CWE-295
AllowedImproper Certificate Validation
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product does not validate, or incorrectly validates, a certificate.
1913 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-H6X7-R5RG-X5FW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-28 17:53 – Updated: 2024-03-28 17:53This bug bypassed the validation of TSL certificates on all none web HTTP clients in the serverpod_client package. Making them susceptible to a man in the middle attack against encrypted traffic between the client device and the server.
An attacker would need to be able to intercept the traffic and highjack the connection to the server for this vulnerability to be used.
Impact
All versions of serverpod_client pre 1.2.6
Patches
Upgrading to version 1.2.6 resolves this issue.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Pub",
"name": "serverpod_client"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.2.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-29887"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-295"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-03-28T17:53:26Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-03-27T19:15:49Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "This bug bypassed the validation of TSL certificates on all none web HTTP clients in the `serverpod_client` package. Making them susceptible to a man in the middle attack against encrypted traffic between the client device and the server. \n\nAn attacker would need to be able to intercept the traffic and highjack the connection to the server for this vulnerability to be used. \n\n### Impact\nAll versions of `serverpod_client` pre `1.2.6`\n\n### Patches\nUpgrading to version `1.2.6` resolves this issue.\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-h6x7-r5rg-x5fw",
"modified": "2024-03-28T17:53:26Z",
"published": "2024-03-28T17:53:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/serverpod/serverpod/security/advisories/GHSA-h6x7-r5rg-x5fw"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-29887"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/serverpod/serverpod/commit/d55bf8d12967fc7955a875cb3e0f9693bd6d2c71"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/serverpod/serverpod"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Serverpod client accepts any certificate"
}
GHSA-H746-RM5Q-8MGQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-05-21 14:31 – Updated: 2023-10-02 12:04Summary
In SPIRE 0.8.1 through 0.8.4 and before versions 0.9.4, 0.10.2, 0.11.3 and 0.12.1, specially crafted requests to the FetchX509SVID RPC of SPIRE Server’s Legacy Node API (github.com/spiffe/spire/pkg/server/endpoints/node) can result in the possible issuance of an X.509 certificate with a URI SAN for a SPIFFE ID that the agent is not authorized to distribute. Proper controls are in place to require that the caller presents a valid agent certificate that is already authorized to issue at least one SPIFFE ID, and the requested SPIFFE ID belongs to the same trust domain, prior to being able to trigger this vulnerability. This issue has been fixed in SPIRE versions 0.8.5, 0.9.4, 0.10.2, 0.11.3 and 0.12.1.
What are the changes introduced by the patched versions?
The changes introduced to address this issue are related to enforcing that the FetchX509SVID RPC of SPIRE Server’s Legacy Node API only issues X.509 certificates with SPIFFE IDs that the agent is authorized to distribute.
The patched version also includes a back-ported change that improves the handling of file descriptors related to workload attestation in SPIRE Agent.
There are no changes in the expected behavior of SPIRE.
Should I upgrade SPIRE?
All SPIRE users running affected versions are advised to upgrade to the corresponding patched version.
Workarounds
No workarounds have been identified for this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/spiffe/spire"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.8.1"
},
{
"fixed": "0.8.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/spiffe/spire"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.9.0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.9.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/spiffe/spire"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.10.0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.10.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/spiffe/spire"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.11.0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.11.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/spiffe/spire"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.12.0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.12.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-27098"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284",
"CWE-295"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-05-21T14:28:38Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "#### Summary\nIn SPIRE 0.8.1 through 0.8.4 and before versions 0.9.4, 0.10.2, 0.11.3 and 0.12.1, specially crafted requests to the FetchX509SVID RPC of SPIRE Server\u2019s Legacy Node API (github.com/spiffe/spire/pkg/server/endpoints/node) can result in the possible issuance of an X.509 certificate with a URI SAN for a SPIFFE ID that the agent is not authorized to distribute. Proper controls are in place to require that the caller presents a valid agent certificate that is already authorized to issue at least one SPIFFE ID, and the requested SPIFFE ID belongs to the same trust domain, prior to being able to trigger this vulnerability. This issue has been fixed in SPIRE versions 0.8.5, 0.9.4, 0.10.2, 0.11.3 and 0.12.1.\n\n#### What are the changes introduced by the patched versions?\nThe changes introduced to address this issue are related to enforcing that the FetchX509SVID RPC of SPIRE Server\u2019s Legacy Node API only issues X.509 certificates with SPIFFE IDs that the agent is authorized to distribute.\n\nThe patched version also includes a back-ported change that improves the handling of file descriptors related to workload attestation in SPIRE Agent.\n\nThere are no changes in the expected behavior of SPIRE.\n\n#### Should I upgrade SPIRE?\nAll SPIRE users running affected versions are advised to upgrade to the corresponding patched version.\n\n#### Workarounds\nNo workarounds have been identified for this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-h746-rm5q-8mgq",
"modified": "2023-10-02T12:04:37Z",
