Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-287

Discouraged

Improper Authentication

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

When an actor claims to have a given identity, the product does not prove or insufficiently proves that the claim is correct.

5964 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-HFG9-FM93-GH43

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:30 – Updated: 2022-06-16 00:00
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability has been identified in SIPORT MP (All versions < 3.2.1). Vulnerable versions of the device could allow an authenticated attacker to impersonate other users of the system and perform (potentially administrative) actions on behalf of those users if the single sign-on feature ("Allow logon without password") is enabled.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-7591"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287",
      "CWE-603"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-10-15T19:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability has been identified in SIPORT MP (All versions \u003c 3.2.1). Vulnerable versions of the device could allow an authenticated attacker to impersonate other users of the system and perform (potentially administrative) actions on behalf of those users if the single sign-on feature (\"Allow logon without password\") is enabled.",
  "id": "GHSA-hfg9-fm93-gh43",
  "modified": "2022-06-16T00:00:29Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:30:47Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-7591"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-384879.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ics/advisories/icsa-20-287-06"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-HFHH-JFHV-RW66

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 05:42 – Updated: 2022-05-17 05:42
VLAI
Details

The LDAP login feature in bos.rte.security 6.1.6.4 in IBM AIX 6.1, when ldap_auth is enabled in ldap.cfg, allows remote attackers to bypass authentication via a login attempt with an arbitrary password.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2011-1561"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2011-04-05T15:19:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The LDAP login feature in bos.rte.security 6.1.6.4 in IBM AIX 6.1, when ldap_auth is enabled in ldap.cfg, allows remote attackers to bypass authentication via a login attempt with an arbitrary password.",
  "id": "GHSA-hfhh-jfhv-rw66",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T05:42:21Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T05:42:21Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2011-1561"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://aix.software.ibm.com/aix/efixes/security/ldapauth_advisory.asc"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/43968"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://securitytracker.com/id?1025273"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=isg1IZ97416"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2011/0836"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-HFHV-WM6Q-V6XC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:44 – Updated: 2024-04-04 00:09
VLAI
Details

Incorrect Access Control in the Account Access / Password Reset Link in SimplyBook.me Enterprise before 2019-04-23 allows Unauthorized Attackers to READ/WRITE Customer or Administrator data via a persistent HTTP GET Request Hash Link Replay, as demonstrated by a login-link from the browser history.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-11488"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-04-25T21:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Incorrect Access Control in the Account Access / Password Reset Link in SimplyBook.me Enterprise before 2019-04-23 allows Unauthorized Attackers to READ/WRITE Customer or Administrator data via a persistent HTTP GET Request Hash Link Replay, as demonstrated by a login-link from the browser history.",
  "id": "GHSA-hfhv-wm6q-v6xc",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T00:09:15Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T16:44:41Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-11488"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://blog.cybrgrade.com/CVE-2019-11488-SimplyBook.me-hash-replay-attack"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cybrgrade.com/files/Report_SimplyBookIt_MD5_Hash_Replay_by_CybrGradeUKLtd.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-HFMF-Q69J-6M5P

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-10 00:00 – Updated: 2023-09-15 20:18
VLAI
Summary
Reuse of one time passwords allowed in Gitea
Details

An Authentication Bypass vulnerability exists in Gitea before 1.5.0, which could let a malicious user gain privileges. If captured, the TOTP code for the 2FA can be submitted correctly more than once.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "code.gitea.io/gitea"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.5.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-45331"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2022-09-08T00:01:19Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-02-09T18:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "An Authentication Bypass vulnerability exists in Gitea before 1.5.0, which could let a malicious user gain privileges. If captured, the TOTP code for the 2FA can be submitted correctly more than once.",
  "id": "GHSA-hfmf-q69j-6m5p",
  "modified": "2023-09-15T20:18:29Z",
  "published": "2022-02-10T00:00:22Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45331"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/pull/3878"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://blog.gitea.io/2018/08/gitea-1.5.0-is-released"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Reuse of one time passwords allowed in Gitea"
}

GHSA-HFX8-6PXQ-3FX3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-04 09:30 – Updated: 2026-06-04 21:31
VLAI
Details

