CWE-287
DiscouragedImproper Authentication
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
When an actor claims to have a given identity, the product does not prove or insufficiently proves that the claim is correct.
5966 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-MG4C-X8GF-GW7M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-04-29 03:01 – Updated: 2022-04-29 03:01edituser.php3 in PHPMyChat 0.14.5 allow remote attackers to bypass authentication and gain administrative privileges by setting the do_not_login parameter to false.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2004-2715"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2004-12-31T05:00:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "edituser.php3 in PHPMyChat 0.14.5 allow remote attackers to bypass authentication and gain administrative privileges by setting the do_not_login parameter to false.",
"id": "GHSA-mg4c-x8gf-gw7m",
"modified": "2022-04-29T03:01:58Z",
"published": "2022-04-29T03:01:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2004-2715"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/16440"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/bugtraq/2004-06/0252.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/11894"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://securitytracker.com/id?1010515"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.osvdb.org/7149"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/10556"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-MG5W-FH3Q-RM5P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-05 06:30 – Updated: 2023-12-11 18:30An issue was discovered in Vonage Box Telephone Adapter VDV23 version VDV21-3.2.11-0.5.1, allows local attackers to bypass UART authentication controls and read/write arbitrary values to the memory of the device.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-47304"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-05T04:15:07Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in Vonage Box Telephone Adapter VDV23 version VDV21-3.2.11-0.5.1, allows local attackers to bypass UART authentication controls and read/write arbitrary values to the memory of the device.",
"id": "GHSA-mg5w-fh3q-rm5p",
"modified": "2023-12-11T18:30:30Z",
"published": "2023-12-05T06:30:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-47304"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://trojanhorsey.substack.com/p/cve-2023-47304-unsecured-uart-in"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MG6C-H9C4-RCC2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 22:28 – Updated: 2024-04-04 03:10Legacy pairing and secure-connections pairing authentication in Bluetooth® BR/EDR Core Specification v5.2 and earlier may allow an unauthenticated user to complete authentication without pairing credentials via adjacent access. An unauthenticated, adjacent attacker could impersonate a Bluetooth BR/EDR master or slave to pair with a previously paired remote device to successfully complete the authentication procedure without knowing the link key.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-10135"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287",
"CWE-290",
"CWE-757"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-05-19T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Legacy pairing and secure-connections pairing authentication in Bluetooth\u00c2\u00ae BR/EDR Core Specification v5.2 and earlier may allow an unauthenticated user to complete authentication without pairing credentials via adjacent access. An unauthenticated, adjacent attacker could impersonate a Bluetooth BR/EDR master or slave to pair with a previously paired remote device to successfully complete the authentication procedure without knowing the link key.",
"id": "GHSA-mg6c-h9c4-rcc2",
"modified": "2024-04-04T03:10:49Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T22:28:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-10135"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://francozappa.github.io/about-bias"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.cert.org/vuls/id/647177"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.bluetooth.com/learn-about-bluetooth/bluetooth-technology/bluetooth-security/bias-vulnerability"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-08/msg00009.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-08/msg00047.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/157922/Bluetooth-Impersonation-Attack-BIAS-Proof-Of-Concept.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2020/Jun/5"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MG6C-XR2J-V4FV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-08 00:01 – Updated: 2026-07-05 00:31Maharashtra State Electricity Board Mahavitara Android Application 8.20 and prior is vulnerable to remote account takeover due to OTP fixation vulnerability in password rest function
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-41716"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-07T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Maharashtra State Electricity Board Mahavitara Android Application 8.20 and prior is vulnerable to remote account takeover due to OTP fixation vulnerability in password rest function",
"id": "GHSA-mg6c-xr2j-v4fv",
"modified": "2026-07-05T00:31:24Z",
"published": "2021-12-08T00:01:02Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-41716"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cvewalkthrough.com/cve-2021-41716-mahavitaran-android-application-account-take-over-via-otp-fixation"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://maharashtra.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MG83-C7GQ-RV5C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-20 06:31 – Updated: 2025-04-26 00:30BCryptPasswordEncoder.matches(CharSequence,String) will incorrectly return true for passwords larger than 72 characters as long as the first 72 characters are the same.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.springframework.security:spring-security-crypto"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.3.0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.3.8"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.springframework.security:spring-security-crypto"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.4.0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.4.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 6.2.9"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.springframework.security:spring-security-crypto"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.2.0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.2.10"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 6.1.13"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.springframework.security:spring-security-crypto"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.1.0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.1.14"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 6.0.15"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.springframework.security:spring-security-crypto"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.0.16"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 5.8.17"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.springframework.security:spring-security-crypto"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.8.0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.8.18"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 5.7.15"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.springframework.security:spring-security-crypto"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.7.16"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-22228"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287",
"CWE-521"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-03-20T18:19:20Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-20T06:15:23Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "BCryptPasswordEncoder.matches(CharSequence,String)\u00a0will incorrectly return true\u00a0for passwords larger than 72 characters as long as the first 72 characters are the same.",
"id": "GHSA-mg83-c7gq-rv5c",
"modified": "2025-04-26T00:30:24Z",
"published": "2025-03-20T06:31:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-22228"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-security/commit/46f0dc6dfc8402cd556c598fdf2d31f9d46cdbf3"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-security"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20250425-0009"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://spring.io/security/cve-2025-22228"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Spring Security Does Not Enforce Password Length"
}
GHSA-MG8R-9G6J-HWV9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2019-02-18 23:39 – Updated: 2021-09-15 18:58Versions of hapi-auth-jwt2 prior to version 5.1.2 are affected by a complete authentication bypass vulnerability when in the try authentication mode.
