CWE-284
DiscouragedImproper Access Control
Abstraction: Pillar · Status: Incomplete
The product does not restrict or incorrectly restricts access to a resource from an unauthorized actor.
7802 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-X4MP-Q79C-863H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-19 09:30 – Updated: 2023-02-27 18:32A vulnerability classified as critical was found in SourceCodester Auto Dealer Management System 1.0. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file /adms/classes/Users.php. The manipulation leads to improper access controls. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-221491.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-0916"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-02-19T09:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability classified as critical was found in SourceCodester Auto Dealer Management System 1.0. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file /adms/classes/Users.php. The manipulation leads to improper access controls. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-221491.",
"id": "GHSA-x4mp-q79c-863h",
"modified": "2023-02-27T18:32:03Z",
"published": "2023-02-19T09:30:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-0916"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/navaidzansari/CVE_Demo/blob/main/2023/Auto%20Dealer%20Management%20System%20-%20Broken%20Access%20Control.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.221491"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.221491"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X4MR-XJCG-RW95
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-21 21:33 – Updated: 2025-10-21 21:33Vulnerability in Oracle Essbase (component: Essbase Web Platform). The supported version that is affected is 21.7.3.0.0. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows low privileged attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise Oracle Essbase. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized creation, deletion or modification access to critical data or all Oracle Essbase accessible data as well as unauthorized access to critical data or complete access to all Oracle Essbase accessible data. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 8.1 (Confidentiality and Integrity impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-61763"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-21T20:20:52Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Vulnerability in Oracle Essbase (component: Essbase Web Platform). The supported version that is affected is 21.7.3.0.0. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows low privileged attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise Oracle Essbase. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized creation, deletion or modification access to critical data or all Oracle Essbase accessible data as well as unauthorized access to critical data or complete access to all Oracle Essbase accessible data. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 8.1 (Confidentiality and Integrity impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N).",
"id": "GHSA-x4mr-xjcg-rw95",
"modified": "2025-10-21T21:33:43Z",
"published": "2025-10-21T21:33:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-61763"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuoct2025.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X4PG-JM3Q-2WH8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-16 00:30 – Updated: 2025-11-03 21:34This issue was addressed with improved handling of symlinks. This issue is fixed in macOS Tahoe 26. An app may be able to access protected user data.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-43369"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-15T23:15:38Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "This issue was addressed with improved handling of symlinks. This issue is fixed in macOS Tahoe 26. An app may be able to access protected user data.",
"id": "GHSA-x4pg-jm3q-2wh8",
"modified": "2025-11-03T21:34:34Z",
"published": "2025-09-16T00:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-43369"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/125110"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Sep/53"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X536-QRVC-92XM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-10-03 06:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 08:02Memory Corruption in Core while invoking a call to Access Control core library with hardware protected address range.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-24844"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-10-03T06:15:22Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Memory Corruption in Core while invoking a call to Access Control core library with hardware protected address range.",
"id": "GHSA-x536-qrvc-92xm",
"modified": "2024-04-04T08:02:22Z",
"published": "2023-10-03T06:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-24844"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.qualcomm.com/company/product-security/bulletins/october-2023-bulletin"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X56P-HV7C-CXVX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:05 – Updated: 2022-07-29 00:00In the Simple 301 Redirects by BetterLinks WordPress plugin before 2.0.4, the lack of capability checks and insufficient nonce check on the AJAX actions, simple301redirects/admin/get_wildcard and simple301redirects/admin/wildcard, made it possible for authenticated users to retrieve and update the wildcard value for redirects.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-24355"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-06-14T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In the Simple 301 Redirects by BetterLinks WordPress plugin before 2.0.4, the lack of capability checks and insufficient nonce check on the AJAX actions, simple301redirects/admin/get_wildcard and simple301redirects/admin/wildcard, made it possible for authenticated users to retrieve and update the wildcard value for redirects.",
"id": "GHSA-x56p-hv7c-cxvx",
"modified": "2022-07-29T00:00:42Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:05:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-24355"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/ce8f9648-30fb-4fb9-894e-879dc0f26f98"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/blog/2021/05/severe-vulnerabilities-patched-in-simple-301-redirects-by-betterlinks-plugin"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X574-M823-4X7W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-25 14:00 – Updated: 2025-03-25 14:00Summary
The contents of arbitrary files can be returned to the browser.
