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Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-444

Allowed

Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product acts as an intermediary HTTP agent (such as a proxy or firewall) in the data flow between two entities such as a client and server, but it does not interpret malformed HTTP requests or responses in ways that are consistent with how the messages will be processed by those entities that are at the ultimate destination.

627 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2025-12874 (GCVE-0-2025-12874)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-19 19:36 – Updated: 2025-12-19 19:51
VLAI
Title
HTTP Request Smuggling in Quest Coexistence Manager for Notes
Summary
Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling') vulnerability in Quest Coexistence Manager for Notes (Free/Busy Connector modules) allows HTTP Request Smuggling via the Content-Length-Transfer-Encoding (CL.TE) attack vector. This could allow an attacker to bypass access controls, poison web caches, hijack sessions, or trigger unintended internal requests. This issue affects Coexistence Manager for Notes 3.8.2045. Other versions may also be affected.
Severity
6.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/U:Clear
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-12-19 19:50 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Quest Coexistence Manager for Notes Affected: 3.8.2045
    cpe:2.3:a:quest:coexistence_manager_for_notes:3.8.2045:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-12-19 19:00
Credits
Cam Lischke (SRA)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-12811 (GCVE-0-2025-12811)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-18 22:08 – Updated: 2026-02-19 16:04
VLAI
Title
Cloud Suite and Privilege Access Service– HTTP request smuggling vulnerability
Summary
Improper Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request Smuggling') in Delinea Inc. Cloud Suite and Privileged Access Service. If you're not using the latest Server Suite agents, this fix requires that you upgrade to Server Suite 2023.1 (agent 6.0.1) or later. * If you cannot upgrade to Release 2023.1 (agent version 6.0.1) or later, you can choose one of the following versions: * Server Suite release 2023.0.5 (agent version 6.0.0-158) * Server Suite release 2022.1.10 (agent version 5.9.1-337)
Severity
6.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-02-19 16:02 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Delinea Inc. Cloud Suite and Privileged Access Service Unaffected: 25.1 HF5
Affected: 25.1 HF4 and earlier
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Dawid Dudek
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-12642 (GCVE-0-2025-12642)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-03 19:36 – Updated: 2025-11-03 19:44
VLAI
Title
HTTP Header Smuggling via Trailer Merge
Summary
lighttpd1.4.80 incorrectly merged trailer fields into headers after http request parsing. This behavior can be exploited to conduct HTTP Header Smuggling attacks. Successful exploitation may allow an attacker to: * Bypass access control rules * Inject unsafe input into backend logic that trusts request headers * Execute HTTP Request Smuggling attacks under some conditions This issue affects lighttpd1.4.80
Severity
6.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-11-03 19:43 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
lighttpd lighttpd Affected: 1.4.80 , < 1.4.81 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:lighttpd:lighttpd:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Sebastiano Sartor <@sebsrt>
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-11915 (GCVE-0-2025-11915)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-22 09:13 – Updated: 2025-10-23 09:23 Exclusively Hosted Service
VLAI
Title
HTTP Desynchronisation in Vertex AI for certain third-party models
Summary
Connection desynchronization between an HTTP proxy and the model backend. The fixes were rolled out for all proxies in front of impacted models by 2025-09-28. Users do not need to take any action.
Severity
6.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:L/SC:L/SI:N/SA:L/U:Clear
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-10-22 13:54 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-6999 (GCVE-0-2025-6999)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-15 21:17 – Updated: 2026-08-10 15:26
VLAI
Title
WatchGuard Firebox Authentication Portal Request Smuggling Vulnerability
Summary
An HTTP Request Smuggling [CWE-444] vulnerability in the Authentication portal of WatchGuard Fireware OS allows a remote attacker to evade request parameter sanitation and perform a reflected self-Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attack. WatchGuard does not believe there is a practical exploit chain with a meaningful security impact for this vulnerability.
Severity
6.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-09-16 15:21 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
WatchGuard Fireware OS Affected: 12.0 , < 12.11.3 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:watchguard:fireware_os:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-09-15 21:17
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-6442 (GCVE-0-2025-6442)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-25 16:52 – Updated: 2025-06-25 20:42
VLAI
Title
Ruby WEBrick read_header HTTP Request Smuggling Vulnerability
Summary