Internal multimedia session archives are accessible without authentication, exacerbated by loose Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) rules that allow cross-site theft.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-49202"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-04T07:16:27Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Internal multimedia session archives are accessible without authentication, exacerbated by loose Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) rules that allow cross-site theft.",
  "id": "GHSA-hfx8-6pxq-3fx3",
  "modified": "2026-06-04T21:31:20Z",
  "published": "2026-06-04T09:30:35Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-49202"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://community.acer.com/en/kb/articles/19707"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-HG35-P8X7-FW5F

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 05:45 – Updated: 2022-05-17 05:45
VLAI
Details

Red Hat Certificate System (RHCS) 7.3 and 8 and Dogtag Certificate System do not require authentication for requests to decrypt SCEP one-time PINs, which allows remote attackers to obtain PINs by sniffing the network for SCEP requests and then sending decryption requests to the Certificate Authority component.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2010-3868"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2010-11-17T16:00:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Red Hat Certificate System (RHCS) 7.3 and 8 and Dogtag Certificate System do not require authentication for requests to decrypt SCEP one-time PINs, which allows remote attackers to obtain PINs by sniffing the network for SCEP requests and then sending decryption requests to the Certificate Authority component.",
  "id": "GHSA-hg35-p8x7-fw5f",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T05:45:55Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T05:45:55Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2010-3868"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=648882"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://fedorahosted.org/pki/changeset/1261"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2010-0837.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2010-0838.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/42181"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://securitytracker.com/id?1024697"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.osvdb.org/69149"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-HG58-7MH7-HWCQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-02 03:59 – Updated: 2022-05-02 03:59
VLAI
Details

WB News 2.1.2 allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and gain administrative access via a modified WBNEWS cookie, as demonstrated by setting this cookie to 1.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2009-4927"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2010-07-12T13:27:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "WB News 2.1.2 allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and gain administrative access via a modified WBNEWS cookie, as demonstrated by setting this cookie to 1.",
  "id": "GHSA-hg58-7mh7-hwcq",
  "modified": "2022-05-02T03:59:34Z",
  "published": "2022-05-02T03:59:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2009-4927"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/34822"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/8492"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/34609"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-HG65-QJ29-QXP5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-02 00:03 – Updated: 2022-05-02 00:03
VLAI
Details

Unspecified vulnerability in Cisco Unity 4.x before 4.2(1)ES161, 5.x before 5.0(1)ES53, and 7.x before 7.0(2)ES8, when using anonymous authentication (aka native Unity authentication), allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and read or modify system configuration parameters by going to a specific link more than once.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2008-3814"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2008-10-08T22:00:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Unspecified vulnerability in Cisco Unity 4.x before 4.2(1)ES161, 5.x before 5.0(1)ES53, and 7.x before 7.0(2)ES8, when using anonymous authentication (aka native Unity authentication), allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and read or modify system configuration parameters by going to a specific link more than once.",
  "id": "GHSA-hg65-qj29-qxp5",
  "modified": "2022-05-02T00:03:52Z",
  "published": "2022-05-02T00:03:52Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-3814"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/45741"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/32187"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/products_security_advisory09186a0080a0d85f.shtml"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/products_security_response09186a0080a0d861.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/31638"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/31642"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id?1021011"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.voipshield.com/research-details.php?id=126"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2008/2771"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-HGFF-WP2M-JGFW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-05 06:30 – Updated: 2025-10-22 00:33
VLAI
Details

Vulnerability in the Oracle Concurrent Processing product of Oracle E-Business Suite (component: BI Publisher Integration). Supported versions that are affected are 12.2.3-12.2.14. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise Oracle Concurrent Processing. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in takeover of Oracle Concurrent Processing. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 9.8 (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-61882"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-22",
      "CWE-284",
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-10-05T04:15:40Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Vulnerability in the Oracle Concurrent Processing product of Oracle E-Business Suite (component: BI Publisher Integration).  Supported versions that are affected are 12.2.3-12.2.14. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise Oracle Concurrent Processing.  Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in takeover of Oracle Concurrent Processing. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 9.8 (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability impacts).  CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).",
  "id": "GHSA-hgff-wp2m-jgfw",
  "modified": "2025-10-22T00:33:24Z",
  "published": "2025-10-05T06:30:14Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-61882"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://blogs.oracle.com/security/post/apply-july-2025-cpu"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://labs.watchtowr.com/well-well-well-its-another-day-oracle-e-business-suite-pre-auth-rce-chain-cve-2025-61882well-well-well-its-another-day-oracle-e-business-suite-pre-auth-rce-chain-cve-2025-61882"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2025-61882"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/crowdstrike-identifies-campaign-targeting-oracle-e-business-suite-zero-day-CVE-2025-61882"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/alert-cve-2025-61882.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-HGFM-C2W9-5XF5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 23:30 – Updated: 2022-05-01 23:30
VLAI
Details

