CWE-294
AllowedAuthentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
A capture-replay flaw exists when the design of the product makes it possible for a malicious user to sniff network traffic and bypass authentication by replaying it to the server in question to the same effect as the original message (or with minor changes).
342 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-3R78-RQG8-95GG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-21 03:31 – Updated: 2026-03-24 19:05Duplicate Advisory
This advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-vqx8-9xxw-f2m7. This link is maintained to preserve external references.
Original Description
OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.2.23 contain a vulnerability in Twilio webhook event deduplication where normalized event IDs are randomized per parse, allowing replay events to bypass manager dedupe checks. Attackers can replay Twilio webhook events to trigger duplicate or stale call-state transitions, potentially causing incorrect call handling and state corruption.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c 2026.2.23"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "openclaw"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-294"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-24T19:05:32Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-21T01:17:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "## Duplicate Advisory\n\nThis advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-vqx8-9xxw-f2m7. This link is maintained to preserve external references.\n\n## Original Description\nOpenClaw versions prior to 2026.2.23 contain a vulnerability in Twilio webhook event deduplication where normalized event IDs are randomized per parse, allowing replay events to bypass manager dedupe checks. Attackers can replay Twilio webhook events to trigger duplicate or stale call-state transitions, potentially causing incorrect call handling and state corruption.",
"id": "GHSA-3r78-rqg8-95gg",
"modified": "2026-03-24T19:05:32Z",
"published": "2026-03-21T03:31:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-vqx8-9xxw-f2m7"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-32053"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/1d28da55a5d0ff409e34999e0961157e9db0a2ab"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-twilio-webhook-replay-bypass-via-randomized-event-id-normalization"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Duplicate Advisory: OpenClaw\u0027s voice-call Twilio webhook replay could bypass manager dedupe because normalized event IDs were randomized per parse",
"withdrawn": "2026-03-24T19:05:32Z"
}
GHSA-44H8-4XM9-FMPV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-10 06:30 – Updated: 2023-01-13 18:30SAP NetWeaver ABAP Server and ABAP Platform - versions SAP_BASIS 700, 701, 702, 710, 711, 730, 731, 740, 750, 751, 752, 753, 754, 755, 756, 757, KERNEL 7.22, 7.53, 7.77, 7.81, 7.85, 7.89, KRNL64UC 7.22, 7.22EXT, 7.53, KRNL64NUC 7.22, 7.22EXT, creates information about system identity in an ambiguous format. This could lead to capture-replay vulnerability and may be exploited by malicious users to obtain illegitimate access to the system.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-0014"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-294"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-01-10T04:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "SAP NetWeaver ABAP Server and ABAP Platform - versions SAP_BASIS 700, 701, 702, 710, 711, 730, 731, 740, 750, 751, 752, 753, 754, 755, 756, 757, KERNEL 7.22, 7.53, 7.77, 7.81, 7.85, 7.89, KRNL64UC 7.22, 7.22EXT, 7.53, KRNL64NUC 7.22, 7.22EXT, creates information about system identity in an ambiguous format. This could lead to capture-replay vulnerability and may be exploited by malicious users to obtain illegitimate access to the system.",
"id": "GHSA-44h8-4xm9-fmpv",
"modified": "2023-01-13T18:30:19Z",
"published": "2023-01-10T06:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-0014"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://launchpad.support.sap.com/#/notes/3089413"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sap.com/documents/2022/02/fa865ea4-167e-0010-bca6-c68f7e60039b.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-457Q-VJ84-7R8R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:34 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:34A flaw was found in the Cephx authentication protocol in versions before 15.2.6 and before 14.2.14, where it does not verify Ceph clients correctly and is then vulnerable to replay attacks in Nautilus. This flaw allows an attacker with access to the Ceph cluster network to authenticate with the Ceph service via a packet sniffer and perform actions allowed by the Ceph service. This issue is a reintroduction of CVE-2018-1128, affecting the msgr2 protocol. The msgr 2 protocol is used for all communication except older clients that do not support the msgr2 protocol. The msgr1 protocol is not affected. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to confidentiality, integrity, and system availability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-25660"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-294"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-11-23T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A flaw was found in the Cephx authentication protocol in versions before 15.2.6 and before 14.2.14, where it does not verify Ceph clients correctly and is then vulnerable to replay attacks in Nautilus. This flaw allows an attacker with access to the Ceph cluster network to authenticate with the Ceph service via a packet sniffer and perform actions allowed by the Ceph service. This issue is a reintroduction of CVE-2018-1128, affecting the msgr2 protocol. The msgr 2 protocol is used for all communication except older clients that do not support the msgr2 protocol. The msgr1 protocol is not affected. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to confidentiality, integrity, and system availability.",
