CWE-434
AllowedUnrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product allows the upload or transfer of dangerous file types that are automatically processed within its environment.
6008 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-C5JJ-9WJ5-5CV4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-09 09:33 – Updated: 2025-05-09 09:33The Envolve Plugin plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary file uploads due to missing file type validation in the 'zetra_languageUpload' and 'zetra_fontsUpload' functions in all versions up to, and including, 1.0. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to upload arbitrary files on the affected site's server which may make remote code execution possible.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-11617"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-09T07:16:02Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The Envolve Plugin plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary file uploads due to missing file type validation in the \u0027zetra_languageUpload\u0027 and \u0027zetra_fontsUpload\u0027 functions in all versions up to, and including, 1.0. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to upload arbitrary files on the affected site\u0027s server which may make remote code execution possible.",
"id": "GHSA-c5jj-9wj5-5cv4",
"modified": "2025-05-09T09:33:18Z",
"published": "2025-05-09T09:33:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-11617"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://themeforest.net/item/envolve-consulting-business-wordpress-theme/28748459"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/d0ad02d9-546f-4bcb-b567-785e3acfb489?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-C5P2-96PJ-WG95
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:31 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:31joyplus-cms 1.6.0 allows Remote Code Execution because of an Arbitrary File Upload issue in manager/editor/upload.php, related to manager/admin_vod.php?action=add.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-8766"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-03-18T06:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "joyplus-cms 1.6.0 allows Remote Code Execution because of an Arbitrary File Upload issue in manager/editor/upload.php, related to manager/admin_vod.php?action=add.",
"id": "GHSA-c5p2-96pj-wg95",
"modified": "2022-05-14T03:31:36Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:31:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-8766"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/joyplus/joyplus-cms/issues/421"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-C5R4-M7MF-VX33
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-12 15:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 04:43LabCollector 6.0 though 6.15 allows remote code execution. An authenticated remote low-privileged user can upload an executable PHP file and execute system commands. The vulnerability is in the message function, and is due to insufficient validation of the file (such as shell.jpg.php.shell) being sent.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-33253"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-12T13:15:10Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "LabCollector 6.0 though 6.15 allows remote code execution. An authenticated remote low-privileged user can upload an executable PHP file and execute system commands. The vulnerability is in the message function, and is due to insufficient validation of the file (such as shell.jpg.php.shell) being sent.",
"id": "GHSA-c5r4-m7mf-vx33",
"modified": "2024-04-04T04:43:18Z",
"published": "2023-06-12T15:30:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-33253"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Toxich4/CVE-2023-33253"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://labcollector.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://labcollector.com/changelog-labcollector"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-C5RX-X9G6-843G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-22 06:30 – Updated: 2025-06-22 06:30A vulnerability was found in ageerle ruoyi-ai 2.0.0 and classified as critical. Affected by this issue is the function speechToTextTranscriptionsV2/upload of the file ruoyi-modules/ruoyi-system/src/main/java/org/ruoyi/system/service/impl/SseServiceImpl.java. The manipulation of the argument File leads to unrestricted upload. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 2.0.1 is able to address this issue. The patch is identified as 4e93ac86d4891c59ecfcd27c051de9b3c5379315. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-6466"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284",
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-22T05:15:25Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in ageerle ruoyi-ai 2.0.0 and classified as critical. Affected by this issue is the function speechToTextTranscriptionsV2/upload of the file ruoyi-modules/ruoyi-system/src/main/java/org/ruoyi/system/service/impl/SseServiceImpl.java. The manipulation of the argument File leads to unrestricted upload. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 2.0.1 is able to address this issue. The patch is identified as 4e93ac86d4891c59ecfcd27c051de9b3c5379315. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component.",
"id": "GHSA-c5rx-x9g6-843g",
"modified": "2025-06-22T06:30:32Z",