Impact
Only apps explicitly exposing the Vite dev server to the network (using --host or server.host config option) are affected.
Details
@fs denies access to files outside of Vite serving allow list. Adding ?raw?? or ?import&raw?? to the URL bypasses this limitation and returns the file content if it exists. This bypass exists because trailing separators such as ? are removed in several places, but are not accounted for in query string regexes.
PoC
$ npm create vite@latest
$ cd vite-project/
$ npm install
$ npm run dev
$ echo "top secret content" > /tmp/secret.txt
# expected behaviour
$ curl "http://localhost:5173/@fs/tmp/secret.txt"
<body>
<h1>403 Restricted</h1>
<p>The request url "/tmp/secret.txt" is outside of Vite serving allow list.
# security bypassed
$ curl "http://localhost:5173/@fs/tmp/secret.txt?import&raw??"
export default "top secret content\n"
//# sourceMappingURL=data:application/json;base64,eyJ2...
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "vite"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.2.0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.2.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "vite"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.1.0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.1.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "vite"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.0.12"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "vite"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.4.15"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "vite"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.5.10"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-30208"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-200",
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-03-25T14:00:02Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-24T17:15:21Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\nThe contents of arbitrary files can be returned to the browser.\n\n### Impact\nOnly apps explicitly exposing the Vite dev server to the network (using `--host` or [`server.host` config option](https://vitejs.dev/config/server-options.html#server-host)) are affected.\n\n### Details\n`@fs` denies access to files outside of Vite serving allow list. Adding `?raw??` or `?import\u0026raw??` to the URL bypasses this limitation and returns the file content if it exists. This bypass exists because trailing separators such as `?` are removed in several places, but are not accounted for in query string regexes.\n\n### PoC\n```bash\n$ npm create vite@latest\n$ cd vite-project/\n$ npm install\n$ npm run dev\n\n$ echo \"top secret content\" \u003e /tmp/secret.txt\n\n# expected behaviour\n$ curl \"http://localhost:5173/@fs/tmp/secret.txt\"\n\n \u003cbody\u003e\n \u003ch1\u003e403 Restricted\u003c/h1\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe request url \u0026quot;/tmp/secret.txt\u0026quot; is outside of Vite serving allow list.\n\n# security bypassed\n$ curl \"http://localhost:5173/@fs/tmp/secret.txt?import\u0026raw??\"\nexport default \"top secret content\\n\"\n//# sourceMappingURL=data:application/json;base64,eyJ2...\n```",
"id": "GHSA-x574-m823-4x7w",
"modified": "2025-03-25T14:00:02Z",
"published": "2025-03-25T14:00:02Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vitejs/vite/security/advisories/GHSA-x574-m823-4x7w"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-30208"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vitejs/vite/commit/315695e9d97cc6cfa7e6d9e0229fb50cdae3d9f4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vitejs/vite/commit/80381c38d6f068b12e6e928cd3c616bd1d64803c"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vitejs/vite/commit/807d7f06d33ab49c48a2a3501da3eea1906c0d41"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vitejs/vite/commit/92ca12dc79118bf66f2b32ff81ed09e0d0bd07ca"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vitejs/vite/commit/f234b5744d8b74c95535a7b82cc88ed2144263c1"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/vitejs/vite"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Vite bypasses server.fs.deny when using ?raw??"
