CWE-306
AllowedMissing Authentication for Critical Function
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product does not perform any authentication for functionality that requires a provable user identity or consumes a significant amount of resources.
3492 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-5RQH-X7C8-8R3M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-20 21:30 – Updated: 2025-11-20 21:30The affected products allow unauthenticated access to Open Network Video Interface Forum (ONVIF) services, which may allow an attacker unauthorized access to camera configuration information.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-64770"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-306"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-20T21:16:06Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The affected products allow unauthenticated access to Open Network Video Interface Forum (ONVIF) services, which may allow an attacker unauthorized access to camera configuration information.",
"id": "GHSA-5rqh-x7c8-8r3m",
"modified": "2025-11-20T21:30:32Z",
"published": "2025-11-20T21:30:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-64770"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cisagov/CSAF/blob/develop/csaf_files/OT/white/2025/icsa-25-324-02.json"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://icam365.net/en/aboutUs"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-25-324-02"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-5RV7-GXG8-C93H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-13 03:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 04:44SAP Plant Connectivity - version 15.5 (PCo) or the Production Connector for SAP Digital Manufacturing - version 1.0, do not validate the signature of the JSON Web Token (JWT) in the HTTP request sent from SAP Digital Manufacturing. Therefore, unauthorized callers from the internal network could send service requests to PCo or the Production Connector, which could have an impact on the integrity of the integration with SAP Digital Manufacturing.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-2827"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-306"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-13T03:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "SAP Plant Connectivity - version 15.5 (PCo) or the Production Connector for SAP Digital Manufacturing - version 1.0, do not validate the signature of the JSON Web Token (JWT) in the HTTP request sent from SAP Digital Manufacturing. Therefore, unauthorized callers from the internal network could send service requests to PCo or the Production Connector, which could have an impact on the integrity of the integration with SAP Digital Manufacturing.\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-5rv7-gxg8-c93h",
"modified": "2024-04-04T04:44:54Z",
"published": "2023-06-13T03:30:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-2827"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://launchpad.support.sap.com/#/notes/3301942"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sap.com/documents/2022/02/fa865ea4-167e-0010-bca6-c68f7e60039b.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5V4V-3G9Q-MH5J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-15 00:30 – Updated: 2026-05-15 00:30Hedera Guardian through 3.5.1 contains an authentication bypass vulnerability in the GET /api/v1/demo/registered-users endpoint that allows unauthenticated attackers to retrieve sensitive user information. Attackers can access the endpoint without providing authentication credentials to obtain usernames, Hedera DIDs, parent registry DIDs, system roles, and policy role assignments for all registered users in the system.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-45248"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-306"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-14T22:16:45Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Hedera Guardian through 3.5.1 contains an authentication bypass vulnerability in the GET /api/v1/demo/registered-users endpoint that allows unauthenticated attackers to retrieve sensitive user information. Attackers can access the endpoint without providing authentication credentials to obtain usernames, Hedera DIDs, parent registry DIDs, system roles, and policy role assignments for all registered users in the system.",
"id": "GHSA-5v4v-3g9q-mh5j",
"modified": "2026-05-15T00:30:30Z",
"published": "2026-05-15T00:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-45248"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/hashgraph/guardian/pull/6076"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/hedera-guardian-authentication-bypass-information-disclosure"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-5V74-QFG6-C824
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-10-19 12:00 – Updated: 2025-05-09 15:31Asus RT-N12E 2.0.0.39 is affected by an incorrect access control vulnerability. Through system.asp / start_apply.htm, an attacker can change the administrator password without any authentication.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-23648"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-306"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-10-19T11:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Asus RT-N12E 2.0.0.39 is affected by an incorrect access control vulnerability. Through system.asp / start_apply.htm, an attacker can change the administrator password without any authentication.",
"id": "GHSA-5v74-qfg6-c824",
"modified": "2025-05-09T15:31:30Z",
"published": "2022-10-19T12:00:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-23648"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/ninj4c0d3r/574d2753d469e4ba51dfe555d9c2d4fb"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.asus.com/Networking/RTN12E/HelpDesk_BIOS"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.shodan.io/search?query=rt-n12e"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5VM2-873V-MW7W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-14 00:30 – Updated: 2025-02-14 00:30The administrative web interface of mySCADA myPRO Manager
can be accessed without authentication which could allow an unauthorized attacker to retrieve sensitive information and upload files without the associated password.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-24865"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-306"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-13T22:15:12Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The administrative web interface of \nmySCADA myPRO Manager\n\ncan be accessed without authentication \nwhich could allow an unauthorized attacker to retrieve sensitive \ninformation and upload files without the associated password.",
"id": "GHSA-5vm2-873v-mw7w",
"modified": "2025-02-14T00:30:44Z",
"published": "2025-02-14T00:30:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-24865"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-25-044-16"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.myscada.org/contacts"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.myscada.org/downloads/mySCADAPROManager"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-5VQG-CQ3H-MM9V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-02 00:30 – Updated: 2024-04-02 00:30Voltronic Power ViewPower Pro SocketService Missing Authentication Denial-of-Service Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to create a denial-of-service condition on affected installations of Voltronic Power ViewPower Pro. Authentication is not required to exploit this vulnerability.
