Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-284

Discouraged

Improper Access Control

Abstraction: Pillar · Status: Incomplete

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product does not restrict or incorrectly restricts access to a resource from an unauthorized actor.

7803 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-892J-HH7C-CHXX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:22 – Updated: 2025-04-12 13:06
VLAI
Details

Virtual Hard Disk Driver in Windows 10 Gold, 1511, and 1607 and Windows Server 2016 does not properly restrict access to files, which allows local users to gain privileges via a crafted application, aka "VHD Driver Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability."

Severity
6.1 (Medium)
CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2016-7225"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2016-11-10T06:59:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Virtual Hard Disk Driver in Windows 10 Gold, 1511, and 1607 and Windows Server 2016 does not properly restrict access to files, which allows local users to gain privileges via a crafted application, aka \"VHD Driver Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability.\"",
  "id": "GHSA-892j-hh7c-chxx",
  "modified": "2025-04-12T13:06:23Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T02:22:20Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-7225"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2016/ms16-138"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/40764"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/94016"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1037248"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-897W-JV7J-6R7G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-11-27 23:29 – Updated: 2023-11-28 17:43
VLAI
Summary
OroCRMCallBundle has incorrect call view page visibility
Details

Back-office users can access information from any call event, bypassing ACL security restrictions due to insufficient security checks.

Severity
5.0 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "oro/crm-call-bundle"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "4.2.0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "4.2.5"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "oro/crm-call-bundle"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "5.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "5.0.4"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "oro/crm-call-bundle"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "5.1.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "5.1.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-32063"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2023-11-27T23:29:31Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-11-28T04:15:07Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Back-office users can access information from any call event, bypassing ACL security restrictions due to insufficient security checks.",
  "id": "GHSA-897w-jv7j-6r7g",
  "modified": "2023-11-28T17:43:36Z",
  "published": "2023-11-27T23:29:31Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/oroinc/crm/security/advisories/GHSA-897w-jv7j-6r7g"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-32063"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/oroinc/OroCRMCallBundle/commit/456b1dda7762abf4ff59eafffaa70ab7f09d1c85"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/oroinc/OroCRMCallBundle/commit/9a41dff459bb4aff864175ca883d553ac0954950"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/oroinc/crm"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "OroCRMCallBundle has incorrect call view page visibility"
}

GHSA-898V-775G-777C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-09 17:19 – Updated: 2025-12-11 15:49
VLAI
Summary
Neuron MySQLWriteTool allows arbitrary/destructive SQL when exposed to untrusted prompts (agent “footgun”)
Details

Impact

MySQLWriteTool executes arbitrary SQL provided by the caller using PDO::prepare() + execute() without semantic restrictions.

This is consistent with the name (“write tool”), but in an LLM/agent context it becomes a high-risk capability: prompt injection or indirect prompt manipulation can cause execution of destructive queries such as DROP TABLE, TRUNCATE, DELETE, ALTER, or privilege-related statements (subject to DB permissions).

Who is impacted: Deployments that expose an agent with MySQLWriteTool enabled to untrusted input and/or run the tool with a DB user that has broad privileges.

Patches

Not patched in: 2.8.11

Recommended improvements (even if keeping the tool intentionally powerful):

  • Provide a safer API that supports only constrained operations (e.g., insertRecord, updateRecord) with allowlisted tables/columns.

  • Add a policy/allowlist layer (e.g., allow only INSERT/UPDATE on selected tables; forbid DROP/TRUNCATE/ALTER/GRANT).

  • Add optional review workflow: log + require human approval for high-risk statements; or “dry-run” mode.

  • Document strongly that the tool must not be exposed to untrusted prompts without additional safeguards.

Workarounds

  • Do not enable MySQLWriteTool for public/untrusted agents.

  • Use a dedicated DB user with least privilege:

  • no DROP, no ALTER, no GRANT, no access to sensitive tables unless necessary

  • Add an application-layer policy rejecting high-risk statements (DROP, TRUNCATE, ALTER, GRANT, REVOKE, CREATE USER, etc.).

  • Implement authorization gating for tool calls (RBAC, allow tool use only for trusted operators).