"published": "2025-06-22T06:30:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-6466"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ageerle/ruoyi-ai/issues/9"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ageerle/ruoyi-ai/issues/9#event-16775988438"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ageerle/ruoyi-ai/commit/4e93ac86d4891c59ecfcd27c051de9b3c5379315"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ageerle/ruoyi-ai/releases/tag/v2.0.1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.313574"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.313574"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.598365"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-C5W3-R59J-638H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-01 03:30 – Updated: 2023-02-08 00:30A file upload vulnerability in exists in Trend Micro Apex One server build 11110. Using a malformed Content-Length header in an HTTP PUT message sent to URL /officescan/console/html/cgi/fcgiOfcDDA.exe, an unauthenticated remote attacker can upload arbitrary files to the SampleSubmission directory (i.e., \PCCSRV\TEMP\SampleSubmission) on the server. The attacker can upload a large number of large files to fill up the file system on which the Apex One server is installed.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-0587"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-02-01T03:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A file upload vulnerability in exists in Trend Micro Apex One server build 11110. Using a malformed Content-Length header in an HTTP PUT message sent to URL /officescan/console/html/cgi/fcgiOfcDDA.exe, an unauthenticated remote attacker can upload arbitrary files to the SampleSubmission directory (i.e., \\PCCSRV\\TEMP\\SampleSubmission) on the server. The attacker can upload a large number of large files to fill up the file system on which the Apex One server is installed.",
"id": "GHSA-c5w3-r59j-638h",
"modified": "2023-02-08T00:30:34Z",
"published": "2023-02-01T03:30:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-0587"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.tenable.com/security/research/tra-2023-5"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-C5XR-V8F7-VFVW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-18 21:32 – Updated: 2025-11-19 18:31The Mozart FM Transmitter web management interface on version WEBMOZZI-00287, contains an unrestricted file upload vulnerability in the /patch.php endpoint. An attacker with administrative credentials can upload arbitrary files (e.g., PHP webshells), which are stored in the /patch/ directory. This allows the attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the server, potentially leading to full system compromise.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-63227"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-18T20:15:47Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The Mozart FM Transmitter web management interface on version WEBMOZZI-00287, contains an unrestricted file upload vulnerability in the /patch.php endpoint. An attacker with administrative credentials can upload arbitrary files (e.g., PHP webshells), which are stored in the /patch/ directory. This allows the attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the server, potentially leading to full system compromise.",
"id": "GHSA-c5xr-v8f7-vfvw",
"modified": "2025-11-19T18:31:18Z",
"published": "2025-11-18T21:32:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-63227"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/shiky8/my--cve-vulnerability-research/tree/main/CVE-2025-63227_Mozart_FM_Transmitter_authenticated_File_Upload"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dbbroadcast.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-C653-HQCQ-9R8J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-10 00:00 – Updated: 2022-03-17 00:05The config restore function of Voipmonitor GUI before v24.96 does not properly check files sent as restore archives, allowing remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted file in the web root.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-24262"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-02-04T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The config restore function of Voipmonitor GUI before v24.96 does not properly check files sent as restore archives, allowing remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted file in the web root.",
"id": "GHSA-c653-hqcq-9r8j",
"modified": "2022-03-17T00:05:53Z",
"published": "2022-02-10T00:00:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-24262"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kerbit.io/research/read/blog/3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.voipmonitor.org/changelog-gui?major=5"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-C697-R227-PQ6H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-01-21 23:33 – Updated: 2022-01-25 20:47Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type in Packagist pimcore/pimcore
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "pimcore/pimcore"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "10.2.7"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-0263"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-01-19T22:27:34Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-01-18T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type in Packagist pimcore/pimcore",
"id": "GHSA-c697-r227-pq6h",
"modified": "2022-01-25T20:47:39Z",
"published": "2022-01-21T23:33:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0263"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pimcore/pimcore/commit/35d1853baf64d6a1d90fd8803e52439da53a3911"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/pimcore/pimcore"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/96506857-06bc-4c84-88b7-4f397715bcf6"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type in pimcore"