Recommendation
Update to version 5.1.2 or later.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "hapi-auth-jwt2"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.1.1"
},
{
"fixed": "5.1.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
],
"versions": [
"5.1.1"
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-10525"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-06-16T21:46:04Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Versions of `hapi-auth-jwt2` prior to version 5.1.2 are affected by a complete authentication bypass vulnerability when in the `try` authentication mode. \n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nUpdate to version 5.1.2 or later.",
"id": "GHSA-mg8r-9g6j-hwv9",
"modified": "2021-09-15T18:58:17Z",
"published": "2019-02-18T23:39:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-10525"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/dwyl/hapi-auth-jwt2/issues/111"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/dwyl/hapi-auth-jwt2/pull/112"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-mg8r-9g6j-hwv9"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/dwyl/hapi-auth-jwt2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/81"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Authentication Bypass in hapi-auth-jwt2"
}
GHSA-MGC3-C66W-FPMM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:28 – Updated: 2026-07-05 00:31Sourcecodester Simple Library Management System 1.0 is affected by Incorrect Access Control via the Login Panel, http:///lms/admin.php.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-25514"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287",
"CWE-89"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-09-22T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Sourcecodester Simple Library Management System 1.0 is affected by Incorrect Access Control via the Login Panel, http://\u003csite\u003e/lms/admin.php.",
"id": "GHSA-mgc3-c66w-fpmm",
"modified": "2026-07-05T00:31:14Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:28:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-25514"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Ko-kn3t/CVE-2020-25514"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sourcecodester.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://simple.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MGGG-VW4X-89WV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-28 15:30 – Updated: 2023-06-28 15:30A vulnerability in Cisco Duo Two-Factor Authentication for macOS could allow an authenticated, physical attacker to bypass secondary authentication and access an affected macOS device. This vulnerability is due to the incorrect handling of responses from Cisco Duo when the application is configured to fail open. An attacker with primary user credentials could exploit this vulnerability by attempting to authenticate to an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to access the affected device without valid permission.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-20199"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-28T15:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in Cisco Duo Two-Factor Authentication for macOS could allow an authenticated, physical attacker to bypass secondary authentication and access an affected macOS device. This vulnerability is due to the incorrect handling of responses from Cisco Duo when the application is configured to fail open. An attacker with primary user credentials could exploit this vulnerability by attempting to authenticate to an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to access the affected device without valid permission.",
"id": "GHSA-mggg-vw4x-89wv",
"modified": "2023-06-28T15:30:23Z",
"published": "2023-06-28T15:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-20199"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-duo-mac-bypass-OyZpVPnx"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:P/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MGH9-RCHV-M7C2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-09-06 18:30 – Updated: 2024-01-25 18:30A vulnerability in the single sign-on (SSO) implementation of Cisco BroadWorks Application Delivery Platform and Cisco BroadWorks Xtended Services Platform could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to forge the credentials required to access an affected system.
