CWE-441
Allowed-with-ReviewUnintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product receives a request, message, or directive from an upstream component, but the product does not sufficiently preserve the original source of the request before forwarding the request to an external actor that is outside of the product's control sphere. This causes the product to appear to be the source of the request, leading it to act as a proxy or other intermediary between the upstream component and the external actor.
229 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-C6JR-FJV5-8XFV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-08 21:34 – Updated: 2026-09-10 15:32In onCreate of SlicePermissionActivity.java, there is a possible permission bypass due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-28614"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-441"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-08T19:17:53Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In onCreate of SlicePermissionActivity.java, there is a possible permission bypass due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
"id": "GHSA-c6jr-fjv5-8xfv",
"modified": "2026-09-10T15:32:59Z",
"published": "2026-09-08T21:34:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-28614"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/docs/security/bulletin/2026/2026-09-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CC8C-28GJ-PX38
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-15 18:30 – Updated: 2025-12-16 20:40A flaw was found in runtimes-inventory-rhel8-operator. An internal proxy component is incorrectly configured. Because of this flaw, the proxy attaches the cluster's main administrative credentials to any command it receives, instead of only the specific reports it is supposed to handle.
This allows a standard user within the cluster to send unauthorized commands to the management platform, effectively acting with the full permissions of the cluster administrator. This could lead to unauthorized changes to the cluster's configuration or status on the Red Hat platform.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/RedHatInsights/runtimes-inventory-operator"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "0.0.0-20251211184433-5123422abee1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-11393"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-441"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-12-16T20:40:12Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-15T17:15:51Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A flaw was found in runtimes-inventory-rhel8-operator. An internal proxy component is incorrectly configured. Because of this flaw, the proxy attaches the cluster\u0027s main administrative credentials to any command it receives, instead of only the specific reports it is supposed to handle.\n\nThis allows a standard user within the cluster to send unauthorized commands to the management platform, effectively acting with the full permissions of the cluster administrator. This could lead to unauthorized changes to the cluster\u0027s configuration or status on the Red Hat platform.",
"id": "GHSA-cc8c-28gj-px38",
"modified": "2025-12-16T20:40:12Z",
"published": "2025-12-15T18:30:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-11393"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:23236"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-11393"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2402032"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/RedHatInsights/runtimes-inventory-operator"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Misconfigured Internal Proxy in runtimes-inventory-rhel8-operator Grants Standard Users Full Cluster Administrator Access"
}
GHSA-CF4X-9JJ3-94W2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-04 21:31 – Updated: 2025-09-04 21:31In markMediaAsFavorite of MediaProvider.java, there is a possible way to bypass the WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE permission due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is needed for exploitation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-48532"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-441"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-04T19:15:39Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In markMediaAsFavorite of MediaProvider.java, there is a possible way to bypass the WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE permission due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is needed for exploitation.",
"id": "GHSA-cf4x-9jj3-94w2",
"modified": "2025-09-04T21:31:38Z",
"published": "2025-09-04T21:31:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-48532"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2025-09-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CHV5-WGPQ-794P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-15 21:31 – Updated: 2026-09-15 21:31In multiple files, there is a possible permission bypass due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-56992"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-441"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-15T19:17:30Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In multiple files, there is a possible permission bypass due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
"id": "GHSA-chv5-wgpq-794p",
"modified": "2026-09-15T21:31:18Z",
"published": "2026-09-15T21:31:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-56992"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/docs/security/bulletin/pixel/2026/2026-09-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CJW2-R57R-PWVF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-12 03:31 – Updated: 2026-08-27 06:31A flaw was found in multicloud-integrations, a component of Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management (RHACM). This vulnerability allows an authenticated user, referred to as a tenant, to manipulate the GitOpsCluster controller. By exploiting this, a tenant can redirect sensitive spoke cluster bearer tokens from secure locations to a namespace they control. This unauthorized access to tokens can lead to the disclosure of critical information and bypass security policies within ArgoCD AppProjects.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-70398"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-441"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-12T02:16:38Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A flaw was found in multicloud-integrations, a component of Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management (RHACM). This vulnerability allows an authenticated user, referred to as a tenant, to manipulate the GitOpsCluster controller. By exploiting this, a tenant can redirect sensitive spoke cluster bearer tokens from secure locations to a namespace they control. This unauthorized access to tokens can lead to the disclosure of critical information and bypass security policies within ArgoCD AppProjects.",
"id": "GHSA-cjw2-r57r-pwvf",
"modified": "2026-08-27T06:31:22Z",
