Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-436
Allowed-with-ReviewInterpretation Conflict
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
Product A handles inputs or steps differently than Product B, which causes A to perform incorrect actions based on its perception of B's state.
243 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-33807 (GCVE-0-2026-33807)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-15 09:52 – Updated: 2026-04-15 13:09
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
@fastify/express vulnerable to middleware path doubling causing authentication bypass in child plugin scopes
Summary
@fastify/express v4.0.4 and earlier contains a path handling bug in the onRegister function that causes middleware paths to be doubled when inherited by child plugins. When a child plugin is registered with a prefix that matches a middleware path, the middleware path is prefixed a second time, causing it to never match incoming requests. This results in complete bypass of Express middleware security controls, including authentication, authorization, and rate limiting, for all routes defined within affected child plugin scopes. No special configuration or request crafting is required.
Upgrade to @fastify/express v4.0.5 or later.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-15 13:09 UTC
CWE
- CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| fastify | @fastify/express |
Affected:
0 , < 4.0.5
(semver)
Unaffected: 4.0.5 (semver) |
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CVE-2026-33804 (GCVE-0-2026-33804)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-16 13:56 – Updated: 2026-04-16 14:41
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
@fastify/middie vulnerable to middleware bypass via deprecated ignoreDuplicateSlashes option
Summary
@fastify/middie versions 9.3.1 and earlier are vulnerable to middleware bypass when the deprecated Fastify ignoreDuplicateSlashes option is enabled. The middleware path matching logic does not account for duplicate slash normalization performed by Fastify's router, allowing requests with duplicate slashes to bypass middleware authentication and authorization checks. This only affects applications using the deprecated ignoreDuplicateSlashes option. Upgrade to @fastify/middie 9.3.2 to fix this issue. There are no workarounds other than disabling the ignoreDuplicateSlashes option.
Severity
7.4 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-16 14:41 UTC
CWE
- CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| @fastify/middie | @fastify/middie |
Affected:
0 , < 9.3.2
(semver)
Unaffected: 9.3.2 (semver) |
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CVE-2026-32766 (GCVE-0-2026-32766)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-20 00:07 – Updated: 2026-03-20 18:09
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
astral-tokio-tar insufficiently validates PAX extensions during extraction
Summary
astral-tokio-tar is a tar archive reading/writing library for async Rust. In versions 0.5.6 and earlier, malformed PAX extensions were silently skipped when parsing tar archives. This silent skipping (rather than rejection) of invalid PAX extensions could be used as a building block for a parser differential, for example by silently skipping a malformed GNU “long link” extension so that a subsequent parser would misinterpret the extension. In practice, exploiting this behavior in astral-tokio-tar requires a secondary misbehaving tar parser, i.e. one that insufficiently validates malformed PAX extensions and interprets them rather than skipping or erroring on them. This vulnerability is considered low-severity as it requires a separate vulnerability against any unrelated tar parser. This issue has been fixed in version 0.6.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-20 16:56 UTC
CWE
- CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Assigner
References
2 references
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CVE-2026-32762 (GCVE-0-2026-32762)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-02 17:06 – Updated: 2026-04-02 17:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Rack: Forwarded Header semicolon injection enables Host and Scheme spoofing
Summary
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. From versions 3.0.0.beta1 to before 3.1.21 and 3.2.0 to before 3.2.6, Rack::Utils.forwarded_values parses the RFC 7239 Forwarded header by splitting on semicolons before handling quoted-string values. Because quoted values may legally contain semicolons, a header can be interpreted by Rack as multiple Forwarded directives rather than as a single quoted for value. In deployments where an upstream proxy, WAF, or intermediary validates or preserves quoted Forwarded values differently, this discrepancy can allow an attacker to smuggle host, proto, for, or by parameters through a single header value. This issue has been patched in versions 3.1.21 and 3.2.6.
Severity
4.8 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-02 17:42 UTC
CWE
- CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/rack/rack/security/advisories/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-32065 (GCVE-0-2026-32065)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-21 00:42 – Updated: 2026-06-23 16:15 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.2.25 - Approval Identity Mismatch in system.run Command Execution
Summary
OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.2.25 contain an approval-integrity bypass vulnerability in system.run where rendered command text is used as approval identity while trimming argv token whitespace, but runtime execution uses raw argv. An attacker can craft a trailing-space executable token to execute a different binary than what the approver displayed, allowing unexpected command execution under the OpenClaw runtime user when they can influence command argv and reuse an approval context.
Severity
4.8 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-21 03:38 UTC
CWE
- CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/adv… | vendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/03e68… | patch |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-app… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-02-26 00:00
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CVE-2026-32052 (GCVE-0-2026-32052)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-21 00:42 – Updated: 2026-06-23 16:15 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.2.24 - Hidden Command Execution via Shell-Wrapper Positional argv Carriers
Summary
OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.2.24 contain a command injection vulnerability in the system.run shell-wrapper that allows attackers to execute hidden commands by injecting positional argv carriers after inline shell payloads. Attackers can craft misleading approval text while executing arbitrary commands through trailing positional arguments that bypass display context validation.
