CWE-295
AllowedImproper Certificate Validation
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product does not validate, or incorrectly validates, a certificate.
2156 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-6RCQ-57QM-23Q2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:51 – Updated: 2022-05-17 00:51The D-Link NPAPI extension, as used on D-Link DIR-850L REV. A (with firmware through FW114WWb07_h2ab_beta1) and REV. B (with firmware through FW208WWb02) devices, does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive information via a crafted certificate.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-14420"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-295"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-09-13T17:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The D-Link NPAPI extension, as used on D-Link DIR-850L REV. A (with firmware through FW114WWb07_h2ab_beta1) and REV. B (with firmware through FW208WWb02) devices, does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive information via a crafted certificate.",
"id": "GHSA-6rcq-57qm-23q2",
"modified": "2022-05-17T00:51:52Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T00:51:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-14420"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pierrekim.github.io/blog/2017-09-08-dlink-850l-mydlink-cloud-0days-vulnerabilities.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6RPM-G6RR-F2WX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:54 – Updated: 2024-04-04 01:47There is Missing SSL Certificate Validation in the pw3270 terminal emulator before version 5.1.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-15525"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-295"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-08-23T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "There is Missing SSL Certificate Validation in the pw3270 terminal emulator before version 5.1.",
"id": "GHSA-6rpm-g6rr-f2wx",
"modified": "2024-04-04T01:47:05Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:54:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-15525"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://softwarepublico.gov.br/gitlab/pw3270/principal/compare/efa4ab249821ec351ae986683371043b8ca3c2ea...ff2b10fd56cf1fdae862b44bb0610e20e08de427"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2019/08/26/1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2019/08/26/1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6RRJ-C3MX-RV2M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-12 12:30 – Updated: 2025-10-12 12:30A vulnerability was identified in Tomofun Furbo 360 and Furbo Mini. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the component HTTP Traffic Handler. The manipulation leads to improper certificate validation. The attack may be initiated remotely. The attack is considered to have high complexity. The exploitation is known to be difficult. The firmware versions determined to be affected are Furbo 360 up to FB0035_FW_036 and Furbo Mini up to MC0020_FW_074. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-11633"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287",
"CWE-295"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-12T12:15:53Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was identified in Tomofun Furbo 360 and Furbo Mini. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the component HTTP Traffic Handler. The manipulation leads to improper certificate validation. The attack may be initiated remotely. The attack is considered to have high complexity. The exploitation is known to be difficult. The firmware versions determined to be affected are Furbo 360 up to FB0035_FW_036 and Furbo Mini up to MC0020_FW_074. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-6rrj-c3mx-rv2m",
"modified": "2025-10-12T12:30:22Z",
"published": "2025-10-12T12:30:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-11633"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.328044"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.328044"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.661352"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-6V6P-G8CG-2HGG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-04-01 12:56 – Updated: 2022-04-01 12:56Certificate validation in node-sass 2.0.0 to 4.14.1 is disabled when requesting binaries even if the user is not specifying an alternative download path. This affects eZ Platform v2.5 only. The maintainers resolved it by replacing node-sass 4.11 with sass 1.32.13. This issue also affects ezsystems/ezplatform and ezsystems/ezplatform-page-builder.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "ezsystems/ezplatform-admin-ui"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.5.0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.5.27"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-295"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-04-01T12:56:28Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Certificate validation in node-sass 2.0.0 to 4.14.1 is disabled when requesting binaries even if the user is not specifying an alternative download path. This affects eZ Platform v2.5 only. The maintainers resolved it by replacing node-sass 4.11 with sass 1.32.13. This issue also affects ezsystems/ezplatform and ezsystems/ezplatform-page-builder.",
"id": "GHSA-6v6p-g8cg-2hgg",
"modified": "2022-04-01T12:56:28Z",
"published": "2022-04-01T12:56:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ezsystems/ezplatform-admin-ui/security/advisories/GHSA-6v6p-g8cg-2hgg"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-24025"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://developers.ibexa.co/security-advisories/ibexa-sa-2022-002-vulnerability-in-node-sass"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-r8f7-9pfq-mjmv"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/ezsystems/ezplatform-admin-ui"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ezsystems/ezplatform-admin-ui/releases/tag/v1.5.27"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Improper Certificate Validation in node-sass affects eZ Platform"
}
GHSA-6VCJ-R95X-WJ5W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:59 – Updated: 2024-04-04 02:32Man-in-the-middle vulnerability in Micro Focus Self Service Password Reset, affecting all versions prior to 4.4.0.4. The vulnerability could exploit invalid certificate validation and may result in a man-in-the-middle attack.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-11674"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-295"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-10-22T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Man-in-the-middle vulnerability in Micro Focus Self Service Password Reset, affecting all versions prior to 4.4.0.4. The vulnerability could exploit invalid certificate validation and may result in a man-in-the-middle attack.",
"id": "GHSA-6vcj-r95x-wj5w",
"modified": "2024-04-04T02:32:25Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:59:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-11674"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.netiq.com/documentation/self-service-password-reset-44/release-notes-sspr-44-p4/data/release-notes-sspr-44-p4.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6WRG-CR3C-H2HF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-02 00:30 – Updated: 2024-04-02 00:30PDF-XChange Editor Updater Improper Certificate Validation Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows network-adjacent attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of PDF-XChange Editor. User interaction is not required to exploit this vulnerability.