The specific flaw exists within the SocketService module, which listens on UDP port 41222 by default. The issue results from the lack of authentication prior to allowing access to functionality. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to create a denial-of-service condition on the system. Was ZDI-CAN-21162.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-51571"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-306"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-01T22:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Voltronic Power ViewPower Pro SocketService Missing Authentication Denial-of-Service Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to create a denial-of-service condition on affected installations of Voltronic Power ViewPower Pro. Authentication is not required to exploit this vulnerability.\n\nThe specific flaw exists within the SocketService module, which listens on UDP port 41222 by default. The issue results from the lack of authentication prior to allowing access to functionality. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to create a denial-of-service condition on the system. Was ZDI-CAN-21162.",
"id": "GHSA-5vqg-cq3h-mm9v",
"modified": "2024-04-02T00:30:46Z",
"published": "2024-04-02T00:30:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-51571"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-23-1877"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5VRP-W4H7-W6RH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-19 06:31 – Updated: 2025-11-19 06:31The Icegram Express - Email Subscribers, Newsletters and Marketing Automation Plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Authorization in versions up to, and including, 5.9.10. This is due to the plugin not properly verifying that a user is authorized to perform an action in the trigger_mailing_queue_sending function. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to force immediate email sending, bypass the schedule, increase server load, and change plugin state (e.g., last-cron-hit), enabling abuse or DoS-like effects.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-12349"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-306"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-19T05:16:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Icegram Express - Email Subscribers, Newsletters and Marketing Automation Plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Authorization in versions up to, and including, 5.9.10. This is due to the plugin not properly verifying that a user is authorized to perform an action in the `trigger_mailing_queue_sending` function. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to force immediate email sending, bypass the schedule, increase server load, and change plugin state (e.g., last-cron-hit), enabling abuse or DoS-like effects.",
"id": "GHSA-5vrp-w4h7-w6rh",
"modified": "2025-11-19T06:31:11Z",
"published": "2025-11-19T06:31:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-12349"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/email-subscribers/tags/5.9.4/lite/includes/classes/class-es-queue.php#L1132"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/email-subscribers/tags/5.9.4/lite/includes/classes/class-es-queue.php#L54"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026new=3394838%40email-subscribers%2Ftrunk\u0026old=3393565%40email-subscribers%2Ftrunk\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/0b4cbe21-9f1b-425b-8141-ae075baaf717?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5VX5-PC42-77FX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:06 – Updated: 2022-06-15 00:00A vulnerability has been identified in SCALANCE X-200RNA switch family (All versions), SCALANCE X-300 switch family (incl. X408 and SIPLUS NET variants) (All versions < V4.1.3). Affected devices contain a vulnerability that allows an unauthenticated attacker to violate access-control rules. The vulnerability can be triggered by sending GET request to specific uniform resource locator on the web configuration interface of the device. The security vulnerability could be exploited by an attacker with network access to the affected systems. An attacker could use the vulnerability to obtain sensitive information or change the device configuration. At the time of advisory publication no public exploitation of this security vulnerability was known.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-13933"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-306"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-01-16T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been identified in SCALANCE X-200RNA switch family (All versions), SCALANCE X-300 switch family (incl. X408 and SIPLUS NET variants) (All versions \u003c V4.1.3). Affected devices contain a vulnerability that allows an unauthenticated attacker to violate access-control rules. The vulnerability can be triggered by sending GET request to specific uniform resource locator on the web configuration interface of the device. The security vulnerability could be exploited by an attacker with network access to the affected systems. An attacker could use the vulnerability to obtain sensitive information or change the device configuration. At the time of advisory publication no public exploitation of this security vulnerability was known.",
"id": "GHSA-5vx5-pc42-77fx",
"modified": "2022-06-15T00:00:35Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:06:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-13933"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-443566.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ics/advisories/icsa-20-014-03"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5VXJ-C9WJ-5M6Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:36 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:36An Improper Authorization issue was discovered in Sierra Wireless AirLink Raven XE, all versions prior to 4.0.14, and AirLink Raven XT, all versions prior to 4.0.11. Several files and directories can be accessed without authentication, which may allow a remote attacker to perform sensitive functions including arbitrary file upload, file download, and device reboot.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-6044"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285",
"CWE-306"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-06-30T03:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An Improper Authorization issue was discovered in Sierra Wireless AirLink Raven XE, all versions prior to 4.0.14, and AirLink Raven XT, all versions prior to 4.0.11. Several files and directories can be accessed without authentication, which may allow a remote attacker to perform sensitive functions including arbitrary file upload, file download, and device reboot.",
