CWE-434
AllowedUnrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product allows the upload or transfer of dangerous file types that are automatically processed within its environment.
6008 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-8CRR-J42R-277P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-18 15:30 – Updated: 2024-01-26 15:30This issue affects Progress Application Server (PAS) for OpenEdge in versions 11.7 prior to 11.7.18, 12.2 prior to 12.2.13, and innovation releases prior to 12.8.0. An attacker can formulate a request for a WEB transport that allows unintended file uploads to a server directory path on the system running PASOE. If the upload contains a payload that can further exploit the server or its network, the launch of a larger scale attack may be possible.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-40051"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-18T15:15:09Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "This issue affects Progress Application Server (PAS) for OpenEdge in versions 11.7 prior to 11.7.18, 12.2 prior to 12.2.13, and innovation releases prior to 12.8.0.\u00a0An attacker can formulate a request for a WEB transport that allows unintended file uploads to a server directory path on the system running PASOE. If the upload contains a payload that can further exploit the server or its network, the launch of a larger scale attack may be possible.\n\n\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-8crr-j42r-277p",
"modified": "2024-01-26T15:30:26Z",
"published": "2024-01-18T15:30:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-40051"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://community.progress.com/s/article/Important-Progress-OpenEdge-Critical-Alert-for-Progress-Application-Server-in-OpenEdge-PASOE-Arbitrary-File-Upload-Vulnerability-in-WEB-Transport"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.progress.com/openedge"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:H/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8CRW-9P7V-XFX8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-24 18:31 – Updated: 2025-01-24 18:31IBM Planning Analytics 2.0 and 2.1 could be vulnerable to malicious file upload by not validating the type of file in the File Manager T1 process. Attackers can make use of this weakness and upload malicious executable files into the system that can be sent to victims for performing further attacks.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-25034"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-24T16:15:34Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "IBM Planning Analytics 2.0 and 2.1 could be vulnerable to malicious file upload by not validating the type of file in the File Manager T1 process. Attackers can make use of this weakness and upload malicious executable files into the system that can be sent to victims for performing further attacks.",
"id": "GHSA-8crw-9p7v-xfx8",
"modified": "2025-01-24T18:31:12Z",
"published": "2025-01-24T18:31:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-25034"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7168387"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8F3R-Q7CM-3CGC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-24 21:30 – Updated: 2023-03-07 03:30File Upload vulnerability in balerocms-src 0.8.3 allows remote attackers to run arbitrary code via rich text editor on /admin/main/mod-blog page.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-35290"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-02-24T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "File Upload vulnerability in balerocms-src 0.8.3 allows remote attackers to run arbitrary code via rich text editor on /admin/main/mod-blog page.",
"id": "GHSA-8f3r-q7cm-3cgc",
"modified": "2023-03-07T03:30:15Z",
"published": "2023-02-24T21:30:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-35290"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/anibalgomezprojects/balerocms-src/issues/2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8F5X-4GFR-8FXP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-15 18:31 – Updated: 2026-01-15 18:31Chikitsa Patient Management System 2.0.2 contains an authenticated remote code execution vulnerability in the backup restoration functionality. Authenticated attackers can upload a modified backup zip file with a malicious PHP shell to execute arbitrary system commands on the server.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-47757"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-15T16:16:06Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Chikitsa Patient Management System 2.0.2 contains an authenticated remote code execution vulnerability in the backup restoration functionality. Authenticated attackers can upload a modified backup zip file with a malicious PHP shell to execute arbitrary system commands on the server.",
"id": "GHSA-8f5x-4gfr-8fxp",
"modified": "2026-01-15T18:31:29Z",