"published": "2021-05-21T14:31:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/spiffe/spire/security/advisories/GHSA-h746-rm5q-8mgq"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-27098"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/spiffe/spire/commit/3c5115b57afc20a0a2c2b1b9dd60dd1fd9082e13"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2021-27098"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Legacy Node API Allows Impersonation in github.com/spiffe/spire/pkg/server/endpoints/node"
}
GHSA-H773-GVVM-CCJ5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 02:43 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:37The Zipongo - Healthy Recipes and Grocery Deals app before 6.3 for iOS does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive information via a crafted certificate.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-8940"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-295"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-05-15T18:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Zipongo - Healthy Recipes and Grocery Deals app before 6.3 for iOS does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive information via a crafted certificate.",
"id": "GHSA-h773-gvvm-ccj5",
"modified": "2025-04-20T03:37:44Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T02:43:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-8940"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://medium.com/%40chronic_9612/follow-up-76-popular-apps-confirmed-vulnerable-to-silent-interception-of-tls-protected-data-64185035029f"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://medium.com/@chronic_9612/follow-up-76-popular-apps-confirmed-vulnerable-to-silent-interception-of-tls-protected-data-64185035029f"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-H7FR-R783-5G99
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-16 00:31 – Updated: 2026-07-16 21:30Dulwich through 1.1.0 was found to be missing SSH host key verification in contrib/paramiko_vendor.py.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-38974"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-295"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-15T22:16:47Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Dulwich through 1.1.0 was found to be missing SSH host key verification in contrib/paramiko_vendor.py.",
"id": "GHSA-h7fr-r783-5g99",
"modified": "2026-07-16T21:30:33Z",
"published": "2026-07-16T00:31:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-38974"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jelmer/dulwich/pull/2123"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jelmer/dulwich"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-H7Q3-QPF8-7VP4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-15 21:31 – Updated: 2025-10-09 21:31HCL BigFix Web Reports' service communicates over HTTPS but exhibits a weakness in its handling of SSL certificate validation. This scenario presents a possibility of man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks and data exposure as, if exploited, this vulnerability could potentially lead to unauthorized access.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-42193"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-295"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-04-15T19:16:06Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "HCL BigFix Web Reports\u0027 service communicates over HTTPS but exhibits a weakness in its handling of SSL certificate validation. This scenario presents a possibility of man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks and data exposure as, if exploited, this vulnerability could potentially lead to unauthorized access.",
"id": "GHSA-h7q3-qpf8-7vp4",
"modified": "2025-10-09T21:31:08Z",
"published": "2025-04-15T21:31:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-42193"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.hcl-software.com/csm?id=kb_article\u0026sysparm_article=KB0120585"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:L/SI:L/SA:L/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-H7QC-57XC-5VRM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-08 18:32 – Updated: 2025-08-08 18:32A TLS vulnerability exists in the phone application used to manage a connected device. The phone application accepts self-signed certificates when establishing TLS communication which may result in man-in-the-middle attacks on untrusted networks. Captured communications may include user credentials and sensitive session tokens.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-8393"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-295"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-08T17:15:30Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A TLS vulnerability exists in the phone application used to manage a \nconnected device. The phone application accepts self-signed certificates\n when establishing TLS communication which may result in \nman-in-the-middle attacks on untrusted networks. Captured communications\n may include user credentials and sensitive session tokens.",
"id": "GHSA-h7qc-57xc-5vrm",
"modified": "2025-08-08T18:32:22Z",
"published": "2025-08-08T18:32:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-8393"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.dreametech.com/hc/en-us"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-25-219-06"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-H83P-72JV-G7VP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-31 00:31 – Updated: 2024-11-13 18:52A flaw was found in Kroxylicious. When establishing the connection with the upstream Kafka server using a TLS secured connection, Kroxylicious fails to properly verify the server's hostname, resulting in an insecure connection. For a successful attack to be performed, the attacker needs to perform a Man-in-the-Middle attack or compromise any external systems, such as DNS or network routing configuration. This issue is considered a high complexity attack, with additional high privileges required, as the attack would need access to the Kroxylicious configuration or a peer system. The result of a successful attack impacts both data integrity and confidentiality.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "io.kroxylicious:kroxylicious-runtime"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.8.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-8285"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-295",
