Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-444
AllowedInconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The product acts as an intermediary HTTP agent (such as a proxy or firewall) in the data flow between two entities such as a client and server, but it does not interpret malformed HTTP requests or responses in ways that are consistent with how the messages will be processed by those entities that are at the ultimate destination.
627 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2025-49826 (GCVE-0-2025-49826)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-03 21:03 – Updated: 2025-07-08 14:33
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Next.js DoS vulnerability via cache poisoning
Summary
Next.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. From versions 15.0.4-canary.51 to before 15.1.8, a cache poisoning bug leading to a Denial of Service (DoS) condition was found in Next.js. This issue does not impact customers hosted on Vercel. Under certain conditions, this issue may allow a HTTP 204 response to be cached for static pages, leading to the 204 response being served to all users attempting to access the page. This issue has been addressed in version 15.1.8.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-07-08 14:33 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/security/adviso… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/commit/a15b974e… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/releases/tag/v15.1.8 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://vercel.com/changelog/cve-2025-49826 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2025-49005 (GCVE-0-2025-49005)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-03 21:01 – Updated: 2025-07-08 14:34
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Next.js cache poisoning due to omission of Vary header
Summary
Next.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. In Next.js App Router from 15.3.0 to before 15.3.3 and Vercel CLI from 41.4.1 to 42.2.0, a cache poisoning vulnerability was found. The issue allowed page requests for HTML content to return a React Server Component (RSC) payload instead under certain conditions. When deployed to Vercel, this would only impact the browser cache, and would not lead to the CDN being poisoned. When self-hosted and deployed externally, this could lead to cache poisoning if the CDN does not properly distinguish between RSC / HTML in the cache keys. This issue has been resolved in Next.js 15.3.3.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-07-08 14:34 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/security/adviso… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/issues/79346 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/commit/ec202ecc… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/releases/tag/v15.3.3 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://vercel.com/changelog/cve-2025-49005 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2025-47905 (GCVE-0-2025-47905)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-13 00:00 – Updated: 2025-05-29 09:03
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Varnish Cache before 7.6.3 and 7.7 before 7.7.1, and Varnish Enterprise before 6.0.13r14, allow client-side desync via HTTP/1 requests, because the product incorrectly permits CRLF to be skipped to delimit chunk boundaries.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-05-14 14:15 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| varnish-software | Varnish Cache |
Affected:
0 , < 6.0.14 LTS
(custom)
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CVE-2025-43859 (GCVE-0-2025-43859)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-24 18:15 – Updated: 2025-04-24 19:02
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
h11 accepts some malformed Chunked-Encoding bodies
Summary
h11 is a Python implementation of HTTP/1.1. Prior to version 0.16.0, a leniency in h11's parsing of line terminators in chunked-coding message bodies can lead to request smuggling vulnerabilities under certain conditions. This issue has been patched in version 0.16.0. Since exploitation requires the combination of buggy h11 with a buggy (reverse) proxy, fixing either component is sufficient to mitigate this issue.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-04-24 19:02 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/python-hyper/h11/security/advi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/python-hyper/h11/commit/114803… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| python-hyper | h11 |
Affected:
< 0.16.0
|
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CVE-2025-41082 (GCVE-0-2025-41082)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-26 09:24 – Updated: 2026-01-26 13:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
HTTP Request/Response Smuggling in Altitude Communication Server
Summary
Illegal HTTP request traffic vulnerability (CL.0) in Altitude Communication Server, caused by inconsistent analysis of multiple HTTP requests over a single Keep-Alive connection using Content-Length headers. This can cause a desynchronization of requests between frontend and backend servers, which could allow request hiding, cache poisoning or security bypass.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-26 13:55 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Altitude | Altitude Communication Server |
Affected:
all versions
|
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CVE-2025-32094 (GCVE-0-2025-32094)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-07 00:00 – Updated: 2025-08-07 14:40
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
An issue was discovered in Akamai Ghost, as used for the Akamai CDN platform before 2025-03-26. Under certain circumstances, a client making an HTTP/1.x OPTIONS request with an "Expect: 100-continue" header, and using obsolete line folding, can lead to a discrepancy in how two in-path Akamai servers interpret the request, allowing an attacker to smuggle a second request in the original request body.