"published": "2026-01-15T18:31:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-47757"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/sanskruti-technologies/chikitsa"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sourceforge.net/projects/chikitsa"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.chikitsa.io"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/50572"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-8F9M-HFQ9-WJXW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-18 09:30 – Updated: 2025-11-18 09:30The Pie Forms for WP plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Arbitrary File Upload in all versions up to, and including, 1.6 via the format_classic function. This is due to insufficient file type validation where the validate_classic method validates file extensions and sets error messages but does not prevent the file upload process from continuing. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to upload files with dangerous extensions such as PHP, which makes remote code execution possible. In order to exploit this vulnerability, the attacker needs to guess the directory in which the file is placed (which is a somewhat predictable hash). In addition to that, the file name is generated using a secure hash method, limiting the exploitability of this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-12528"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-18T09:15:48Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The Pie Forms for WP plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Arbitrary File Upload in all versions up to, and including, 1.6 via the format_classic function. This is due to insufficient file type validation where the validate_classic method validates file extensions and sets error messages but does not prevent the file upload process from continuing. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to upload files with dangerous extensions such as PHP, which makes remote code execution possible. In order to exploit this vulnerability, the attacker needs to guess the directory in which the file is placed (which is a somewhat predictable hash). In addition to that, the file name is generated using a secure hash method, limiting the exploitability of this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-8f9m-hfq9-wjxw",
"modified": "2025-11-18T09:30:51Z",
"published": "2025-11-18T09:30:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-12528"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/pie-forms-for-wp/tags/1.6/includes/fields/fileupload.php#L18"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/pie-forms-for-wp/tags/1.6/includes/fields/fileupload.php#L331"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/pie-forms-for-wp/tags/1.6/includes/fields/fileupload.php#L475"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/4941a0ce-67f1-430d-bbad-3c97a4ed449e?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8FCW-X22M-3QX7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-04 15:31 – Updated: 2024-12-05 18:31Unrestricted file upload via security bypass in Convert Forms component for Joomla in versions before 4.4.6.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-40744"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-04T15:15:11Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Unrestricted file upload via security bypass in Convert Forms component for Joomla in versions before 4.4.6.",
"id": "GHSA-8fcw-x22m-3qx7",
"modified": "2024-12-05T18:31:02Z",
"published": "2024-12-04T15:31:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-40744"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.tassos.gr/joomla-extensions/convert-forms"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8FF8-C7J7-C996
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-07 06:30 – Updated: 2025-11-07 06:30The Gravity Forms plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary file uploads due to missing file type validation in the copy_post_image() function in all versions up to, and including, 2.9.20. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to upload arbitrary files on the affected site's server which may make remote code execution possible. This only impacts sites that have allow_url_fopen set to On, the post creation form enabled along with a file upload field for the post
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-12352"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-07T05:15:57Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The Gravity Forms plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary file uploads due to missing file type validation in the copy_post_image() function in all versions up to, and including, 2.9.20. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to upload arbitrary files on the affected site\u0027s server which may make remote code execution possible. This only impacts sites that have allow_url_fopen set to `On`, the post creation form enabled along with a file upload field for the post",
"id": "GHSA-8ff8-c7j7-c996",
"modified": "2025-11-07T06:30:28Z",
"published": "2025-11-07T06:30:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-12352"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pronamic/gravityforms/blob/06de1b7e169e4f073e9d0d491e17b89365b48c20/forms_model.php#L5451C26-L5451C41"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pronamic/gravityforms/blob/06de1b7e169e4f073e9d0d491e17b89365b48c20/includes/fields/class-gf-field-fileupload.php#L306"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/42525101-6196-40b9-90e7-c7f1886ef247?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8FGF-QM9F-CM9J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-19 18:31 – Updated: 2025-12-12 18:30AudioCodes Fax Server and Auto-Attendant IVR appliances versions up to and including 2.6.23 include a web administration component (F2MAdmin) that exposes an unauthenticated script-management endpoint at AudioCodes_files/utils/IVR/diagram/ajaxScript.php. The saveScript action writes attacker-supplied data directly to a server-side file path under the privileges of the web service account, which runs as NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM on Windows deployments. A remote, unauthenticated attacker can write arbitrary files into the product’s web-accessible directory structure and subsequently execute them.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-34328"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-19T17:15:47Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "AudioCodes Fax Server and Auto-Attendant IVR appliances versions up to and including 2.6.23 include a web administration component (F2MAdmin) that exposes an unauthenticated script-management endpoint at AudioCodes_files/utils/IVR/diagram/ajaxScript.php. The saveScript action writes attacker-supplied data directly to a server-side file path under the privileges of the web service account, which runs as NT AUTHORITY\\\\SYSTEM on Windows deployments. A remote, unauthenticated attacker can write arbitrary files into the product\u2019s web-accessible directory structure and subsequently execute them.",