Severity
6.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-23 16:44 UTC
CWE
- CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/adv… | vendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/0f0a6… | patch |
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/55cf9… | patch |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-hid… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-02-25 00:00
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CVE-2026-30246 (GCVE-0-2026-30246)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-05 12:40 – Updated: 2026-05-05 15:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
github.com/gofiber/fiber/v3 cache middleware can mix responses across query parameters
Summary
Fiber is a web framework for Go. In github.com/gofiber/fiber/v3 versions through 3.1.0, the default key generator in the cache middleware uses only the request path and does not include the query string. As a result, requests for the same path with different query parameters can share a cache key and receive the wrong cached response. This can cause response mix-up for query-dependent endpoints and may expose data intended for a different request. This issue is fixed after version 3.1.0.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-05 15:03 UTC
CWE
- CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/gofiber/fiber/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/gofiber/fiber/blob/main/middle… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/gofiber/fiber/blob/main/middle… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-27896 (GCVE-0-2026-27896)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-26 00:47 – Updated: 2026-07-15 01:12
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MCP Go SDK Vulnerable to Improper Handling of Case Sensitivity
Summary
The Go MCP SDK used Go's standard encoding/json.Unmarshal for JSON-RPC and MCP protocol message parsing in versions prior to 1.3.1. Go's standard library performs case-insensitive matching of JSON keys to struct field tags — a field tagged json:"method" would also match "Method", "METHOD", etc. This violated the JSON-RPC 2.0 specification, which defines exact field names. A malicious MCP peer may have been able to send protocol messages with non-standard field casing that the SDK would silently accept. This had the potential for bypassing intermediary inspection and coss-implementation inconsistency. Go's standard JSON unmarshaling was replaced with a case-sensitive decoder in commit 7b8d81c. Users are advised to update to v1.3.1 to resolve this issue.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-02-26 17:06 UTC
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/go-sdk/se… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/go-sdk/co… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-27896 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2442903 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/v… | x_sadp-csaf-vex |
Impacted products
5 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| modelcontextprotocol | go-sdk |
Affected:
< 1.3.1
|
|
| Red Hat | Migration Toolkit for Virtualization |
cpe:/a:redhat:migration_toolkit_virtualization:2
|
|
| Red Hat | OpenShift Lightspeed |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_lightspeed
|
|
| Red Hat | OpenShift Serverless |
cpe:/a:redhat:serverless:1
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI (RHOAI) |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai
|
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CVE-2026-27444 (GCVE-0-2026-27444)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-04 08:47 – Updated: 2026-03-04 19:28
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Header Email Address Parsing
Summary
SEPPmail Secure Email Gateway before version 15.0.1 incorrectly interprets email addresses in the email headers, causing an interpretation conflict with other mail infrastructure that allows an attacker to fake the source of the email or decrypt it.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-04 19:28 UTC
CWE
- CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://downloads.seppmail.com/extrelnotes/150/ER… | release-notes |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SEPPmail | Secure Email Gateway |
Affected:
0 , < 15.0.1
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:seppmail:seppmail_secure_email_gateway:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-26961 (GCVE-0-2026-26961)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-02 16:42 – Updated: 2026-04-03 17:58
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Rack: Multipart Boundary Parsing Ambiguity allowing WAF Bypass
Summary
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to versions 2.2.23, 3.1.21, and 3.2.6, Rack::Multipart::Parser extracts the boundary parameter from multipart/form-data using a greedy regular expression. When a Content-Type header contains multiple boundary parameters, Rack selects the last one rather than the first. In deployments where an upstream proxy, WAF, or intermediary interprets the first boundary parameter, this mismatch can allow an attacker to smuggle multipart content past upstream inspection and have Rack parse a different body structure than the intermediary validated. This issue has been patched in versions 2.2.23, 3.1.21, and 3.2.6.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-03 17:57 UTC
CWE
- CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/rack/rack/security/advisories/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
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No mitigation information available for this CWE.
CAPEC-105: HTTP Request Splitting
An adversary abuses the flexibility and discrepancies in the parsing and interpretation of HTTP Request messages by different intermediary HTTP agents (e.g., load balancer, reverse proxy, web caching proxies, application firewalls, etc.) to split a single HTTP request into multiple unauthorized and malicious HTTP requests to a back-end HTTP agent (e.g., web server).
See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.
CAPEC-273: HTTP Response Smuggling
An adversary manipulates and injects malicious content in the form of secret unauthorized HTTP responses, into a single HTTP response from a vulnerable or compromised back-end HTTP agent (e.g., server).
See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.
CAPEC-34: HTTP Response Splitting
An adversary manipulates and injects malicious content, in the form of secret unauthorized HTTP responses, into a single HTTP response from a vulnerable or compromised back-end HTTP agent (e.g., web server) or into an already spoofed HTTP response from an adversary controlled domain/site.
See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.