The specific flaw exists within the update functionality. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of the certificate presented by the server. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current user. Was ZDI-CAN-22224.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-27323"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-295"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-01T22:15:15Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "PDF-XChange Editor Updater Improper Certificate Validation Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows network-adjacent attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of PDF-XChange Editor. User interaction is not required to exploit this vulnerability.\n\nThe specific flaw exists within the update functionality. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of the certificate presented by the server. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current user. Was ZDI-CAN-22224.",
"id": "GHSA-6wrg-cr3c-h2hf",
"modified": "2024-04-02T00:30:46Z",
"published": "2024-04-02T00:30:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-27323"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-24-198"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:A/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-72C7-4G63-HPW5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-15 20:12 – Updated: 2025-10-16 14:43Impact
This vulnerability only affects users of the AWS attestor.
Users of the AWS attestor could have unknowingly received a forged identity document. While this may seem unlikely, AWS recently issued a security bulletin about IMDS (Instance Metadata Service) impersonation.[^1]
There are multiple locations where the verification of the identity document will mistakenly report a successful verification.
-
If a signature is not present or is empty https://github.com/in-toto/go-witness/blob/0c8bb30c143951d88b1d4b32f260c5f67d30137b/attestation/aws-iid/aws-iid.go#L161-L163
-
If the RSA verification of the document fails for any reason https://github.com/in-toto/go-witness/blob/0c8bb30c143951d88b1d4b32f260c5f67d30137b/attestation/aws-iid/aws-iid.go#L192-L196
Workarounds
The contents of the AWS attestation contain the identity document, signature, and public key that was used to verify the document. These attestations and their could be identity documents could be manually verified with the openssl command line as documented in the below reference from AWS.[^2]
However, the certificate containing the public key was hard-coded into the attestor. https://github.com/in-toto/go-witness/blob/0c8bb30c143951d88b1d4b32f260c5f67d30137b/attestation/aws-iid/aws-iid.go#L46-L66
Since the original authoring of the attestor, AWS has moved to region specific public certificates. The currently valid certificates were issued around April of 2024, making the identification of attestations with forged content difficult without additional trusted data proving the AWS region in which the attestation was created.
Patches
This vulnerability is addressed in go-witness 0.9.1 and witness 0.10.1.
Resources
[^1]: AWS Security Bulletin on IMDS Impersonation [^2]: Verification of instance identity documents
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/in-toto/go-witness"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.9.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-62375"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-295"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-10-15T20:12:56Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-15T20:15:36Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\nThis vulnerability only affects users of the AWS attestor.\n\nUsers of the AWS attestor could have unknowingly received a forged identity document. While this may seem unlikely, AWS recently issued a security bulletin about IMDS (Instance Metadata Service) impersonation.[^1]\n\nThere are multiple locations where the verification of the identity document will mistakenly report a successful verification.\n\n- If a signature is not present or is empty\nhttps://github.com/in-toto/go-witness/blob/0c8bb30c143951d88b1d4b32f260c5f67d30137b/attestation/aws-iid/aws-iid.go#L161-L163\n\n- If the RSA verification of the document fails for any reason\nhttps://github.com/in-toto/go-witness/blob/0c8bb30c143951d88b1d4b32f260c5f67d30137b/attestation/aws-iid/aws-iid.go#L192-L196\n\n### Workarounds\nThe contents of the AWS attestation contain the identity document, signature, and public key that was used to verify the document. These attestations and their could be identity documents could be manually verified with the `openssl` command line as documented in the below reference from AWS.[^2]\n\nHowever, the certificate containing the public key was hard-coded into the attestor. \nhttps://github.com/in-toto/go-witness/blob/0c8bb30c143951d88b1d4b32f260c5f67d30137b/attestation/aws-iid/aws-iid.go#L46-L66\n\nSince the original authoring of the attestor, AWS has moved to region specific public certificates. The currently valid certificates were issued around April of 2024, making the identification of attestations with forged content difficult without additional trusted data proving the AWS region in which the attestation was created.\n\n### Patches\nThis vulnerability is addressed in `go-witness` 0.9.1 and `witness` 0.10.1.\n\n### Resources\n[^1]: [AWS Security Bulletin on IMDS Impersonation](https://aws.amazon.com/security/security-bulletins/rss/aws-2025-021/)\n[^2]: [Verification of instance identity documents](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/verify-iid.html#verify-signature)",
"id": "GHSA-72c7-4g63-hpw5",
"modified": "2025-10-16T14:43:47Z",
"published": "2025-10-15T20:12:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/in-toto/go-witness/security/advisories/GHSA-72c7-4g63-hpw5"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-62375"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/in-toto/go-witness/commit/04ff20b600e28ce8fd1aa287534dd383a1cfefb9"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/in-toto/go-witness"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "go-witness is Vulnerable to Improper Verification of AWS EC2 Identity Documents"
}