"id": "GHSA-8fgf-qm9f-cm9j",
"modified": "2025-12-12T18:30:28Z",
"published": "2025-11-19T18:31:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-34328"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pierrekim.github.io/advisories/2025-audiocodes-fax-ivr.txt"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pierrekim.github.io/blog/2025-11-20-audiocodes-fax-ivr-8-vulnerabilities.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.audiocodes.com/media/g1in2u2o/0548-product-notice-end-of-service-for-audiocodes-auto-attendant-ivr-solution.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/audiocodes-fax-ivr-appliance-unauthenticated-file-upload-rce-via-ajaxscript"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-8FMF-WF4H-2XC8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-19 09:31 – Updated: 2025-05-19 09:31A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, has been found in SourceCodester Client Database Management System 1.0. This issue affects some unknown processing of the file /user_delivery_update.php. The manipulation of the argument uploaded_file_cancelled leads to unrestricted upload. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-4923"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284",
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-19T08:15:23Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, has been found in SourceCodester Client Database Management System 1.0. This issue affects some unknown processing of the file /user_delivery_update.php. The manipulation of the argument uploaded_file_cancelled leads to unrestricted upload. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.",
"id": "GHSA-8fmf-wf4h-2xc8",
"modified": "2025-05-19T09:31:10Z",
"published": "2025-05-19T09:31:10Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-4923"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/akihi0342/cve/issues/1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.309485"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.309485"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.579104"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sourcecodester.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-8FQJ-HQQP-J85Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-10-20 19:00 – Updated: 2025-05-08 18:30An arbitrary file upload vulnerability in the apiImportLabs function in api_labs.php of EVE-NG 2.0.3-112 Community allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted UNL file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-31366"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-10-20T12:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An arbitrary file upload vulnerability in the apiImportLabs function in api_labs.php of EVE-NG 2.0.3-112 Community allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted UNL file.",
"id": "GHSA-8fqj-hqqp-j85q",
"modified": "2025-05-08T18:30:29Z",
"published": "2022-10-20T19:00:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-31366"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://erpaciocco.github.io/2022/eve-ng-rce"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://eve-ng.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Generate a new, unique filename for an uploaded file instead of using the user-supplied filename, so that no external input is used at all.[REF-422] [REF-423]
Mitigation MIT-21
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
Mitigation
Consider storing the uploaded files outside of the web document root entirely. Then, use other mechanisms to deliver the files dynamically. [REF-423]
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- For example, limiting filenames to alphanumeric characters can help to restrict the introduction of unintended file extensions.
Mitigation
Define a very limited set of allowable extensions and only generate filenames that end in these extensions. Consider the possibility of XSS (CWE-79) before allowing .html or .htm file types.
Mitigation
Strategy: Input Validation
Ensure that only one extension is used in the filename. Some web servers, including some versions of Apache, may process files based on inner extensions so that "filename.php.gif" is fed to the PHP interpreter.[REF-422] [REF-423]
Mitigation
When running on a web server that supports case-insensitive filenames, perform case-insensitive evaluations of the extensions that are provided.
Mitigation MIT-15
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation
Do not rely exclusively on sanity checks of file contents to ensure that the file is of the expected type and size. It may be possible for an attacker to hide code in some file segments that will still be executed by the server. For example, GIF images may contain a free-form comments field.
Mitigation
Do not rely exclusively on the MIME content type or filename attribute when determining how to render a file. Validating the MIME content type and ensuring that it matches the extension is only a partial solution.
Mitigation MIT-17
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-22
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs
In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.