and the client adds another request in via HTTP pipelining, the proxy may mistake it as the first request's body. Puma, however, would see it as two requests, and when processing the second request, send back a response that the proxy does not expect. If the proxy has reused the persistent connection to Puma to send another request for a different client, the second response from the first client will be sent to the second client.

Patches

The problem has been fixed in Puma 3.12.6 and Puma 4.3.5.

For more information

If you have any questions or comments about this advisory:

Severity
6.8 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "puma"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.12.6"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "puma"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "4.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.3.5"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-11077"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-444"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2020-05-22T14:46:33Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-05-22T15:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\nThis is a similar but different vulnerability to the one patched in 3.12.5 and 4.3.4.\n\nA client could smuggle a request through a proxy, causing the proxy to send a response back to another unknown client. \n\nIf the proxy uses persistent connections and the client adds another request in via HTTP pipelining, the proxy may mistake it as the first request\u0027s body. Puma, however, would see it as two requests, and when processing the second request, send back a response that the proxy does not expect. If the proxy has reused the persistent connection to Puma to send another request for a different client, the second response from the first client will be sent to the second client.\n\n### Patches\n\nThe problem has been fixed in Puma 3.12.6 and Puma 4.3.5.\n\n### For more information\n\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n\n* Open an issue in [Puma](https://github.com/puma/puma)\n* See our [security policy](https://github.com/puma/puma/security/policy)",
  "id": "GHSA-w64w-qqph-5gxm",
  "modified": "2023-05-16T15:55:12Z",
  "published": "2020-05-22T14:55:09Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/puma/puma/security/advisories/GHSA-w64w-qqph-5gxm"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-11077"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/puma/puma"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/puma/puma/blob/master/History.md#434435-and-31253126--2020-05-22"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/puma/CVE-2020-11077.yml"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2020/10/msg00009.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/SKIY5H67GJIGJL6SMFWFLUQQQR3EMVPR"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-07/msg00034.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-07/msg00038.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "HTTP Smuggling via Transfer-Encoding Header in Puma"
}

GHSA-WC6R-9C75-44GQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-07 18:30 – Updated: 2023-03-14 18:30
VLAI
Details

Some mod_proxy configurations on Apache HTTP Server versions 2.4.0 through 2.4.55 allow a HTTP Request Smuggling attack. Configurations are affected when mod_proxy is enabled along with some form of RewriteRule or ProxyPassMatch in which a non-specific pattern matches some portion of the user-supplied request-target (URL) data and is then re-inserted into the proxied request-target using variable substitution. For example, something like: RewriteEngine on RewriteRule "^/here/(.*)" "http://example.com:8080/elsewhere?$1"; [P] ProxyPassReverse /here/ http://example.com:8080/ Request splitting/smuggling could result in bypass of access controls in the proxy server, proxying unintended URLs to existing origin servers, and cache poisoning. Users are recommended to update to at least version 2.4.56 of Apache HTTP Server.

Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-25690"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-444"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-03-07T16:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Some mod_proxy configurations on Apache HTTP Server versions 2.4.0 through 2.4.55 allow a HTTP Request Smuggling attack. Configurations are affected when mod_proxy is enabled along with some form of RewriteRule or ProxyPassMatch in which a non-specific pattern matches some portion of the user-supplied request-target (URL) data and is then re-inserted into the proxied request-target using variable substitution. For example, something like: RewriteEngine on RewriteRule \"^/here/(.*)\" \"http://example.com:8080/elsewhere?$1\"; [P] ProxyPassReverse /here/ http://example.com:8080/ Request splitting/smuggling could result in bypass of access controls in the proxy server, proxying unintended URLs to existing origin servers, and cache poisoning. Users are recommended to update to at least version 2.4.56 of Apache HTTP Server.",
  "id": "GHSA-wc6r-9c75-44gq",
  "modified": "2023-03-14T18:30:26Z",
  "published": "2023-03-07T18:30:39Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-25690"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://httpd.apache.org/security/vulnerabilities_24.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2023/04/msg00028.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202309-01"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/176334/Apache-2.4.55-mod_proxy-HTTP-Request-Smuggling.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-WCWH-7GFW-5WRR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-23 17:37 – Updated: 2025-10-13 15:20
VLAI
Summary
Http4s vulnerable to HTTP Request Smuggling due to improper handling of HTTP trailer section
Details

Summary

http4s is vulnerable to HTTP Request Smuggling due to improper handling of HTTP trailer section. This vulnerability could enable attackers to: - Bypass front-end servers security controls - Launch targeted attacks against active users - Poison web caches

Pre-requisites for the exploitation: the web appication has to be deployed behind a reverse-proxy that forwards trailer headers.

