CWE-434
AllowedUnrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product allows the upload or transfer of dangerous file types that are automatically processed within its environment.
5972 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-QH4V-M96R-M4C6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-11 18:31 – Updated: 2023-07-11 18:31A vulnerability was found in Suncreate Mountain Flood Disaster Prevention Monitoring and Early Warning System up to 20230704. It has been rated as critical. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the file /Duty/AjaxHandle/UploadHandler.ashx of the component Duty Module. The manipulation of the argument Filedata leads to unrestricted upload. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-233576. NOTE: The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-3623"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-07-11T17:15:13Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in Suncreate Mountain Flood Disaster Prevention Monitoring and Early Warning System up to 20230704. It has been rated as critical. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the file /Duty/AjaxHandle/UploadHandler.ashx of the component Duty Module. The manipulation of the argument Filedata leads to unrestricted upload. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-233576. NOTE: The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-qh4v-m96r-m4c6",
"modified": "2023-07-11T18:31:23Z",
"published": "2023-07-11T18:31:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-3623"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/luoshaokai/cve/blob/main/one.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.233576"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.233576"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QH53-M7CX-VGCP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-05 06:30 – Updated: 2025-06-05 06:30The WP User Frontend Pro plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary file uploads due to missing file type validation in the upload_files() function in all versions up to, and including, 4.1.3. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to upload arbitrary files on the affected site's server which may make remote code execution possible. Please note that this requires the 'Private Message' module to be enabled and the Business version of the PRO software to be in use.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-3054"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-05T06:15:25Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The WP User Frontend Pro plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary file uploads due to missing file type validation in the upload_files() function in all versions up to, and including, 4.1.3. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to upload arbitrary files on the affected site\u0027s server which may make remote code execution possible. Please note that this requires the \u0027Private Message\u0027 module to be enabled and the Business version of the PRO software to be in use.",
"id": "GHSA-qh53-m7cx-vgcp",
"modified": "2025-06-05T06:30:27Z",
"published": "2025-06-05T06:30:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-3054"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://headwayapp.co/wp-user-frontend-changelog"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/989f0e0b-8a57-4435-95b0-21fec215112d?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QHC2-3CG3-6XHG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:12 – Updated: 2022-05-17 00:12** DISPUTED ** October CMS through 1.0.428 does not prevent use of .htaccess in themes, which allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary PHP code by downloading a theme ZIP archive from /backend/cms/themes, and then uploading and importing a modified archive with two new files: a .php file and a .htaccess file. NOTE: the vendor says "I don't think [an attacker able to login to the system under an account that has access to manage/upload themes] is a threat model that we need to be considering."
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-16941"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-11-25T05:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "** DISPUTED ** October CMS through 1.0.428 does not prevent use of .htaccess in themes, which allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary PHP code by downloading a theme ZIP archive from /backend/cms/themes, and then uploading and importing a modified archive with two new files: a .php file and a .htaccess file. NOTE: the vendor says \"I don\u0027t think [an attacker able to login to the system under an account that has access to manage/upload themes] is a threat model that we need to be considering.\"",
"id": "GHSA-qhc2-3cg3-6xhg",
"modified": "2022-05-17T00:12:15Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T00:12:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-16941"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/octobercms/october/issues/3257"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QHJ9-JQQ3-357Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-13 12:30 – Updated: 2023-12-13 12:30An unrestricted file upload vulnerability has been identified in Repbox, which allows an attacker to upload malicious files via the transforamationfileupload function, due to the lack of proper file type validation controls, resulting in a full system compromise.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-6723"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-13T11:15:08Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An unrestricted file upload vulnerability has been identified in Repbox, which allows an attacker to upload malicious files via the transforamationfileupload function, due to the lack of proper file type validation controls, resulting in a full system compromise.",
"id": "GHSA-qhj9-jqq3-357q",
"modified": "2023-12-13T12:30:44Z",
"published": "2023-12-13T12:30:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-6723"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.incibe.es/en/incibe-cert/notices/aviso/multiple-vulnerabilities-repox"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QHRH-2828-H98H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-19 00:31 – Updated: 2024-08-19 00:31A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, has been found in DouPHP 1.7 Release 20220822. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the file /admin/system.php of the component Favicon Handler. The manipulation of the argument site_favicon leads to unrestricted upload. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-7917"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-18T23:15:04Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, has been found in DouPHP 1.7 Release 20220822. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the file /admin/system.php of the component Favicon Handler. The manipulation of the argument site_favicon leads to unrestricted upload. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.",
"id": "GHSA-qhrh-2828-h98h",
"modified": "2024-08-19T00:31:09Z",
"published": "2024-08-19T00:31:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-7917"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.275042"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.275042"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.389296"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wiki.shikangsi.com/post/share/5de742ae-e5e6-48ed-876b-dca7e74813cb"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-QHW3-V22J-58J7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:59 – Updated: 2022-05-14 02:59manager/editor/upload.php in joyplus-cms 1.6.0 allows arbitrary file upload because detection of a prohibited file extension simply sets the $errm value, and does not otherwise alter the flow of control. Consequently, one can upload and execute a .php file, a similar issue to CVE-2018-8766.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-14334"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-07-17T02:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "manager/editor/upload.php in joyplus-cms 1.6.0 allows arbitrary file upload because detection of a prohibited file extension simply sets the $errm value, and does not otherwise alter the flow of control. Consequently, one can upload and execute a .php file, a similar issue to CVE-2018-8766.",