This vulnerability is due to the method used to validate SSO tokens. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by authenticating to the application with forged credentials. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to commit toll fraud or to execute commands at the privilege level of the forged account. If that account is an Administrator account, the attacker would have the ability to view confidential information, modify customer settings, or modify settings for other users. To exploit this vulnerability, the attacker would need a valid user ID that is associated with an affected Cisco BroadWorks system.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-20238"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-09-06T18:15:08Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the single sign-on (SSO) implementation of Cisco BroadWorks Application Delivery Platform and Cisco BroadWorks Xtended Services Platform could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to forge the credentials required to access an affected system.\n\n This vulnerability is due to the method used to validate SSO tokens. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by authenticating to the application with forged credentials. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to commit toll fraud or to execute commands at the privilege level of the forged account. If that account is an Administrator account, the attacker would have the ability to view confidential information, modify customer settings, or modify settings for other users. To exploit this vulnerability, the attacker would need a valid user ID that is associated with an affected Cisco BroadWorks system.",
"id": "GHSA-mgh9-rchv-m7c2",
"modified": "2024-01-25T18:30:43Z",
"published": "2023-09-06T18:30:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-20238"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-bw-auth-bypass-kCggMWhX"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MGMJ-4R54-QFXP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:12 – Updated: 2022-05-17 00:12Firmware upgrade authentication bypass vulnerability was found in Dahua IPC-HDW4300S and some IP products. The vulnerability was caused by internal Debug function. This particular function was used for problem analysis and performance tuning during product development phase. It allowed the device to receive only specific data (one direction, no transmit) and therefore it was not involved in any instance of collecting user privacy data or allowing remote code execution.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-9316"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-11-27T17:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Firmware upgrade authentication bypass vulnerability was found in Dahua IPC-HDW4300S and some IP products. The vulnerability was caused by internal Debug function. This particular function was used for problem analysis and performance tuning during product development phase. It allowed the device to receive only specific data (one direction, no transmit) and therefore it was not involved in any instance of collecting user privacy data or allowing remote code execution.",
"id": "GHSA-mgmj-4r54-qfxp",
"modified": "2022-05-17T00:12:16Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T00:12:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-9316"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.dahuasecurity.com/annoucementsingle/security-advisory--high-risk-vulnerability-found-in-dahua-ipc-hdw4300s-and-some-ip-products_14731_231.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Use an authentication framework or library such as the OWASP ESAPI Authentication feature.
CAPEC-114: Authentication Abuse
An attacker obtains unauthorized access to an application, service or device either through knowledge of the inherent weaknesses of an authentication mechanism, or by exploiting a flaw in the authentication scheme's implementation. In such an attack an authentication mechanism is functioning but a carefully controlled sequence of events causes the mechanism to grant access to the attacker.
CAPEC-115: Authentication Bypass
An attacker gains access to application, service, or device with the privileges of an authorized or privileged user by evading or circumventing an authentication mechanism. The attacker is therefore able to access protected data without authentication ever having taken place.
CAPEC-151: Identity Spoofing
Identity Spoofing refers to the action of assuming (i.e., taking on) the identity of some other entity (human or non-human) and then using that identity to accomplish a goal. An adversary may craft messages that appear to come from a different principle or use stolen / spoofed authentication credentials.
CAPEC-194: Fake the Source of Data
An adversary takes advantage of improper authentication to provide data or services under a falsified identity. The purpose of using the falsified identity may be to prevent traceability of the provided data or to assume the rights granted to another individual. One of the simplest forms of this attack would be the creation of an email message with a modified "From" field in order to appear that the message was sent from someone other than the actual sender. The root of the attack (in this case the email system) fails to properly authenticate the source and this results in the reader incorrectly performing the instructed action. Results of the attack vary depending on the details of the attack, but common results include privilege escalation, obfuscation of other attacks, and data corruption/manipulation.
CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client
An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.
CAPEC-57: Utilizing REST's Trust in the System Resource to Obtain Sensitive Data
This attack utilizes a REST(REpresentational State Transfer)-style applications' trust in the system resources and environment to obtain sensitive data once SSL is terminated.
CAPEC-593: Session Hijacking
This type of attack involves an adversary that exploits weaknesses in an application's use of sessions in performing authentication. The adversary is able to steal or manipulate an active session and use it to gain unathorized access to the application.
CAPEC-633: Token Impersonation
An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to create an access token (or equivalent) that impersonates a different entity, and then associates a process/thread to that that impersonated token. This action causes a downstream user to make a decision or take action that is based on the assumed identity, and not the response that blocks the adversary.
CAPEC-650: Upload a Web Shell to a Web Server
By exploiting insufficient permissions, it is possible to upload a web shell to a web server in such a way that it can be executed remotely. This shell can have various capabilities, thereby acting as a "gateway" to the underlying web server. The shell might execute at the higher permission level of the web server, providing the ability the execute malicious code at elevated levels.
CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)
An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.