Details

The HTTP chunked message parser, after parsing the last body chunk, calls parseTrailers (ember-core/shared/src/main/scala/org/http4s/ember/core/ChunkedEncoding.scala#L122-142). This method parses the trailer section using Parser.parse, where the issue originates.

parse has a bug that allows to terminate the parsing before finding the double CRLF condition: when it finds an header line that does not include the colon character, it continues parsing with state=false looking for the header name till reaching the condition else if (current == lf && (idx > 0 && message(idx - 1) == cr)) that sets complete=true even if no \r\n\r\n is found.

if (current == colon) {
  state = true // set state to check for header value
  name = new String(message, start, idx - start) // extract name string
  start = idx + 1 // advance past colon for next start

  // TODO: This if clause may not be necessary since the header value parser trims
  if (message.size > idx + 1 && message(idx + 1) == space) {
    start += 1 // if colon is followed by space advance again
    idx += 1 // double advance index here to skip the space
  }
  // double CRLF condition - Termination of headers
} else if (current == lf && (idx > 0 && message(idx - 1) == cr)) { // <----- not a double CRLF check
  complete = true // completed terminate loop
}

The remainder left in the buffer is then parsed as another request leading to HTTP Request Smuggling.

PoC

Start a simple webserver that echoes the received requests:

import cats.effect._
import cats.implicits._
import org.http4s._
import org.http4s.dsl.io._
import org.http4s.ember.server.EmberServerBuilder
import org.http4s.server.Router
import org.http4s.server.middleware.RequestLogger
import org.typelevel.log4cats.LoggerFactory
import org.typelevel.log4cats.slf4j.Slf4jFactory
import com.comcast.ip4s._

object ExploitServer extends IOApp {

  implicit val loggerFactory: LoggerFactory[IO] = Slf4jFactory.create[IO]

  val echoService: HttpRoutes[IO] = HttpRoutes.of[IO] {
    case req @ _ =>
      for {
        bodyStr <- req.bodyText.compile.string
        method = req.method.name
        uri = req.uri.toString()
        version = req.httpVersion.toString
        headers = req.headers.headers.map { header =>
          s"${header.name.toString.toLowerCase}: ${header.value}"
        }.mkString("\n")

        responseText = s"""$method $uri $version
$headers

$bodyStr

"""
        result <- Ok(responseText)
      } yield result
  }

  val httpApp = RequestLogger.httpApp(logHeaders = true, logBody = true)(
    Router("/" -> echoService).orNotFound
  )

  override def run(args: List[String]): IO[ExitCode] = {
    EmberServerBuilder
      .default[IO]
      .withHost(ipv4"0.0.0.0")
      .withPort(port"8080")
      .withHttpApp(httpApp)
      .build
      .use { server =>
        IO.println(s"Server started at http://0.0.0.0:8080") >> IO.never
      }
      .as(ExitCode.Success)
  }
}

build.sbt

ThisBuild / scalaVersion := "2.13.15"

val http4sVersion = "0.23.30"

lazy val root = (project in file("."))
  .settings(
    name := "http4s-echo-server",
    libraryDependencies ++= Seq(
      "org.http4s" %% "http4s-ember-server" % http4sVersion,
      "org.http4s" %% "http4s-dsl" % http4sVersion,
      "org.http4s" %% "http4s-circe" % http4sVersion,
      "ch.qos.logback" % "logback-classic" % "1.4.11",
      "org.typelevel" %% "log4cats-slf4j" % "2.6.0",
    )
  )

Send the following request:

POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

2
aa
0
Test: smuggling
a
GET /admin HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost

You can do that with the following command: printf 'POST / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: localhost\r\nTransfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n\r\n2\r\naa\r\n0\r\nTest: smuggling\r\na\r\nGET /admin HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: localhost\r\n\r\n' | nc localhost 8080