Severity
4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-08-07 14:39 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Akamai | AkamaiGhost |
Affected:
0 , < 2025-03-26
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:akamai:akamaighost:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2025-31958 (GCVE-0-2025-31958)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-21 13:59 – Updated: 2026-04-21 19:32
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
HCL BigFix Service Management (SM) is susceptible to HTTP Request Smuggling
Summary
HCL BigFix Service Management is susceptible to HTTP Request Smuggling. HTTP request smuggling vulnerabilities arise when websites route HTTP requests through web servers with inconsistent HTTP parsing. HTTP Smuggling exploits inconsistencies in request parsing between front-end and back-end servers, allowing attackers to bypass security controls and perform attacks like cache poisoning or request hijacking.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-21 19:32 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent interpretation of HTTP requests ('HTTP Request/Response smuggling')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| HCLSoftware | BigFix Service Management (SM) |
Affected:
23
|
Date Public
2026-04-20 13:55
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CVE-2025-31137 (GCVE-0-2025-31137)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-01 18:20 – Updated: 2025-04-02 15:11
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Remix and React Router allow URL manipulation via Host / X-Forwarded-Host headers
Summary
React Router is a multi-strategy router for React bridging the gap from React 18 to React 19. There is a vulnerability in Remix/React Router that affects all Remix 2 and React Router 7 consumers using the Express adapter. Basically, this vulnerability allows anyone to spoof the URL used in an incoming Request by putting a URL pathname in the port section of a URL that is part of a Host or X-Forwarded-Host header sent to a Remix/React Router request handler. This issue has been patched and released in Remix 2.16.3 and React Router 7.4.1.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-04-02 15:10 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/remix-run/react-router/securit… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| remix-run | react-router |
Affected:
>= 7.0.0, < 7.4.1
Affected: >= 2.11.1, < 2.16.3 |
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CVE-2025-30346 (GCVE-0-2025-30346)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-03-21 00:00 – Updated: 2025-04-03 13:05
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Varnish Cache before 7.6.2 and Varnish Enterprise before 6.0.13r10 allow client-side desync via HTTP/1 requests.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-03-21 14:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| varnish-software | Varnish Cache |
Affected:
7.5.0 , < 7.6.2
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:varnish-software:varnish_cache:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2025-14523 (GCVE-0-2025-14523)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-11 12:30 – Updated: 2026-06-29 20:30
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Libsoup: libsoup: duplicate host header handling causes host-parsing discrepancy (first- vs last-value wins)
Summary
A flaw in libsoup’s HTTP header handling allows multiple Host: headers in a request and returns the last occurrence for server-side processing. Common front proxies often honor the first Host: header, so this mismatch can cause vhost confusion where a proxy routes a request to one backend but the backend interprets it as destined for another host. This discrepancy enables request-smuggling style attacks, cache poisoning, or bypassing host-based access controls when an attacker supplies duplicate Host headers.
