CWE-284
DiscouragedImproper Access Control
Abstraction: Pillar · Status: Incomplete
The product does not restrict or incorrectly restricts access to a resource from an unauthorized actor.
7799 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-PXM3-F86H-VQRH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-22 00:30 – Updated: 2025-03-18 15:30An access control issue in Axcora POS #0~gitf77ec09 allows unauthenticated attackers to execute arbitrary commands via unspecified vectors.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-24320"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-02-21T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An access control issue in Axcora POS #0~gitf77ec09 allows unauthenticated attackers to execute arbitrary commands via unspecified vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-pxm3-f86h-vqrh",
"modified": "2025-03-18T15:30:35Z",
"published": "2023-02-22T00:30:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-24320"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1FhPL3erWd4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://yuyudhn.github.io/CVE-2023-24320"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PXMG-GF8R-742G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-17 21:30 – Updated: 2025-09-17 21:30A vulnerability was identified in itsourcecode E-Commerce Website 1.0. This impacts an unknown function of the file /admin/products.php. The manipulation leads to unrestricted upload. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit is publicly available and might be used.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-10615"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-17T20:15:35Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was identified in itsourcecode E-Commerce Website 1.0. This impacts an unknown function of the file /admin/products.php. The manipulation leads to unrestricted upload. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit is publicly available and might be used.",
"id": "GHSA-pxmg-gf8r-742g",
"modified": "2025-09-17T21:30:42Z",
"published": "2025-09-17T21:30:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-10615"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/yihaofuweng/cve/issues/23"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://itsourcecode.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.324642"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.324642"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.649911"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-PXPH-2M4R-Q6CP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-12 15:30 – Updated: 2024-08-13 03:31SourceCodester Best House Rental Management System v1.0 is vulnerable to Incorrect Access Control via /rental/payment_report.php, /rental/balance_report.php, /rental/invoices.php, /rental/tenants.php, and /rental/users.php.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-40475"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-12T13:38:28Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "SourceCodester Best House Rental Management System v1.0 is vulnerable to Incorrect Access Control via /rental/payment_report.php, /rental/balance_report.php, /rental/invoices.php, /rental/tenants.php, and /rental/users.php.",
"id": "GHSA-pxph-2m4r-q6cp",
"modified": "2024-08-13T03:31:16Z",
"published": "2024-08-12T15:30:50Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-40475"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/takekaramey/CVE_Writeup/blob/main/Sourcecodester/Best%20House%20Rental%20Management%20System%20v1.0/Broken%20Access%20Control%20-%20Deep%20URL.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sourcecodester.com/php/17375/best-courier-management-system-project-php.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PXQ3-QG6W-X95X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-06 00:30 – Updated: 2026-02-06 00:30Azure Front Door Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-24300"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-05T23:15:54Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Azure Front Door Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability",
"id": "GHSA-pxq3-qg6w-x95x",
"modified": "2026-02-06T00:30:26Z",
"published": "2026-02-06T00:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-24300"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-24300"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PXQQ-9CX5-7W7F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-21 21:30 – Updated: 2024-02-21 21:30Archer Platform 6.8 before 6.14 P2 (6.14.0.2) contains an improper access control vulnerability. A remote authenticated malicious user could potentially exploit this to gain access to API information that should only be accessible with extra privileges.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-26310"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-21T20:15:46Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Archer Platform 6.8 before 6.14 P2 (6.14.0.2) contains an improper access control vulnerability. A remote authenticated malicious user could potentially exploit this to gain access to API information that should only be accessible with extra privileges.",
"id": "GHSA-pxqq-9cx5-7w7f",
"modified": "2024-02-21T21:30:25Z",
"published": "2024-02-21T21:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-26310"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://archerirm.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.archerirm.community/t5/platform-announcements/archer-update-for-multiple-vulnerabilities/ta-p/716134"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PXWF-PPFX-M7XM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-13 18:31 – Updated: 2024-03-13 18:31The Avada | Website Builder For WordPress & WooCommerce theme for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in versions up to and including 7.11.5 via the form entries page. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with contributor access and above, to view the contents of all form submissions, including fields that are obfuscated (such as the contact form's "password" field).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-1668"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-03-13T16:15:25Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Avada | Website Builder For WordPress \u0026 WooCommerce theme for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in versions up to and including 7.11.5 via the form entries page. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with contributor access and above, to view the contents of all form submissions, including fields that are obfuscated (such as the contact form\u0027s \"password\" field).",
"id": "GHSA-pxwf-ppfx-m7xm",
"modified": "2024-03-13T18:31:33Z",