}
GHSA-X5C7-6JVQ-V243
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-14 06:30 – Updated: 2023-03-22 15:30Cache Management Service in SAP NetWeaver Application Server for Java - version 7.50, does not perform any authentication checks for functionalities that require user identity
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-26460"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-03-14T05:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Cache Management Service in SAP NetWeaver Application Server for Java - version 7.50, does not perform any authentication checks for functionalities that require user identity",
"id": "GHSA-x5c7-6jvq-v243",
"modified": "2023-03-22T15:30:21Z",
"published": "2023-03-14T06:30:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-26460"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://launchpad.support.sap.com/#/notes/3288096"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sap.com/documents/2022/02/fa865ea4-167e-0010-bca6-c68f7e60039b.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X5C8-43VF-FMPC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-09 00:31 – Updated: 2026-04-13 21:30Policy bypass in LocalNetworkAccess in Google Chrome prior to 147.0.7727.55 allowed a remote attacker to bypass navigation restrictions via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-5881"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-08T22:16:27Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Policy bypass in LocalNetworkAccess in Google Chrome prior to 147.0.7727.55 allowed a remote attacker to bypass navigation restrictions via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Medium)",
"id": "GHSA-x5c8-43vf-fmpc",
"modified": "2026-04-13T21:30:37Z",
"published": "2026-04-09T00:31:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-5881"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2026/04/stable-channel-update-for-desktop.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/454162508"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X5J6-J5MC-FHG5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-30 00:32 – Updated: 2025-11-03 21:34The issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in macOS Sequoia 15.6, macOS Sonoma 14.7.7, macOS Ventura 13.7.7. An app may be able to modify protected parts of the file system.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-43194"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-07-30T00:15:32Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in macOS Sequoia 15.6, macOS Sonoma 14.7.7, macOS Ventura 13.7.7. An app may be able to modify protected parts of the file system.",
"id": "GHSA-x5j6-j5mc-fhg5",
"modified": "2025-11-03T21:34:12Z",
"published": "2025-07-30T00:32:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-43194"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/124149"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/124150"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/124151"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Jul/32"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Jul/33"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Jul/34"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X5RW-QVVP-5CGM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-02 22:50 – Updated: 2026-01-02 22:50Summary
An Insecure Direct Object Reference vulnerability in the customer order reorder function allows any authenticated customer to add items from another customer's order to their own shopping cart by manipulating the order ID parameter. This exposes sensitive purchase information and enables potential fraud.
Details
The vulnerability exists in the reorder method within OrderController.php. Unlike other order-related functions like view, cancel, printInvoice that properly validate customer ownership, the reorder function retrieves orders using only the order ID without verifying that the order belongs to the authenticated customer.
Code location: packages/Webkul/Shop/src/Http/Controllers/Customer/Account/OrderController.php
Exposed Route: packages/Webkul/Shop/src/Routes/customer-routes.php
Route::get('reorder/{id}', 'reorder')->name('shop.customers.account.orders.reorder');
PoC
I. Create victim account and place an order. II. Login as attacker. III. Exploit IDOR and navigate like: http://target.xxx/customer/account/orders/reorder/1 IV. Check http://target.xxx/checkout/cart and verify exploitation. V. Victim's order items are now in Attacker's cart.
PoC via curl:
curl -c cookies.txt -X POST "http://target.xxx/customer/login" -d "email=attacker@evil.com&password=123qwe"
curl -b cookies.txt "http://target.xxx/customer/account/orders/reorder/1"
curl -b cookies.txt "http://target/api/checkout/cart"
Impact
- Information Disclosure: Attackers can discover what products other customers have purchased.