"id": "GHSA-5vxj-c9wj-5m6q",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:36:35Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:36:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-6044"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/advisories/ICSA-17-115-02"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/98036"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5W39-M9V9-2J2J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-08 12:31 – Updated: 2025-07-08 12:31A vulnerability has been identified in SINEC NMS (All versions < V4.0). The affected application exposes an endpoint that allows an unauthorized modification of administrative credentials. This could allow an unauthenticated attacker to reset the superadmin password and gain full control of the application (ZDI-CAN-26569).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-40736"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-306"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-07-08T11:15:29Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been identified in SINEC NMS (All versions \u003c V4.0). The affected application exposes an endpoint that allows an unauthorized modification of administrative credentials. This could allow an unauthenticated attacker to reset the superadmin password and gain full control of the application (ZDI-CAN-26569).",
"id": "GHSA-5w39-m9v9-2j2j",
"modified": "2025-07-08T12:31:02Z",
"published": "2025-07-08T12:31:02Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-40736"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-078892.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
Mitigation
- Divide the software into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Identify which of these areas require a proven user identity, and use a centralized authentication capability.
- Identify all potential communication channels, or other means of interaction with the software, to ensure that all channels are appropriately protected, including those channels that are assumed to be accessible only by authorized parties. Developers sometimes perform authentication at the primary channel, but open up a secondary channel that is assumed to be private. For example, a login mechanism may be listening on one network port, but after successful authentication, it may open up a second port where it waits for the connection, but avoids authentication because it assumes that only the authenticated party will connect to the port.
- In general, if the software or protocol allows a single session or user state to persist across multiple connections or channels, authentication and appropriate credential management need to be used throughout.
Mitigation MIT-15
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation
- Where possible, avoid implementing custom, "grow-your-own" authentication routines and consider using authentication capabilities as provided by the surrounding framework, operating system, or environment. These capabilities may avoid common weaknesses that are unique to authentication; support automatic auditing and tracking; and make it easier to provide a clear separation between authentication tasks and authorization tasks.
- In environments such as the World Wide Web, the line between authentication and authorization is sometimes blurred. If custom authentication routines are required instead of those provided by the server, then these routines must be applied to every single page, since these pages could be requested directly.
Mitigation MIT-4.5
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using libraries with authentication capabilities such as OpenSSL or the ESAPI Authenticator [REF-45].
Mitigation
When storing data in the cloud (e.g., S3 buckets, Azure blobs, Google Cloud Storage, etc.), use the provider's controls to require strong authentication for users who should be allowed to access the data [REF-1297] [REF-1298] [REF-1302].
CAPEC-12: Choosing Message Identifier
This pattern of attack is defined by the selection of messages distributed via multicast or public information channels that are intended for another client by determining the parameter value assigned to that client. This attack allows the adversary to gain access to potentially privileged information, and to possibly perpetrate other attacks through the distribution means by impersonation. If the channel/message being manipulated is an input rather than output mechanism for the system, (such as a command bus), this style of attack could be used to change the adversary's identifier to more a privileged one.
CAPEC-166: Force the System to Reset Values
An attacker forces the target into a previous state in order to leverage potential weaknesses in the target dependent upon a prior configuration or state-dependent factors. Even in cases where an attacker may not be able to directly control the configuration of the targeted application, they may be able to reset the configuration to a prior state since many applications implement reset functions.
CAPEC-216: Communication Channel Manipulation
An adversary manipulates a setting or parameter on communications channel in order to compromise its security. This can result in information exposure, insertion/removal of information from the communications stream, and/or potentially system compromise.
CAPEC-36: Using Unpublished Interfaces or Functionality
An adversary searches for and invokes interfaces or functionality that the target system designers did not intend to be publicly available. If interfaces fail to authenticate requests, the attacker may be able to invoke functionality they are not authorized for.
CAPEC-62: Cross Site Request Forgery
An attacker crafts malicious web links and distributes them (via web pages, email, etc.), typically in a targeted manner, hoping to induce users to click on the link and execute the malicious action against some third-party application. If successful, the action embedded in the malicious link will be processed and accepted by the targeted application with the users' privilege level. This type of attack leverages the persistence and implicit trust placed in user session cookies by many web applications today. In such an architecture, once the user authenticates to an application and a session cookie is created on the user's system, all following transactions for that session are authenticated using that cookie including potential actions initiated by an attacker and simply "riding" the existing session cookie.