You will see that the request is interpreted as two separate requests

16:18:02.015 [io-compute-19] INFO org.http4s.server.middleware.RequestLogger -- HTTP/1.1 POST / Headers(Host: localhost, Transfer-Encoding: chunked) body="aa"
16:18:02.027 [io-compute-19] INFO org.http4s.server.middleware.RequestLogger -- HTTP/1.1 GET /admin Headers(Host: localhost)
Severity
6.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.http4s:http4s-ember-core_2.12"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.23.31"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.http4s:http4s-ember-core_2.13"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.23.31"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.http4s:http4s-ember-core_3"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.23.31"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.http4s:http4s-ember-core_2.13"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "1.0.0-M1"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.0.0-M45"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.http4s:http4s-ember-core_3"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "1.0.0-M1"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.0.0-M45"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-59822"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-444"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-09-23T17:37:23Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-09-23T19:15:42Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\nhttp4s is vulnerable to HTTP Request Smuggling due to improper handling of HTTP trailer section.\nThis vulnerability could enable attackers to:\n- Bypass front-end servers security controls\n- Launch targeted attacks against active users\n- Poison web caches\n\nPre-requisites for the exploitation: the web appication has to be deployed behind a reverse-proxy that forwards trailer headers.\n\n### Details\nThe HTTP chunked message parser, after parsing the last body chunk, calls `parseTrailers` (`ember-core/shared/src/main/scala/org/http4s/ember/core/ChunkedEncoding.scala#L122-142`).\nThis method parses the trailer section using `Parser.parse`, where the issue originates.\n\n`parse` has a bug that allows to terminate the parsing before finding the double CRLF condition: when it finds an header line that **does not include the colon character**, it continues parsing with `state=false` looking for the header name till reaching the condition `else if (current == lf \u0026\u0026 (idx \u003e 0 \u0026\u0026 message(idx - 1) == cr))` that sets `complete=true` even if no `\\r\\n\\r\\n` is  found.\n```scala\nif (current == colon) {\n  state = true // set state to check for header value\n  name = new String(message, start, idx - start) // extract name string\n  start = idx + 1 // advance past colon for next start\n\n  // TODO: This if clause may not be necessary since the header value parser trims\n  if (message.size \u003e idx + 1 \u0026\u0026 message(idx + 1) == space) {\n    start += 1 // if colon is followed by space advance again\n    idx += 1 // double advance index here to skip the space\n  }\n  // double CRLF condition - Termination of headers\n} else if (current == lf \u0026\u0026 (idx \u003e 0 \u0026\u0026 message(idx - 1) == cr)) { // \u003c----- not a double CRLF check\n  complete = true // completed terminate loop\n}\n```\nThe remainder left in the buffer is then parsed as another request leading to HTTP Request Smuggling.\n\n### PoC\n\nStart a simple webserver that echoes the received requests:\n```scala\nimport cats.effect._\nimport cats.implicits._\nimport org.http4s._\nimport org.http4s.dsl.io._\nimport org.http4s.ember.server.EmberServerBuilder\nimport org.http4s.server.Router\nimport org.http4s.server.middleware.RequestLogger\nimport org.typelevel.log4cats.LoggerFactory\nimport org.typelevel.log4cats.slf4j.Slf4jFactory\nimport com.comcast.ip4s._\n\nobject ExploitServer extends IOApp {\n\n  implicit val loggerFactory: LoggerFactory[IO] = Slf4jFactory.create[IO]\n\n  val echoService: HttpRoutes[IO] = HttpRoutes.of[IO] {\n    case req @ _ =\u003e\n      for {\n        bodyStr \u003c- req.bodyText.compile.string\n        method = req.method.name\n        uri = req.uri.toString()\n        version = req.httpVersion.toString\n        headers = req.headers.headers.map { header =\u003e\n          s\"${header.name.toString.toLowerCase}: ${header.value}\"\n        }.mkString(\"\\n\")\n        \n        responseText = s\"\"\"$method $uri $version\n$headers\n\n$bodyStr\n\n\"\"\"\n        result \u003c- Ok(responseText)\n      } yield result\n  }\n\n  val httpApp = RequestLogger.httpApp(logHeaders = true, logBody = true)(\n    Router(\"/\" -\u003e echoService).orNotFound\n  )\n\n  override def run(args: List[String]): IO[ExitCode] = {\n    EmberServerBuilder\n      .default[IO]\n      .withHost(ipv4\"0.0.0.0\")\n      .withPort(port\"8080\")\n      .withHttpApp(httpApp)\n      .build\n      .use { server =\u003e\n        IO.println(s\"Server started at http://0.0.0.0:8080\") \u003e\u003e IO.never\n      }\n      .as(ExitCode.Success)\n  }\n}\n```\n\n`build.sbt`\n```\nThisBuild / scalaVersion := \"2.13.15\"\n\nval http4sVersion = \"0.23.30\"\n\nlazy val root = (project in file(\".\"))\n  .settings(\n    name := \"http4s-echo-server\",\n    libraryDependencies ++= Seq(\n      \"org.http4s\" %% \"http4s-ember-server\" % http4sVersion,\n      \"org.http4s\" %% \"http4s-dsl\" % http4sVersion,\n      \"org.http4s\" %% \"http4s-circe\" % http4sVersion,\n      \"ch.qos.logback\" % \"logback-classic\" % \"1.4.11\",\n      \"org.typelevel\" %% \"log4cats-slf4j\" % \"2.6.0\",\n    )\n  )\n```\n\nSend the following request:\n```http\nPOST / HTTP/1.1\nHost: localhost\nTransfer-Encoding: chunked\n\n2\naa\n0\nTest: smuggling\na\nGET /admin HTTP/1.1\nHost: localhost\n\n```\n\nYou can do that with the following command:\n`printf \u0027POST / HTTP/1.1\\r\\nHost: localhost\\r\\nTransfer-Encoding: chunked\\r\\n\\r\\n2\\r\\naa\\r\\n0\\r\\nTest: smuggling\\r\\na\\r\\nGET /admin HTTP/1.1\\r\\nHost: localhost\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0027 | nc localhost 8080`\n\nYou will see that the request is interpreted as two separate requests\n```\n16:18:02.015 [io-compute-19] INFO org.http4s.server.middleware.RequestLogger -- HTTP/1.1 POST / Headers(Host: localhost, Transfer-Encoding: chunked) body=\"aa\"\n16:18:02.027 [io-compute-19] INFO org.http4s.server.middleware.RequestLogger -- HTTP/1.1 GET /admin Headers(Host: localhost)\n```",
  "id": "GHSA-wcwh-7gfw-5wrr",
  "modified": "2025-10-13T15:20:21Z",
  "published": "2025-09-23T17:37:23Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/http4s/http4s/security/advisories/GHSA-wcwh-7gfw-5wrr"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-59822"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/http4s/http4s/commit/dd518f7c967e5165813b8d4a48a82b8fab852d41"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/http4s/http4s"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Http4s vulnerable to HTTP Request Smuggling due to improper handling of HTTP trailer section"
}