GHSA-72H7-PJJ2-R4PR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-09 18:32 – Updated: 2026-09-09 18:32A flaw was found in the OCAPI modules (ocapi_command, ocapi_info) of the community.general Ansible collection. The shared OCAPI request helper disables TLS certificate validation on every request and the modules expose no parameter to re-enable it, while sending HTTP Basic-Auth credentials to an https endpoint. An attacker positioned on the network path between the Ansible controller and the OCAPI-managed storage/enclosure device can present any certificate, intercept the session, capture the credentials, and tamper with responses.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-87872"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-295"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-09T17:17:52Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A flaw was found in the OCAPI modules (ocapi_command, ocapi_info) of the\ncommunity.general Ansible collection. The shared OCAPI request helper disables\nTLS certificate validation on every request and the modules expose no parameter\nto re-enable it, while sending HTTP Basic-Auth credentials to an https endpoint.\nAn attacker positioned on the network path between the Ansible controller and the\nOCAPI-managed storage/enclosure device can present any certificate, intercept the\nsession, capture the credentials, and tamper with responses.",
"id": "GHSA-72h7-pjj2-r4pr",
"modified": "2026-09-09T18:32:05Z",
"published": "2026-09-09T18:32:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-87872"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-87872"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2530988"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-72MH-269X-7MH5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-05-24 19:52 – Updated: 2021-05-20 21:59The xmlhttprequest-ssl package before 1.6.1 for Node.js disables SSL certificate validation by default, because rejectUnauthorized (when the property exists but is undefined) is considered to be false within the https.request function of Node.js. In other words, no certificate is ever rejected.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "xmlhttprequest-ssl"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.6.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-31597"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-295"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-05-20T21:59:29Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-04-23T00:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The xmlhttprequest-ssl package before 1.6.1 for Node.js disables SSL certificate validation by default, because rejectUnauthorized (when the property exists but is undefined) is considered to be false within the https.request function of Node.js. In other words, no certificate is ever rejected.",
"id": "GHSA-72mh-269x-7mh5",
"modified": "2021-05-20T21:59:29Z",
"published": "2021-05-24T19:52:55Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-31597"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/mjwwit/node-XMLHttpRequest/commit/bf53329b61ca6afc5d28f6b8d2dc2e3ca740a9b2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/mjwwit/node-XMLHttpRequest/compare/v1.6.0...1.6.1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://people.kingsds.network/wesgarland/xmlhttprequest-ssl-vuln.txt"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20210618-0004"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Improper Certificate Validation in xmlhttprequest-ssl"
}
GHSA-72Q8-9RGW-5G6J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-11 21:33 – Updated: 2026-08-13 18:31Improper TLS hostname verification vulnerability in Apache HttpComponents Client 5.4 or newer. HostnameVerificationPolicy#BUILTIN setting has no effect when used with the async version of HttpClient. An attacker that can intercept and modify traffic between the client and the server can impersonate the server by presenting a valid certificate for a different domain.
Please note the classic version of HttpClient is not affected by this vulnerability.
Affected users are recommended to upgrade to at least version 5.6.4, which fixes the issue.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-71290"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-295"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-11T21:17:51Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Improper TLS hostname verification vulnerability in Apache HttpComponents Client 5.4 or newer.\u00a0HostnameVerificationPolicy#BUILTIN setting has no effect when used with the async version of HttpClient. An attacker that can intercept and modify traffic between the client and\n the server can impersonate the server by presenting a valid certificate\n for a different domain.\u00a0\n\n\nPlease note the classic version of HttpClient is not affected by this vulnerability.\u00a0\n\nAffected users are recommended to upgrade to at least version 5.6.4, which fixes the issue.",
"id": "GHSA-72q8-9rgw-5g6j",
"modified": "2026-08-13T18:31:22Z",
"published": "2026-08-11T21:33:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-71290"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/bhf7g2zwpom2ohvwjjjlonc93br2s8vq"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/08/13/6"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Certificates should be carefully managed and checked to assure that data are encrypted with the intended owner's public key.
Mitigation
If certificate pinning is being used, ensure that all relevant properties of the certificate are fully validated before the certificate is pinned, including the hostname.
CAPEC-459: Creating a Rogue Certification Authority Certificate
An adversary exploits a weakness resulting from using a hashing algorithm with weak collision resistance to generate certificate signing requests (CSR) that contain collision blocks in their "to be signed" parts. The adversary submits one CSR to be signed by a trusted certificate authority then uses the signed blob to make a second certificate appear signed by said certificate authority. Due to the hash collision, both certificates, though different, hash to the same value and so the signed blob works just as well in the second certificate. The net effect is that the adversary's second X.509 certificate, which the Certification Authority has never seen, is now signed and validated by that Certification Authority.
CAPEC-475: Signature Spoofing by Improper Validation
An adversary exploits a cryptographic weakness in the signature verification algorithm implementation to generate a valid signature without knowing the key.