"id": "GHSA-457q-vj84-7r8r",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:34:49Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:34:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-25660"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1890354"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://ceph.io/community/v15-2-6-octopus-released"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://ceph.io/releases/v14-2-14-nautilus-released"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/UBC4KZ44QUQENTYZPVHORGL4K2KV5V4F"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202105-39"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-4778-Q233-JMH5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-14 18:30 – Updated: 2025-10-22 00:32Microsoft Outlook Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-23397"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-20",
"CWE-294"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-03-14T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Microsoft Outlook Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability",
"id": "GHSA-4778-q233-jmh5",
"modified": "2025-10-22T00:32:43Z",
"published": "2023-03-14T18:30:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-23397"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2023-23397"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2023-23397"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-48FJ-HH68-6W6Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-05 18:30 – Updated: 2025-03-27 21:31Replay Attack
in ABB, Busch-Jaeger, FTS Display (version 1.00) and BCU (version 1.3.0.33) allows attacker to capture/replay KNX telegram to local KNX Bus-System
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-4009"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-294"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-06-05T18:15:11Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Replay Attack\n\nin ABB, Busch-Jaeger, FTS Display (version 1.00) and BCU (version 1.3.0.33) allows attacker to capture/replay KNX telegram to local KNX Bus-System",
"id": "GHSA-48fj-hh68-6w6q",
"modified": "2025-03-27T21:31:19Z",
"published": "2024-06-05T18:30:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-4009"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://search.abb.com/library/Download.aspx?DocumentID=9AKK108464A0803\u0026LanguageCode=en\u0026DocumentPartId=\u0026Action=Launch"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:H/VA:H/SC:L/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:N/AU:N/R:X/V:D/RE:M/U:Green",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-48GG-32Q2-4R6M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-25 03:30 – Updated: 2025-10-13 15:12Hyperledger Fabric through 2.5.9 does not verify that a request has a timestamp within the expected time window.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/hyperledger/fabric"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "2.5.9"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-45244"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285",
"CWE-294",
"CWE-672"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-08-26T14:56:07Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-25T02:15:03Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Hyperledger Fabric through 2.5.9 does not verify that a request has a timestamp within the expected time window.",
"id": "GHSA-48gg-32q2-4r6m",
"modified": "2025-10-13T15:12:40Z",
"published": "2024-08-25T03:30:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-45244"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/hyperledger/fabric/commit/155457a6624b3c74b22e5729c35c8499bfe952cd"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/hyperledger/fabric"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/shanker-sec/HLF_TxTime_spoofing"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/shanker-sec/hlf-time-oracle"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Hyperledger Fabric does not verify request has a timestamp within the expected time window"
}
GHSA-4CH8-JGQC-V66P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-07-29 00:00 – Updated: 2022-08-05 00:00An attacker can decrypt the Ovarro TBox login password by communication capture and brute force attacks.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-22640"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-294",
"CWE-307",
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-07-28T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An attacker can decrypt the Ovarro TBox login password by communication capture and brute force attacks.",
"id": "GHSA-4ch8-jgqc-v66p",
"modified": "2022-08-05T00:00:31Z",
"published": "2022-07-29T00:00:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-22640"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ics/advisories/icsa-21-054-04"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4CPX-Q734-J233
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-02 15:31 – Updated: 2024-08-07 18:30An issue in Horizon Business Services Inc. Caterease Software 16.0.1.1663 through 24.0.1.2405 and possibly later versions allows a local attacker to perform an Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay attack due to insufficient protection against capture-replay attacks.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-38890"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-294"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-02T15:16:35Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue in Horizon Business Services Inc. Caterease Software 16.0.1.1663 through 24.0.1.2405 and possibly later versions allows a local attacker to perform an Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay attack due to insufficient protection against capture-replay attacks.",
"id": "GHSA-4cpx-q734-j233",
"modified": "2024-08-07T18:30:41Z",
"published": "2024-08-02T15:31:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-38890"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/179892/Caterease-Software-SQL-Injection-Command-Injection-Bypass.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.273374"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4CR4-X82X-HWM9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-04-05 18:30 – Updated: 2023-04-06 16:55thorsten/phpmyfaq prior to 3.1.12 is vulnerable to authentication bypass by capture-relay that allows unlimited comments to be sent. This has been fixed in 3.1.12.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "thorsten/phpmyfaq"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.1.12"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-1886"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-294"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-04-06T16:55:11Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-04-05T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "thorsten/phpmyfaq prior to 3.1.12 is vulnerable to authentication bypass by capture-relay that allows unlimited comments to be sent. This has been fixed in 3.1.12.",