- Potential Fraud: Attackers could potentially exploit this for social engineering or targeted attacks.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "bagisto/bagisto"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.3.10"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-21447"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284",
"CWE-639"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-01-02T22:50:47Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-02T21:15:58Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nAn Insecure Direct Object Reference vulnerability in the customer order reorder function allows any authenticated customer to add items from another customer\u0027s order to their own shopping cart by manipulating the order ID parameter. This exposes sensitive purchase information and enables potential fraud.\n\n### Details\n\nThe vulnerability exists in the reorder method within OrderController.php. Unlike other order-related functions like view, cancel, printInvoice that properly validate customer ownership, the reorder function retrieves orders using only the order ID without verifying that the order belongs to the authenticated customer.\n\nCode location: `packages/Webkul/Shop/src/Http/Controllers/Customer/Account/OrderController.php`\n\nExposed Route: `packages/Webkul/Shop/src/Routes/customer-routes.php`\n\n```php\nRoute::get(\u0027reorder/{id}\u0027, \u0027reorder\u0027)-\u003ename(\u0027shop.customers.account.orders.reorder\u0027);\n```\n\n### PoC\n\nI. Create victim account and place an order.\nII. Login as attacker.\nIII. Exploit IDOR and navigate like: http://target.xxx/customer/account/orders/reorder/1\nIV. Check http://target.xxx/checkout/cart and verify exploitation.\nV. Victim\u0027s order items are now in Attacker\u0027s cart.\n\n###\u00a0PoC via curl:\n\n```\ncurl -c cookies.txt -X POST \"http://target.xxx/customer/login\" -d \"email=attacker@evil.com\u0026password=123qwe\"\n\ncurl -b cookies.txt \"http://target.xxx/customer/account/orders/reorder/1\"\n\ncurl -b cookies.txt \"http://target/api/checkout/cart\"\n```\n\n### Impact\n\n- **Information Disclosure:** Attackers can discover what products other customers have purchased.\n- **Potential Fraud:** Attackers could potentially exploit this for social engineering or targeted attacks.",
"id": "GHSA-x5rw-qvvp-5cgm",
"modified": "2026-01-02T22:50:47Z",
"published": "2026-01-02T22:50:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/bagisto/bagisto/security/advisories/GHSA-x5rw-qvvp-5cgm"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-21447"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/bagisto/bagisto/commit/b2b1cf62577245d03a68532478cffbe321df74d3"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/bagisto/bagisto"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Bagisto has IDOR in Customer Order Reorder Functionality"
}
Mitigation MIT-1
Very carefully manage the setting, management, and handling of privileges. Explicitly manage trust zones in the software.
Mitigation MIT-46
Strategy: Separation of Privilege
- Compartmentalize the system to have "safe" areas where trust boundaries can be unambiguously drawn. Do not allow sensitive data to go outside of the trust boundary and always be careful when interfacing with a compartment outside of the safe area.
- Ensure that appropriate compartmentalization is built into the system design, and the compartmentalization allows for and reinforces privilege separation functionality. Architects and designers should rely on the principle of least privilege to decide the appropriate time to use privileges and the time to drop privileges.
CAPEC-19: Embedding Scripts within Scripts
An adversary leverages the capability to execute their own script by embedding it within other scripts that the target software is likely to execute due to programs' vulnerabilities that are brought on by allowing remote hosts to execute scripts.
CAPEC-441: Malicious Logic Insertion
An adversary installs or adds malicious logic (also known as malware) into a seemingly benign component of a fielded system. This logic is often hidden from the user of the system and works behind the scenes to achieve negative impacts. With the proliferation of mass digital storage and inexpensive multimedia devices, Bluetooth and 802.11 support, new attack vectors for spreading malware are emerging for things we once thought of as innocuous greeting cards, picture frames, or digital projectors. This pattern of attack focuses on systems already fielded and used in operation as opposed to systems and their components that are still under development and part of the supply chain.
CAPEC-478: Modification of Windows Service Configuration
An adversary exploits a weakness in access control to modify the execution parameters of a Windows service. The goal of this attack is to execute a malicious binary in place of an existing service.