Ruby WEBrick read_header HTTP Request Smuggling Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to smuggle arbitrary HTTP requests on affected installations of Ruby WEBrick. This issue is exploitable when the product is deployed behind an HTTP proxy that fulfills specific conditions. The specific flaw exists within the read_headers method. The issue results from the inconsistent parsing of terminators of HTTP headers. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to smuggle arbitrary HTTP requests. Was ZDI-CAN-21876.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-06-25 20:41 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Ruby WEBrick Affected: 1.8.1
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-06-23 14:00
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-4600 (GCVE-0-2025-4600)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-16 13:47 – Updated: 2025-09-08 09:48 Exclusively Hosted Service
VLAI
Title
HTTP Request Smuggling in Google Cloud Classic Application Load Balancer due to Improper Chunked Encoding Validation
Summary
A request smuggling vulnerability existed in the Google Cloud Classic Application Load Balancer due to improper handling of chunked-encoded HTTP requests. This allowed attackers to craft requests that could be misinterpreted by backend servers. The issue was fixed by disallowing stray data after a chunk, and is no longer exploitable. No action is required as Classic Application Load Balancer service after 2025-04-26 is not vulnerable.
Severity
8.7 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-05-16 14:54 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Credits
Jeppe Bonde Weikop
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-4366 (GCVE-0-2025-4366)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-22 15:50 – Updated: 2025-06-18 13:46
VLAI
Title
Request Smuggling Vulnerability in Pingora
Summary
A request smuggling vulnerability identified within Pingora’s proxying framework, pingora-proxy, allows malicious HTTP requests to be injected via manipulated request bodies on cache HITs, leading to unauthorized request execution and potential cache poisoning. Fixed in:  https://github.com/cloudflare/pingora/commit/fda3317ec822678564d641e7cf1c9b77ee3759ff https://github.com/cloudflare/pingora/commit/fda3317ec822678564d641e7cf1c9b77ee3759ff Impact: The issue could lead to request smuggling in cases where Pingora’s proxying framework, pingora-proxy, is used for caching allowing an attacker to manipulate headers and URLs in subsequent requests made on the same HTTP/1.1 connection.
Severity
7.4 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-05-22 18:30 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Affected: 0 , < 0.5.0 (git)
Date Public
2025-05-22 15:11
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-3110 (GCVE-0-2025-3110)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-08 16:19 – Updated: 2026-07-08 16:30
VLAI
Summary
OpenVPN Access Server 2.7.2 through 3.1.0 accepts bare line-feed sequences inside HTTP header values, allowing remote attackers to perform HTTP request smuggling when deployed behind a reverse proxy
Severity
6.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-08 16:29 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-444 - Inconsistent interpretation of HTTP requests ('HTTP Request/Response smuggling')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
OpenVPN Access Server Affected: 2.7.2 , ≤ 3.1.0 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-1867 (GCVE-0-2025-1867)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-03-03 08:48 – Updated: 2025-03-03 16:32
VLAI
Title
HTTP Response Smuggling Vulnerability in libhv
Summary
Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling') vulnerability in ithewei libhv allows HTTP Response Smuggling.This issue affects libhv: through 1.3.3.
Severity
10 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-03-03 16:32 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
ithewei libhv Affected: 0 , ≤ 1.3.3 (git)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-03-03 08:46
Credits
TITAN Team (titancaproject@gmail.com)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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Mitigation
Implementation

Use a web server that employs a strict HTTP parsing procedure, such as Apache [REF-433].

Mitigation
Implementation

Use only SSL communication.

Mitigation
Implementation

Terminate the client session after each request.

Mitigation
System Configuration

Turn all pages to non-cacheable.

CAPEC-273: HTTP Response Smuggling

An adversary manipulates and injects malicious content in the form of secret unauthorized HTTP responses, into a single HTTP response from a vulnerable or compromised back-end HTTP agent (e.g., server).

See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.

CAPEC-33: HTTP Request Smuggling

An adversary abuses the flexibility and discrepancies in the parsing and interpretation of HTTP Request messages using various HTTP headers, request-line and body parameters as well as message sizes (denoted by the end of message signaled by a given HTTP header) by different intermediary HTTP agents (e.g., load balancer, reverse proxy, web caching proxies, application firewalls, etc.) to secretly send unauthorized and malicious HTTP requests to a back-end HTTP agent (e.g., web server).

See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.

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