HTTP File Server (HFS) before 2.2c tags HTTP request log entries with the username sent during HTTP Basic Authentication, regardless of whether authentication succeeded, which might make it more difficult for an administrator to determine who made a remote request.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2008-0407"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2008-01-29T00:00:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "HTTP File Server (HFS) before 2.2c tags HTTP request log entries with the username sent during HTTP Basic Authentication, regardless of whether authentication succeeded, which might make it more difficult for an administrator to determine who made a remote request.",
  "id": "GHSA-hgfm-c2w9-5xf5",
  "modified": "2022-05-01T23:30:00Z",
  "published": "2022-05-01T23:30:00Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-0407"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/39877"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/28631"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://securityreason.com/securityalert/3582"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.rejetto.com/hfs/?f=wn"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/486874/100/0/threaded"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/27423"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.syhunt.com/advisories/hfs-1-username.txt"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.syhunt.com/advisories/hfshack.txt"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

Use an authentication framework or library such as the OWASP ESAPI Authentication feature.

CAPEC-114: Authentication Abuse

An attacker obtains unauthorized access to an application, service or device either through knowledge of the inherent weaknesses of an authentication mechanism, or by exploiting a flaw in the authentication scheme's implementation. In such an attack an authentication mechanism is functioning but a carefully controlled sequence of events causes the mechanism to grant access to the attacker.

CAPEC-115: Authentication Bypass

An attacker gains access to application, service, or device with the privileges of an authorized or privileged user by evading or circumventing an authentication mechanism. The attacker is therefore able to access protected data without authentication ever having taken place.

CAPEC-151: Identity Spoofing

Identity Spoofing refers to the action of assuming (i.e., taking on) the identity of some other entity (human or non-human) and then using that identity to accomplish a goal. An adversary may craft messages that appear to come from a different principle or use stolen / spoofed authentication credentials.

CAPEC-194: Fake the Source of Data

An adversary takes advantage of improper authentication to provide data or services under a falsified identity. The purpose of using the falsified identity may be to prevent traceability of the provided data or to assume the rights granted to another individual. One of the simplest forms of this attack would be the creation of an email message with a modified "From" field in order to appear that the message was sent from someone other than the actual sender. The root of the attack (in this case the email system) fails to properly authenticate the source and this results in the reader incorrectly performing the instructed action. Results of the attack vary depending on the details of the attack, but common results include privilege escalation, obfuscation of other attacks, and data corruption/manipulation.

CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client

An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.

CAPEC-57: Utilizing REST's Trust in the System Resource to Obtain Sensitive Data

This attack utilizes a REST(REpresentational State Transfer)-style applications' trust in the system resources and environment to obtain sensitive data once SSL is terminated.

CAPEC-593: Session Hijacking

This type of attack involves an adversary that exploits weaknesses in an application's use of sessions in performing authentication. The adversary is able to steal or manipulate an active session and use it to gain unathorized access to the application.

CAPEC-633: Token Impersonation

An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to create an access token (or equivalent) that impersonates a different entity, and then associates a process/thread to that that impersonated token. This action causes a downstream user to make a decision or take action that is based on the assumed identity, and not the response that blocks the adversary.

CAPEC-650: Upload a Web Shell to a Web Server

By exploiting insufficient permissions, it is possible to upload a web shell to a web server in such a way that it can be executed remotely. This shell can have various capabilities, thereby acting as a "gateway" to the underlying web server. The shell might execute at the higher permission level of the web server, providing the ability the execute malicious code at elevated levels.

CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)

An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.