Severity
8.2 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-12-11 14:49 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
21 references
Impacted products
27 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10 |
Unaffected:
0:3.6.5-3.el10_1.8 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10.1 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10.0 Extended Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:3.6.5-3.el10_0.11 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux_eus:10.0 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Extended Lifecycle Support |
Unaffected:
0:2.62.2-10.el7_9 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_els:7 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
Unaffected:
0:2.62.3-11.el8_10 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:8::appstream cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8::baseos |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
Unaffected:
0:8.10-6.el8_10.1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:8::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.2 Advanced Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:2.62.3-1.el8_2.7 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.2::appstream cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_aus:8.2::baseos |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.2 Advanced Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:8.10-6.el8_2.1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.2::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Advanced Mission Critical Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:2.62.3-2.el8_4.7 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.4::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus_long_life:8.4::appstream cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_aus:8.4::baseos cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_eus_long_life:8.4::baseos |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Advanced Mission Critical Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:8.10-6.el8_4.1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.4::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus_long_life:8.4::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Extended Update Support Long-Life Add-On |
Unaffected:
0:2.62.3-2.el8_4.7 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.4::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus_long_life:8.4::appstream cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_aus:8.4::baseos cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_eus_long_life:8.4::baseos |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Extended Update Support Long-Life Add-On |
Unaffected:
0:8.10-6.el8_4.1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.4::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus_long_life:8.4::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Advanced Mission Critical Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:2.62.3-2.el8_6.7 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.6::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.6::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_tus:8.6::appstream cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_aus:8.6::baseos cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.6::baseos cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_tus:8.6::baseos |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Advanced Mission Critical Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:8.10-6.el8_6.1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.6::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.6::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_tus:8.6::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Telecommunications Update Service |
Unaffected:
0:2.62.3-2.el8_6.7 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.6::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.6::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_tus:8.6::appstream cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_aus:8.6::baseos cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.6::baseos cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_tus:8.6::baseos |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Telecommunications Update Service |
Unaffected:
0:8.10-6.el8_6.1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.6::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.6::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_tus:8.6::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Update Services for SAP Solutions |
Unaffected:
0:2.62.3-2.el8_6.7 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.6::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.6::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_tus:8.6::appstream cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_aus:8.6::baseos cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.6::baseos cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_tus:8.6::baseos |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Update Services for SAP Solutions |
Unaffected:
0:8.10-6.el8_6.1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.6::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.6::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_tus:8.6::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.8 Telecommunications Update Service |
Unaffected:
0:2.62.3-3.el8_8.7 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.8::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_tus:8.8::appstream cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.8::baseos cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_tus:8.8::baseos |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.8 Telecommunications Update Service |
Unaffected:
0:8.10-6.el8_8.1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.8::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_tus:8.8::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.8 Update Services for SAP Solutions |
Unaffected:
0:2.62.3-3.el8_8.7 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.8::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_tus:8.8::appstream cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.8::baseos cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_tus:8.8::baseos |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.8 Update Services for SAP Solutions |
Unaffected:
0:8.10-6.el8_8.1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.8::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_tus:8.8::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 |
Unaffected:
0:2.72.0-12.el9_7.3 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:9::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.0 Update Services for SAP Solutions |
Unaffected:
0:2.72.0-8.el9_0.8 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:9.0::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.2 Update Services for SAP Solutions |
Unaffected:
0:2.72.0-8.el9_2.8 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:9.2::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.4 Extended Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:2.72.0-8.el9_4.8 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus:9.4::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.6 Extended Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:2.72.0-10.el9_6.5 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus:9.6::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6
|
Date Public
2025-12-11 00:00
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Mitigation
Implementation
Use a web server that employs a strict HTTP parsing procedure, such as Apache [REF-433].
Mitigation
Implementation
Use only SSL communication.
Mitigation
Implementation
Terminate the client session after each request.
Mitigation
System Configuration
Turn all pages to non-cacheable.
CAPEC-273: HTTP Response Smuggling
An adversary manipulates and injects malicious content in the form of secret unauthorized HTTP responses, into a single HTTP response from a vulnerable or compromised back-end HTTP agent (e.g., server).
See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.
CAPEC-33: HTTP Request Smuggling
An adversary abuses the flexibility and discrepancies in the parsing and interpretation of HTTP Request messages using various HTTP headers, request-line and body parameters as well as message sizes (denoted by the end of message signaled by a given HTTP header) by different intermediary HTTP agents (e.g., load balancer, reverse proxy, web caching proxies, application firewalls, etc.) to secretly send unauthorized and malicious HTTP requests to a back-end HTTP agent (e.g., web server).
See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.