"id": "GHSA-4cr4-x82x-hwm9",
"modified": "2023-04-06T16:55:11Z",
"published": "2023-04-05T18:30:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-1886"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/thorsten/phpmyfaq/commit/27eaaae16850694634ac52416a0bd38b35d7330a"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/thorsten/phpMyFAQ"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/b7d244b7-5ac3-4964-81ee-8dbb5bb5e33a"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "thorsten/phpmyfaq vulnerable to authentication bypass "
}
GHSA-4JFC-52V4-6X58
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-09 03:30 – Updated: 2023-01-12 21:30softbus_client_stub in communication subsystem within OpenHarmony-v3.0.5 and prior versions has an authentication bypass vulnerability which allows an "SA relay attack".Local attackers can bypass authentication and attack other SAs with high privilege.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-0035"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287",
"CWE-294"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-01-09T03:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "softbus_client_stub in communication subsystem within OpenHarmony-v3.0.5 and prior versions has an authentication bypass vulnerability which allows an \"SA relay attack\".Local attackers can bypass authentication and attack other SAs with high privilege.",
"id": "GHSA-4jfc-52v4-6x58",
"modified": "2023-01-12T21:30:25Z",
"published": "2023-01-09T03:30:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-0035"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitee.com/openharmony/security/blob/master/en/security-disclosure/2023/2023-01.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Utilize some sequence or time stamping functionality along with a checksum which takes this into account in order to ensure that messages can be parsed only once.
Mitigation
Since any attacker who can listen to traffic can see sequence numbers, it is necessary to sign messages with some kind of cryptography to ensure that sequence numbers are not simply doctored along with content.
CAPEC-102: Session Sidejacking
Session sidejacking takes advantage of an unencrypted communication channel between a victim and target system. The attacker sniffs traffic on a network looking for session tokens in unencrypted traffic. Once a session token is captured, the attacker performs malicious actions by using the stolen token with the targeted application to impersonate the victim. This attack is a specific method of session hijacking, which is exploiting a valid session token to gain unauthorized access to a target system or information. Other methods to perform a session hijacking are session fixation, cross-site scripting, or compromising a user or server machine and stealing the session token.
CAPEC-509: Kerberoasting
Through the exploitation of how service accounts leverage Kerberos authentication with Service Principal Names (SPNs), the adversary obtains and subsequently cracks the hashed credentials of a service account target to exploit its privileges. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. As an authenticated user, the adversary may request Active Directory and obtain a service ticket with portions encrypted via RC4 with the private key of the authenticated account. By extracting the local ticket and saving it disk, the adversary can brute force the hashed value to reveal the target account credentials.
CAPEC-555: Remote Services with Stolen Credentials
This pattern of attack involves an adversary that uses stolen credentials to leverage remote services such as RDP, telnet, SSH, and VNC to log into a system. Once access is gained, any number of malicious activities could be performed.
CAPEC-561: Windows Admin Shares with Stolen Credentials
An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows administrator credentials (e.g. userID/password) to access Windows Admin Shares on a local machine or within a Windows domain.
CAPEC-60: Reusing Session IDs (aka Session Replay)
This attack targets the reuse of valid session ID to spoof the target system in order to gain privileges. The attacker tries to reuse a stolen session ID used previously during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking. Another name for this type of attack is Session Replay.
CAPEC-644: Use of Captured Hashes (Pass The Hash)
An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows domain credential hash values to access systems within the domain that leverage the Lan Man (LM) and/or NT Lan Man (NTLM) authentication protocols.
CAPEC-645: Use of Captured Tickets (Pass The Ticket)
An adversary uses stolen Kerberos tickets to access systems/resources that leverage the Kerberos authentication protocol. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. An adversary can obtain any one of these tickets (e.g. Service Ticket, Ticket Granting Ticket, Silver Ticket, or Golden Ticket) to authenticate to a system/resource without needing the account's credentials. Depending on the ticket obtained, the adversary may be able to access a particular resource or generate TGTs for any account within an Active Directory Domain.
CAPEC-652: Use of Known Kerberos Credentials
An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Kerberos credentials (e.g. Kerberos service account userID/password or Kerberos Tickets) with the goal of achieving authenticated access to additional systems, applications, or services within the domain.
CAPEC-701: Browser in the Middle (BiTM)
An adversary exploits the inherent functionalities of a web browser, in order to establish an unnoticed remote desktop connection in the victim's browser to the adversary's system. The adversary must deploy a web client with a remote desktop session that the victim can access.
CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)
An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.