"id": "GHSA-qhw3-v22j-58j7",
"modified": "2022-05-14T02:59:17Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T02:59:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-14334"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/joyplus/joyplus-cms/issues/428"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QJ57-GM77-M65M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-09-29 21:30 – Updated: 2023-09-29 21:30A vulnerability classified as critical has been found in SourceCodester Engineers Online Portal 1.0. Affected is an unknown function of the file upload_save_student.php. The manipulation of the argument uploaded_file leads to unrestricted upload. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-240912.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-5284"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-09-29T20:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability classified as critical has been found in SourceCodester Engineers Online Portal 1.0. Affected is an unknown function of the file upload_save_student.php. The manipulation of the argument uploaded_file leads to unrestricted upload. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-240912.",
"id": "GHSA-qj57-gm77-m65m",
"modified": "2023-09-29T21:30:41Z",
"published": "2023-09-29T21:30:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-5284"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/llixixi/Engineers-Online-Portal-System/blob/main/Engineers%20Online%20Portal%20System%20upload_save_student.php%20has%20a%20file%20upload%20(RCE)%20vulnerability.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.240912"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.240912"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QJFW-6989-7PVV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-26 12:30 – Updated: 2025-05-26 12:30A vulnerability classified as critical has been found in Realce Tecnologia Queue Ticket Kiosk up to 20250517. Affected is an unknown function of the file /adm/ajax.php of the component Image File Handler. The manipulation of the argument files[] leads to unrestricted upload. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-5178"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284",
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-26T10:15:21Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability classified as critical has been found in Realce Tecnologia Queue Ticket Kiosk up to 20250517. Affected is an unknown function of the file /adm/ajax.php of the component Image File Handler. The manipulation of the argument files[] leads to unrestricted upload. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-qjfw-6989-7pvv",
"modified": "2025-05-26T12:30:30Z",
"published": "2025-05-26T12:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-5178"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.310266"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.310266"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.579851"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-QJP8-Q2C4-MPMM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:12 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:12KRAMER VIAware through August 2021 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code because ajaxPages/writeBrowseFilePathAjax.php accepts arbitrary executable pathnames (even though browseSystemFiles.php is no longer reachable via the GUI). NOTE: this issue exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2019-17124.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-36356"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-08-31T04:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "KRAMER VIAware through August 2021 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code because ajaxPages/writeBrowseFilePathAjax.php accepts arbitrary executable pathnames (even though browseSystemFiles.php is no longer reachable via the GUI). NOTE: this issue exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2019-17124.",
"id": "GHSA-qjp8-q2c4-mpmm",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:12:39Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:12:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-36356"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://write-up.github.io/kramerav"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/166623/Kramer-VIAware-Remote-Code-Execution.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QJRW-9FGP-3FJ4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-08 09:30 – Updated: 2024-11-08 09:30A vulnerability classified as problematic was found in CodeAstro Real Estate Management System 1.0. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file /aboutedit.php of the component About Us Page. The manipulation of the argument aimage leads to unrestricted upload. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-11000"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284",
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-08T08:15:15Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability classified as problematic was found in CodeAstro Real Estate Management System 1.0. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file /aboutedit.php of the component About Us Page. The manipulation of the argument aimage leads to unrestricted upload. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.",
"id": "GHSA-qjrw-9fgp-3fj4",
"modified": "2024-11-08T09:30:30Z",
"published": "2024-11-08T09:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-11000"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://codeastro.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/EmilGallajov/zero-day/blob/main/codeastro_real_estate_ms_authenticated_rce.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.283465"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.283465"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.438603"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Generate a new, unique filename for an uploaded file instead of using the user-supplied filename, so that no external input is used at all.[REF-422] [REF-423]
Mitigation MIT-21
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
Mitigation
Consider storing the uploaded files outside of the web document root entirely. Then, use other mechanisms to deliver the files dynamically. [REF-423]
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- For example, limiting filenames to alphanumeric characters can help to restrict the introduction of unintended file extensions.
Mitigation
Define a very limited set of allowable extensions and only generate filenames that end in these extensions. Consider the possibility of XSS (CWE-79) before allowing .html or .htm file types.
Mitigation
Strategy: Input Validation
Ensure that only one extension is used in the filename. Some web servers, including some versions of Apache, may process files based on inner extensions so that "filename.php.gif" is fed to the PHP interpreter.[REF-422] [REF-423]
Mitigation
When running on a web server that supports case-insensitive filenames, perform case-insensitive evaluations of the extensions that are provided.
Mitigation MIT-15
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation
Do not rely exclusively on sanity checks of file contents to ensure that the file is of the expected type and size. It may be possible for an attacker to hide code in some file segments that will still be executed by the server. For example, GIF images may contain a free-form comments field.
Mitigation
Do not rely exclusively on the MIME content type or filename attribute when determining how to render a file. Validating the MIME content type and ensuring that it matches the extension is only a partial solution.
Mitigation MIT-17
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-22
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs
In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.