"published": "2024-03-13T18:31:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-1668"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/Xib3rR4dAr/91bd37338022b15379f393356d1056a1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/cd224169-ae51-4af8-b6de-706ed580ff8d?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-Q22Q-2RRF-M27P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-01 15:32 – Updated: 2024-11-18 16:26Mattermost versions 9.9.x <= 9.9.0, 9.5.x <= 9.5.6, 9.7.x <= 9.7.5 and 9.8.x <= 9.8.1 fail to disallow unsolicited invites to expose access to local channels, when shared channels are enabled, which allows a malicious remote to send an invite with the ID of an existing local channel, and that local channel will then become shared without the consent of the local admin.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/mattermost/mattermost/server/v8"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "9.9.0"
},
{
"fixed": "9.9.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/mattermost/mattermost/server/v8"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "9.5.0"
},
{
"fixed": "9.5.7"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/mattermost/mattermost/server/v8"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "9.7.0"
},
{
"fixed": "9.7.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/mattermost/mattermost/server/v8"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "9.8.0"
},
{
"fixed": "9.8.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-39777"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-08-23T18:51:05Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-01T15:15:12Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Mattermost versions 9.9.x \u003c= 9.9.0, 9.5.x \u003c= 9.5.6, 9.7.x \u003c= 9.7.5 and 9.8.x \u003c= 9.8.1 fail to disallow\u00a0unsolicited invites to expose access to local channels, when shared channels are enabled,\u00a0which allows a malicious\u00a0remote to send an invite with the ID of an existing local channel, and that local channel will then become shared without the consent of the local admin.",
"id": "GHSA-q22q-2rrf-m27p",
"modified": "2024-11-18T16:26:58Z",
"published": "2024-08-01T15:32:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-39777"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/mattermost/mattermost"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://mattermost.com/security-updates"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Mattermost allows unsolicited invites to expose access to local channels"
}
GHSA-Q269-FJX3-X255
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-03 03:31 – Updated: 2025-12-12 18:30Incorrect access control in the component /rest/staffResource/create of Serosoft Solutions Pvt Ltd Academia Student Information System (SIS) EagleR v1.0.118 allows create and modify user accounts, including an Administrator account.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-25948"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-03T01:15:11Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Incorrect access control in the component /rest/staffResource/create of Serosoft Solutions Pvt Ltd Academia Student Information System (SIS) EagleR v1.0.118 allows create and modify user accounts, including an Administrator account.",
"id": "GHSA-q269-fjx3-x255",
"modified": "2025-12-12T18:30:27Z",
"published": "2025-03-03T03:31:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-25948"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/VvV1per/Vulnerability-Research-CVEs/tree/main/CVE-2024-53637"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/VvV1per/Vulnerability-Research-CVEs/tree/main/CVE-2025-25948"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/el-viper/cve-research/tree/main/CVEs/CVE-2025-25948"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-Q275-CMX9-HGHQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-17 18:35 – Updated: 2026-06-17 18:35Vulnerability in the Identity Manager Connector product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: Mainframe Connectors). Supported versions that are affected are 12.2.1.4.0 and 14.1.2.1.0. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows low privileged attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise Identity Manager Connector. While the vulnerability is in Identity Manager Connector, attacks may significantly impact additional products (scope change). Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in takeover of Identity Manager Connector. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 9.9 (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-35294"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-17T10:40:21Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Vulnerability in the Identity Manager Connector product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: Mainframe Connectors). Supported versions that are affected are 12.2.1.4.0 and 14.1.2.1.0. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows low privileged attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise Identity Manager Connector. While the vulnerability is in Identity Manager Connector, attacks may significantly impact additional products (scope change). Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in takeover of Identity Manager Connector. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 9.9 (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H).",
"id": "GHSA-q275-cmx9-hghq",
"modified": "2026-06-17T18:35:23Z",
"published": "2026-06-17T18:35:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-35294"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cspujun2026.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-Q28F-P3WJ-9RM8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-17 21:30 – Updated: 2025-03-21 15:31The issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in macOS Sequoia 15.2. An app may be able to access sensitive user data.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-54565"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-17T20:15:13Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in macOS Sequoia 15.2. An app may be able to access sensitive user data.",
"id": "GHSA-q28f-p3wj-9rm8",
"modified": "2025-03-21T15:31:13Z",
"published": "2025-03-17T21:30:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-54565"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/121839"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-1
Very carefully manage the setting, management, and handling of privileges. Explicitly manage trust zones in the software.
Mitigation MIT-46
Strategy: Separation of Privilege
- Compartmentalize the system to have "safe" areas where trust boundaries can be unambiguously drawn. Do not allow sensitive data to go outside of the trust boundary and always be careful when interfacing with a compartment outside of the safe area.
- Ensure that appropriate compartmentalization is built into the system design, and the compartmentalization allows for and reinforces privilege separation functionality. Architects and designers should rely on the principle of least privilege to decide the appropriate time to use privileges and the time to drop privileges.
CAPEC-19: Embedding Scripts within Scripts
An adversary leverages the capability to execute their own script by embedding it within other scripts that the target software is likely to execute due to programs' vulnerabilities that are brought on by allowing remote hosts to execute scripts.