CAPEC-479: Malicious Root Certificate
An adversary exploits a weakness in authorization and installs a new root certificate on a compromised system. Certificates are commonly used for establishing secure TLS/SSL communications within a web browser. When a user attempts to browse a website that presents a certificate that is not trusted an error message will be displayed to warn the user of the security risk. Depending on the security settings, the browser may not allow the user to establish a connection to the website. Adversaries have used this technique to avoid security warnings prompting users when compromised systems connect over HTTPS to adversary controlled web servers that spoof legitimate websites in order to collect login credentials.
CAPEC-502: Intent Spoof
An adversary, through a previously installed malicious application, issues an intent directed toward a specific trusted application's component in an attempt to achieve a variety of different objectives including modification of data, information disclosure, and data injection. Components that have been unintentionally exported and made public are subject to this type of an attack. If the component trusts the intent's action without verififcation, then the target application performs the functionality at the adversary's request, helping the adversary achieve the desired negative technical impact.
CAPEC-503: WebView Exposure
An adversary, through a malicious web page, accesses application specific functionality by leveraging interfaces registered through WebView's addJavascriptInterface API. Once an interface is registered to WebView through addJavascriptInterface, it becomes global and all pages loaded in the WebView can call this interface.
CAPEC-536: Data Injected During Configuration
An attacker with access to data files and processes on a victim's system injects malicious data into critical operational data during configuration or recalibration, causing the victim's system to perform in a suboptimal manner that benefits the adversary.
CAPEC-546: Incomplete Data Deletion in a Multi-Tenant Environment
An adversary obtains unauthorized information due to insecure or incomplete data deletion in a multi-tenant environment. If a cloud provider fails to completely delete storage and data from former cloud tenants' systems/resources, once these resources are allocated to new, potentially malicious tenants, the latter can probe the provided resources for sensitive information still there.
CAPEC-550: Install New Service
When an operating system starts, it also starts programs called services or daemons. Adversaries may install a new service which will be executed at startup (on a Windows system, by modifying the registry). The service name may be disguised by using a name from a related operating system or benign software. Services are usually run with elevated privileges.
CAPEC-551: Modify Existing Service
When an operating system starts, it also starts programs called services or daemons. Modifying existing services may break existing services or may enable services that are disabled/not commonly used.
CAPEC-552: Install Rootkit
An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to install malware that alters the functionality and information provide by targeted operating system API calls. Often referred to as rootkits, it is often used to hide the presence of programs, files, network connections, services, drivers, and other system components.
CAPEC-556: Replace File Extension Handlers
When a file is opened, its file handler is checked to determine which program opens the file. File handlers are configuration properties of many operating systems. Applications can modify the file handler for a given file extension to call an arbitrary program when a file with the given extension is opened.
CAPEC-558: Replace Trusted Executable
An adversary exploits weaknesses in privilege management or access control to replace a trusted executable with a malicious version and enable the execution of malware when that trusted executable is called.
CAPEC-562: Modify Shared File
An adversary manipulates the files in a shared location by adding malicious programs, scripts, or exploit code to valid content. Once a user opens the shared content, the tainted content is executed.
CAPEC-563: Add Malicious File to Shared Webroot
An adversaries may add malicious content to a website through the open file share and then browse to that content with a web browser to cause the server to execute the content. The malicious content will typically run under the context and permissions of the web server process, often resulting in local system or administrative privileges depending on how the web server is configured.
CAPEC-564: Run Software at Logon
Operating system allows logon scripts to be run whenever a specific user or users logon to a system. If adversaries can access these scripts, they may insert additional code into the logon script. This code can allow them to maintain persistence or move laterally within an enclave because it is executed every time the affected user or users logon to a computer. Modifying logon scripts can effectively bypass workstation and enclave firewalls. Depending on the access configuration of the logon scripts, either local credentials or a remote administrative account may be necessary.
CAPEC-578: Disable Security Software
An adversary exploits a weakness in access control to disable security tools so that detection does not occur. This can take the form of killing processes, deleting registry keys so that tools do not start at run time, deleting log files, or other methods.