}
GHSA-C6G2-84GG-HC38
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-25 15:30 – Updated: 2025-07-25 15:30The WPBookit plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary file uploads due to missing file type validation in the image_upload_handle() function hooked via the 'add_new_customer' route in all versions up to, and including, 1.0.6. The plugin’s image‐upload handler calls move_uploaded_file() on client‐supplied files without restricting allowed extensions or MIME types, nor sanitizing the filename. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to upload arbitrary files on the affected site's server which may make remote code execution possible.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-7852"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-07-24T07:15:55Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The WPBookit plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary file uploads due to missing file type validation in the image_upload_handle() function hooked via the \u0027add_new_customer\u0027 route in all versions up to, and including, 1.0.6. The plugin\u2019s image\u2010upload handler calls move_uploaded_file() on client\u2010supplied files without restricting allowed extensions or MIME types, nor sanitizing the filename. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to upload arbitrary files on the affected site\u0027s server which may make remote code execution possible.",
"id": "GHSA-c6g2-84gg-hc38",
"modified": "2025-07-25T15:30:43Z",
"published": "2025-07-25T15:30:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-7852"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wpbookit/trunk/core/admin/classes/controllers/class.wpb-customer-controller.php#L362"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3331165"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/wpbookit/#developers"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/0bb11092-4367-4f51-9dd7-22fbd655a03f?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-C6WQ-6JC2-6VPR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-06 18:32 – Updated: 2026-01-20 15:31Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type vulnerability in Plugify Helpdesk Support Ticket System for WooCommerce support-ticket-system-for-woocommerce allows Using Malicious Files.This issue affects Helpdesk Support Ticket System for WooCommerce: from n/a through <= 2.1.0.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-60235"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-06T16:16:06Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type vulnerability in Plugify Helpdesk Support Ticket System for WooCommerce support-ticket-system-for-woocommerce allows Using Malicious Files.This issue affects Helpdesk Support Ticket System for WooCommerce: from n/a through \u003c= 2.1.0.",
"id": "GHSA-c6wq-6jc2-6vpr",
"modified": "2026-01-20T15:31:50Z",
"published": "2025-11-06T18:32:55Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-60235"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/support-ticket-system-for-woocommerce/vulnerability/wordpress-helpdesk-support-ticket-system-for-woocommerce-plugin-2-0-7-arbitrary-file-upload-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/support-ticket-system-for-woocommerce/vulnerability/wordpress-helpdesk-support-ticket-system-for-woocommerce-plugin-2-0-7-arbitrary-file-upload-vulnerability"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/support-ticket-system-for-woocommerce/vulnerability/wordpress-helpdesk-support-ticket-system-for-woocommerce-plugin-2-0-7-arbitrary-file-upload-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Generate a new, unique filename for an uploaded file instead of using the user-supplied filename, so that no external input is used at all.[REF-422] [REF-423]
Mitigation MIT-21
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
Mitigation
Consider storing the uploaded files outside of the web document root entirely. Then, use other mechanisms to deliver the files dynamically. [REF-423]
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- For example, limiting filenames to alphanumeric characters can help to restrict the introduction of unintended file extensions.
Mitigation
Define a very limited set of allowable extensions and only generate filenames that end in these extensions. Consider the possibility of XSS (CWE-79) before allowing .html or .htm file types.
Mitigation
Strategy: Input Validation
Ensure that only one extension is used in the filename. Some web servers, including some versions of Apache, may process files based on inner extensions so that "filename.php.gif" is fed to the PHP interpreter.[REF-422] [REF-423]
Mitigation
When running on a web server that supports case-insensitive filenames, perform case-insensitive evaluations of the extensions that are provided.
Mitigation MIT-15
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation
Do not rely exclusively on sanity checks of file contents to ensure that the file is of the expected type and size. It may be possible for an attacker to hide code in some file segments that will still be executed by the server. For example, GIF images may contain a free-form comments field.
Mitigation
Do not rely exclusively on the MIME content type or filename attribute when determining how to render a file. Validating the MIME content type and ensuring that it matches the extension is only a partial solution.
Mitigation MIT-17
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-22
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs
In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.