GHSA-WFXR-5R9H-MPVW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-11 21:31 – Updated: 2025-07-30 15:35
VLAI
Details

An HTTP Request Smuggling vulnerability in Looker allowed an unauthorized attacker to capture HTTP responses destined for legitimate users.

There are two Looker versions that are hosted by Looker:

  • Looker (Google Cloud core) was found to be vulnerable. This issue has already been mitigated and our investigation has found no signs of exploitation.
  • Looker (original) was not vulnerable to this issue.

Customer-hosted Looker instances were found to be vulnerable and must be upgraded.

This vulnerability has been patched in all supported versions of customer-hosted Looker, which are available on the Looker download page https://download.looker.com/ .

For Looker customer-hosted instances, please update to the latest supported version of Looker as soon as possible. The versions below have all been updated to protect from this vulnerability. You can download these versions at the Looker download page:

  • 23.12 -> 23.12.123+
  • 23.18 -> 23.18.117+
  • 24.0 -> 24.0.92+
  • 24.6 -> 24.6.77+
  • 24.8 -> 24.8.66+
  • 24.10 -> 24.10.78+
  • 24.12 -> 24.12.56+
  • 24.14 -> 24.14.37+
Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
8.9 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:N/SA:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-8912"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-444"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-10-11T19:15:11Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An HTTP Request Smuggling vulnerability in Looker allowed an unauthorized attacker to capture HTTP responses destined for legitimate users.\n\nThere are two Looker versions that are hosted by Looker:\n\n  *  Looker (Google Cloud core) was found to be vulnerable. This issue has already been mitigated and our investigation has found no signs of exploitation.\n  *  Looker (original) was not vulnerable to this issue.\n\n\nCustomer-hosted Looker instances were found to be vulnerable and must be upgraded.\n\nThis vulnerability has been patched in all supported versions of customer-hosted Looker, which are available on the  Looker download page https://download.looker.com/ .\n\nFor Looker customer-hosted instances, please update to the latest supported version of Looker as soon as possible. The versions below have all been updated to protect from this vulnerability. You can download these versions at the Looker download page:\n\n  *  23.12 -\u003e 23.12.123+\n  *  23.18 -\u003e 23.18.117+\n  *  24.0 -\u003e 24.0.92+\n  *  24.6 -\u003e 24.6.77+\n  *  24.8 -\u003e 24.8.66+\n  *  24.10 -\u003e 24.10.78+\n  *  24.12 -\u003e 24.12.56+\n  *  24.14 -\u003e 24.14.37+",
  "id": "GHSA-wfxr-5r9h-mpvw",
  "modified": "2025-07-30T15:35:50Z",
  "published": "2024-10-11T21:31:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-8912"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cloud.google.com/looker/docs/best-practices/security-bulletin-09-16-24"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-WGC8-C98W-8FVH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:38 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:38
VLAI
Details

ATS negative cache option is vulnerable to a cache poisoning attack. If you have this option enabled, please upgrade or disable this feature. Apache Traffic Server versions 7.0.0 to 7.1.11 and 8.0.0 to 8.1.0 are affected.

Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-17509"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-444"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-01-11T10:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "ATS negative cache option is vulnerable to a cache poisoning attack. If you have this option enabled, please upgrade or disable this feature. Apache Traffic Server versions 7.0.0 to 7.1.11 and 8.0.0 to 8.1.0 are affected.",
  "id": "GHSA-wgc8-c98w-8fvh",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:38:29Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:38:29Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-17509"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/raa9f0589c26c4d146646425e51e2a33e1457492df9f7ea2019daa6d3%40%3Cannounce.trafficserver.apache.org%3E"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-WHHQ-69JF-G65H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:01 – Updated: 2022-05-14 02:01
VLAI
Details

There are multiple HTTP smuggling and cache poisoning issues when clients making malicious requests interact with Apache Traffic Server (ATS). This affects versions 6.0.0 to 6.2.2 and 7.0.0 to 7.1.3. To resolve this issue users running 6.x should upgrade to 6.2.3 or later versions and 7.x users should upgrade to 7.1.4 or later versions.

Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-8004"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-444"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-08-29T13:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "There are multiple HTTP smuggling and cache poisoning issues when clients making malicious requests interact with Apache Traffic Server (ATS). This affects versions 6.0.0 to 6.2.2 and 7.0.0 to 7.1.3. To resolve this issue users running 6.x should upgrade to 6.2.3 or later versions and 7.x users should upgrade to 7.1.4 or later versions.",
  "id": "GHSA-whhq-69jf-g65h",
  "modified": "2022-05-14T02:01:19Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T02:01:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-8004"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/trafficserver/pull/3192"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/trafficserver/pull/3201"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/trafficserver/pull/3231"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/trafficserver/pull/3251"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/7df882eb09029a4460768a61f88a30c9c30c9dc88e9bcc6e19ba24d5@%3Cusers.trafficserver.apache.org%3E"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2018/dsa-4282"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/105192"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-WM2M-XRRP-J74C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-06-18 18:31 – Updated: 2024-10-07 15:08
VLAI
Summary
HTTP Request Smuggling in netius
Details

netius prior to 1.17.58 is vulnerable to HTTP Request Smuggling. HTTP pipelining issues and request smuggling attacks might be possible due to incorrect Transfer encoding header parsing which could allow for CL:TE or TE:TE attacks.

Severity
6.1 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "netius"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.17.58"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-7655"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-444"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2021-05-14T21:29:08Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-05-21T15:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "netius prior to 1.17.58 is vulnerable to HTTP Request Smuggling. HTTP pipelining issues and request smuggling attacks might be possible due to incorrect Transfer encoding header parsing which could allow for CL:TE or TE:TE attacks.",
  "id": "GHSA-wm2m-xrrp-j74c",
  "modified": "2024-10-07T15:08:10Z",
  "published": "2021-06-18T18:31:40Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-7655"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/hivesolutions/netius/commit/9830881ef68328f8ea9c7901db1d11690677e7d1"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-wm2m-xrrp-j74c"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/hivesolutions/netius"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/netius/PYSEC-2020-242.yaml"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-PYTHON-NETIUS-569141"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "HTTP Request Smuggling in netius"
}
Mitigation
Implementation

Use a web server that employs a strict HTTP parsing procedure, such as Apache [REF-433].

Mitigation
Implementation

Use only SSL communication.

Mitigation
Implementation

Terminate the client session after each request.

Mitigation
System Configuration

Turn all pages to non-cacheable.

CAPEC-273: HTTP Response Smuggling

An adversary manipulates and injects malicious content in the form of secret unauthorized HTTP responses, into a single HTTP response from a vulnerable or compromised back-end HTTP agent (e.g., server).

See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.

CAPEC-33: HTTP Request Smuggling

An adversary abuses the flexibility and discrepancies in the parsing and interpretation of HTTP Request messages using various HTTP headers, request-line and body parameters as well as message sizes (denoted by the end of message signaled by a given HTTP header) by different intermediary HTTP agents (e.g., load balancer, reverse proxy, web caching proxies, application firewalls, etc.) to secretly send unauthorized and malicious HTTP requests to a back-end HTTP agent (e.g., web server).

See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.

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