"CWE-297"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-09-03T20:17:06Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-30T22:15:06Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A flaw was found in Kroxylicious. When establishing the connection with the upstream Kafka server using a TLS secured connection, Kroxylicious fails to properly verify the server\u0027s hostname, resulting in an insecure connection. For a successful attack to be performed, the attacker needs to perform a Man-in-the-Middle attack or compromise any external systems, such as DNS or network routing configuration. This issue is considered a high complexity attack, with additional high privileges required, as the attack would need access to the Kroxylicious configuration or a peer system. The result of a successful attack impacts both data integrity and confidentiality.",
"id": "GHSA-h83p-72jv-g7vp",
"modified": "2024-11-13T18:52:35Z",
"published": "2024-08-31T00:31:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-8285"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kroxylicious/kroxylicious/commit/8be1efcb0a2160fa3ad4cb0e5a27e60160774dce"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:9571"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2024-8285"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2308606"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/kroxylicious/kroxylicious"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:H/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:H/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Missing hostname validation in Kroxylicious"
}
GHSA-H85P-PJ9X-MCRR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-03 03:30 – Updated: 2026-02-19 18:31The API communication component fails to validate the SSL/TLS certificate when sending HTTPS requests to the server. An improper certificates validation vulnerability allows an unauthenticated remote attacker can perform a Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attack to intercept the cleartext communication, potentially leading to the exposure of sensitive user information, including account emails, MD5 hashed passwords, and device serial numbers.
Affected products and versions include: from ADM 4.1.0 through ADM 4.3.3.ROF1 as well as from ADM 5.0.0 through ADM 5.1.1.RCI1.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-24933"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-295"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-03T03:15:53Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The API communication component fails to validate the SSL/TLS certificate when sending HTTPS requests to the server. An improper certificates validation vulnerability allows an unauthenticated remote attacker can perform a Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attack to intercept the cleartext communication, potentially leading to the exposure of sensitive user information, including account emails, MD5 hashed passwords, and device serial numbers.\n\n\nAffected products and versions include: from ADM 4.1.0 through ADM 4.3.3.ROF1 as well as from ADM 5.0.0 through ADM 5.1.1.RCI1.",
"id": "GHSA-h85p-pj9x-mcrr",
"modified": "2026-02-19T18:31:43Z",
"published": "2026-02-03T03:30:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-24933"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.asustor.com/security/security_advisory_detail?id=50"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-H8H6-XJ3R-5RQ7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:50 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:50In Pulse Secure Pulse Desktop Client 5.3RX before 5.3R5 and 9.0R1, there is a Privilege Escalation Vulnerability with Dynamic Certificate Trust.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-16261"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-295"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-09-06T23:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In Pulse Secure Pulse Desktop Client 5.3RX before 5.3R5 and 9.0R1, there is a Privilege Escalation Vulnerability with Dynamic Certificate Trust.",
"id": "GHSA-h8h6-xj3r-5rq7",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:50:19Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:50:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-16261"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.pulsesecure.net/articles/Pulse_Security_Advisories/SA43877"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-H8H9-72C6-9Q22
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-14 18:32 – Updated: 2026-07-14 18:32Improper certificate validation in Windows Cryptographic Services allows an unauthorized attacker to bypass a security feature over a network.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-50302"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-295"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-14T18:17:28Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Improper certificate validation in Windows Cryptographic Services allows an unauthorized attacker to bypass a security feature over a network.",
"id": "GHSA-h8h9-72c6-9q22",
"modified": "2026-07-14T18:32:14Z",
"published": "2026-07-14T18:32:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-50302"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-50302"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Certificates should be carefully managed and checked to assure that data are encrypted with the intended owner's public key.
Mitigation
If certificate pinning is being used, ensure that all relevant properties of the certificate are fully validated before the certificate is pinned, including the hostname.
CAPEC-459: Creating a Rogue Certification Authority Certificate
An adversary exploits a weakness resulting from using a hashing algorithm with weak collision resistance to generate certificate signing requests (CSR) that contain collision blocks in their "to be signed" parts. The adversary submits one CSR to be signed by a trusted certificate authority then uses the signed blob to make a second certificate appear signed by said certificate authority. Due to the hash collision, both certificates, though different, hash to the same value and so the signed blob works just as well in the second certificate. The net effect is that the adversary's second X.509 certificate, which the Certification Authority has never seen, is now signed and validated by that Certification Authority.
CAPEC-475: Signature Spoofing by Improper Validation
An adversary exploits a cryptographic weakness in the signature verification algorithm implementation to generate a valid signature without knowing the key.