CAPEC-441: Malicious Logic Insertion
An adversary installs or adds malicious logic (also known as malware) into a seemingly benign component of a fielded system. This logic is often hidden from the user of the system and works behind the scenes to achieve negative impacts. With the proliferation of mass digital storage and inexpensive multimedia devices, Bluetooth and 802.11 support, new attack vectors for spreading malware are emerging for things we once thought of as innocuous greeting cards, picture frames, or digital projectors. This pattern of attack focuses on systems already fielded and used in operation as opposed to systems and their components that are still under development and part of the supply chain.
CAPEC-478: Modification of Windows Service Configuration
An adversary exploits a weakness in access control to modify the execution parameters of a Windows service. The goal of this attack is to execute a malicious binary in place of an existing service.
CAPEC-479: Malicious Root Certificate
An adversary exploits a weakness in authorization and installs a new root certificate on a compromised system. Certificates are commonly used for establishing secure TLS/SSL communications within a web browser. When a user attempts to browse a website that presents a certificate that is not trusted an error message will be displayed to warn the user of the security risk. Depending on the security settings, the browser may not allow the user to establish a connection to the website. Adversaries have used this technique to avoid security warnings prompting users when compromised systems connect over HTTPS to adversary controlled web servers that spoof legitimate websites in order to collect login credentials.
CAPEC-502: Intent Spoof
An adversary, through a previously installed malicious application, issues an intent directed toward a specific trusted application's component in an attempt to achieve a variety of different objectives including modification of data, information disclosure, and data injection. Components that have been unintentionally exported and made public are subject to this type of an attack. If the component trusts the intent's action without verififcation, then the target application performs the functionality at the adversary's request, helping the adversary achieve the desired negative technical impact.
CAPEC-503: WebView Exposure
An adversary, through a malicious web page, accesses application specific functionality by leveraging interfaces registered through WebView's addJavascriptInterface API. Once an interface is registered to WebView through addJavascriptInterface, it becomes global and all pages loaded in the WebView can call this interface.
CAPEC-536: Data Injected During Configuration
An attacker with access to data files and processes on a victim's system injects malicious data into critical operational data during configuration or recalibration, causing the victim's system to perform in a suboptimal manner that benefits the adversary.
CAPEC-546: Incomplete Data Deletion in a Multi-Tenant Environment
An adversary obtains unauthorized information due to insecure or incomplete data deletion in a multi-tenant environment. If a cloud provider fails to completely delete storage and data from former cloud tenants' systems/resources, once these resources are allocated to new, potentially malicious tenants, the latter can probe the provided resources for sensitive information still there.
CAPEC-550: Install New Service
When an operating system starts, it also starts programs called services or daemons. Adversaries may install a new service which will be executed at startup (on a Windows system, by modifying the registry). The service name may be disguised by using a name from a related operating system or benign software. Services are usually run with elevated privileges.
CAPEC-551: Modify Existing Service
When an operating system starts, it also starts programs called services or daemons. Modifying existing services may break existing services or may enable services that are disabled/not commonly used.
CAPEC-552: Install Rootkit
An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to install malware that alters the functionality and information provide by targeted operating system API calls. Often referred to as rootkits, it is often used to hide the presence of programs, files, network connections, services, drivers, and other system components.
CAPEC-556: Replace File Extension Handlers
When a file is opened, its file handler is checked to determine which program opens the file. File handlers are configuration properties of many operating systems. Applications can modify the file handler for a given file extension to call an arbitrary program when a file with the given extension is opened.
CAPEC-558: Replace Trusted Executable
An adversary exploits weaknesses in privilege management or access control to replace a trusted executable with a malicious version and enable the execution of malware when that trusted executable is called.
CAPEC-562: Modify Shared File
An adversary manipulates the files in a shared location by adding malicious programs, scripts, or exploit code to valid content. Once a user opens the shared content, the tainted content is executed.
CAPEC-563: Add Malicious File to Shared Webroot
An adversaries may add malicious content to a website through the open file share and then browse to that content with a web browser to cause the server to execute the content. The malicious content will typically run under the context and permissions of the web server process, often resulting in local system or administrative privileges depending on how the web server is configured.
CAPEC-564: Run Software at Logon
Operating system allows logon scripts to be run whenever a specific user or users logon to a system. If adversaries can access these scripts, they may insert additional code into the logon script. This code can allow them to maintain persistence or move laterally within an enclave because it is executed every time the affected user or users logon to a computer. Modifying logon scripts can effectively bypass workstation and enclave firewalls. Depending on the access configuration of the logon scripts, either local credentials or a remote administrative account may be necessary.
CAPEC-578: Disable Security Software
An adversary exploits a weakness in access control to disable security tools so that detection does not occur. This can take the form of killing processes, deleting registry keys so that tools do not start at run time, deleting log files, or other methods.