"published": "2026-08-12T03:31:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-70398"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60386"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60387"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60388"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60389"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60390"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60391"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-70398"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2514228"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CPQR-C57W-R93W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-09 03:30 – Updated: 2026-09-09 15:35Confused deputy in DataTransfer in Google Chrome prior to 153.0.8010.36 allowed a remote attacker who had compromised the renderer process to potentially execute arbitrary code outside the sandbox via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-87582"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-441"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-09T01:17:16Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Confused deputy in DataTransfer in Google Chrome prior to 153.0.8010.36 allowed a remote attacker who had compromised the renderer process to potentially execute arbitrary code outside the sandbox via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Medium)",
"id": "GHSA-cpqr-c57w-r93w",
"modified": "2026-09-09T15:35:02Z",
"published": "2026-09-09T03:30:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-87582"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2026/09/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_0808145027.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/500094528"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CVJQ-R2QM-HR62
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-04 21:31 – Updated: 2025-09-05 18:31In getContextForResourcesEnsuringCorrectCachedApkPaths of RemoteViews.java, there is a possible way to load arbitrary java code in a privileged context due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is needed for exploitation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-22441"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-441"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-04T19:15:34Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In getContextForResourcesEnsuringCorrectCachedApkPaths of RemoteViews.java, there is a possible way to load arbitrary java code in a privileged context due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is needed for exploitation.",
"id": "GHSA-cvjq-r2qm-hr62",
"modified": "2025-09-05T18:31:19Z",
"published": "2025-09-04T21:31:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-22441"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2025-08-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-F2FW-QJC4-F8FW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-02 21:31 – Updated: 2026-03-06 06:30In multiple functions of MediaProvider.java, there is a possible external storage write permission bypass due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-48579"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-441"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-02T19:16:26Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In multiple functions of MediaProvider.java, there is a possible external storage write permission bypass due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
"id": "GHSA-f2fw-qjc4-f8fw",
"modified": "2026-03-06T06:30:29Z",
"published": "2026-03-02T21:31:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-48579"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/docs/security/bulletin/2026/2026-03-01"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2026-03-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-F85H-C7M6-CFPM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-26 06:30 – Updated: 2025-12-26 19:30Gitea before 1.22.2 sometimes mishandles the propagation of token scope for access control within one of its own package registries.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "code.gitea.io/gitea"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.22.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-68944"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-441"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-12-26T19:30:16Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-26T04:15:41Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Gitea before 1.22.2 sometimes mishandles the propagation of token scope for access control within one of its own package registries.",
"id": "GHSA-f85h-c7m6-cfpm",
"modified": "2025-12-26T19:30:16Z",
"published": "2025-12-26T06:30:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-68944"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/pull/31967"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blog.gitea.com/release-of-1.22.2"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/releases/tag/v1.22.2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Gitea sometimes mishandles propagation of token scope for access control within one of its own package registries"
}
GHSA-FFJ5-38P8-49HW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-15 21:31 – Updated: 2026-09-15 21:31In gmc_mb_msg_handler of gmc_mba.c, there is a possible memory corruption due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-56879"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-441"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-15T19:17:23Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In gmc_mb_msg_handler of gmc_mba.c, there is a possible memory corruption due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
"id": "GHSA-ffj5-38p8-49hw",
"modified": "2026-09-15T21:31:16Z",
"published": "2026-09-15T21:31:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-56879"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/docs/security/bulletin/pixel/2026/2026-09-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Enforce the use of strong mutual authentication mechanism between the two parties.
Mitigation
Whenever a product is an intermediary or proxy for transactions between two other components, the proxy core should not drop the identity of the initiator of the transaction. The immutability of the identity of the initiator must be maintained and should be forwarded all the way to the target.
CAPEC-219: XML Routing Detour Attacks
An attacker subverts an intermediate system used to process XML content and forces the intermediate to modify and/or re-route the processing of the content. XML Routing Detour Attacks are Adversary in the Middle type attacks (CAPEC-94). The attacker compromises or inserts an intermediate system in the processing of the XML message. For example, WS-Routing can be used to specify a series of nodes or intermediaries through which content is passed. If any of the intermediate nodes in this route are compromised by an attacker they could be used for a routing detour attack. From the compromised system the attacker is able to route the XML process to other nodes of their choice and modify the responses so that the normal chain of processing is unaware of the interception. This system can forward the message to an outside entity and hide the forwarding and processing from the legitimate processing systems by altering the header information.
CAPEC-465: Transparent Proxy Abuse
A transparent proxy serves as an intermediate between the client and the internet at large. It intercepts all requests originating from the client and forwards them to the correct location. The proxy also intercepts all responses to the client and forwards these to the client. All of this is done in a manner transparent to the client.