Severity
9.4 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2.8.11"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "neuron-core/neuron-ai"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.8.12"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-67510"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-250",
      "CWE-284"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-12-09T17:19:42Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-12-10T23:15:48Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\n`MySQLWriteTool` executes arbitrary SQL provided by the caller using `PDO::prepare()` + `execute()` without semantic restrictions.  \n\nThis is consistent with the name (\u201cwrite tool\u201d), but in an LLM/agent context it becomes a high-risk capability: prompt injection or indirect prompt manipulation can cause execution of destructive queries such as `DROP TABLE`, `TRUNCATE`, `DELETE`, `ALTER`, or privilege-related statements (subject to DB permissions).\n\n\n\n**Who is impacted:** Deployments that expose an agent with `MySQLWriteTool` enabled to untrusted input and/or run the tool with a DB user that has broad privileges.\n\n### Patches\n\n**Not patched in:** 2.8.11  \n\nRecommended improvements (even if keeping the tool intentionally powerful):\n\n- Provide a safer API that supports only constrained operations (e.g., `insertRecord`, `updateRecord`) with allowlisted tables/columns.\n\n- Add a policy/allowlist layer (e.g., allow only `INSERT`/`UPDATE` on selected tables; forbid `DROP/TRUNCATE/ALTER/GRANT`).\n\n- Add optional review workflow: log + require human approval for high-risk statements; or \u201cdry-run\u201d mode.\n\n- Document strongly that the tool must not be exposed to untrusted prompts without additional safeguards.\n\n\n\n### Workarounds\n\n- Do not enable `MySQLWriteTool` for public/untrusted agents.\n\n- Use a dedicated DB user with **least privilege**:\n\n  - no `DROP`, no `ALTER`, no `GRANT`, no access to sensitive tables unless necessary\n\n- Add an application-layer policy rejecting high-risk statements (`DROP`, `TRUNCATE`, `ALTER`, `GRANT`, `REVOKE`, `CREATE USER`, etc.).\n\n- Implement authorization gating for tool calls (RBAC, allow tool use only for trusted operators).",
  "id": "GHSA-898v-775g-777c",
  "modified": "2025-12-11T15:49:17Z",
  "published": "2025-12-09T17:19:42Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/neuron-core/neuron-ai/security/advisories/GHSA-898v-775g-777c"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-67510"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/neuron-core/neuron-ai/commit/44bab85d92bf162898ee48d0bcef6ba0d29b59c9"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/neuron-core/neuron-ai"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/neuron-core/neuron-ai/releases/tag/2.8.12"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Neuron MySQLWriteTool allows arbitrary/destructive SQL when exposed to untrusted prompts (agent \u201cfootgun\u201d)"
}

GHSA-898X-G35J-J5CJ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:44 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:44
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability has been identified in Mendix Forgot Password Appstore module (All Versions < V3.2.1). The Forgot Password Marketplace module does not properly control access. An attacker could take over accounts.

Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-25672"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-03-15T17:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability has been identified in Mendix Forgot Password Appstore module (All Versions \u003c V3.2.1). The Forgot Password Marketplace module does not properly control access. An attacker could take over accounts.",
  "id": "GHSA-898x-g35j-j5cj",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:44:34Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:44:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-25672"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-917115.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-89CP-FVCC-HXH7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 05:17 – Updated: 2024-02-06 16:02
VLAI
Summary
Symfony Access Control Vulnerability
Details

Symfony 2.0.x before 2.0.20, 2.1.x before 2.1.5, and 2.2-dev, when the internal routes configuration is enabled, allows remote attackers to access arbitrary services via vectors involving a URI beginning with a /_internal substring.

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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "symfony/symfony"
      },
      "versions": [
        "2.2-dev"
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "symfony/symfony"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.0.20"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "symfony/symfony"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2.1.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.1.5"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2012-6432"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2023-08-15T23:43:12Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2012-12-27T11:47:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Symfony 2.0.x before 2.0.20, 2.1.x before 2.1.5, and 2.2-dev, when the internal routes configuration is enabled, allows remote attackers to access arbitrary services via vectors involving a URI beginning with a `/_internal` substring.",
  "id": "GHSA-89cp-fvcc-hxh7",
  "modified": "2024-02-06T16:02:10Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T05:17:45Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2012-6432"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/FriendsOfPHP/security-advisories/blob/master/symfony/symfony/CVE-2012-6432.yaml"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/symfony/symfony"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://symfony.com/blog/security-release-symfony-2-0-20-and-2-1-5-released"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://symfony.com/blog/security-release-symfony-2-0-20-and-2-1-5-released"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [],
  "summary": "Symfony Access Control Vulnerability"
}

GHSA-89GG-GC7X-GWHP

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-11 18:31 – Updated: 2025-02-11 18:31
VLAI
Details

An Improper Access Control vulnerability [CWE-284] in FortiClient Windows version 7.4.0, version 7.2.6 and below, version 7.0.13 and below may allow a local user to escalate his privileges via FortiSSLVPNd service pipe.

Severity
6.7 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-40586"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-02-11T17:15:22Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An\u00a0Improper Access Control vulnerability [CWE-284] in FortiClient Windows version 7.4.0, version 7.2.6 and below, version 7.0.13 and below may allow a local user to escalate his privileges via\u00a0FortiSSLVPNd service pipe.",
  "id": "GHSA-89gg-gc7x-gwhp",
  "modified": "2025-02-11T18:31:34Z",
  "published": "2025-02-11T18:31:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-40586"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://fortiguard.fortinet.com/psirt/FG-IR-23-279"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-89H5-3M3X-C8HJ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-11-19 00:30 – Updated: 2022-11-23 15:30
VLAI
Details

Block BYPASS vulnerability in iQ Block Country plugin <= 1.2.18 on WordPress.

Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-41155"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284",
      "CWE-863"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-11-19T00:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Block BYPASS vulnerability in iQ Block Country plugin \u003c= 1.2.18 on WordPress.",
  "id": "GHSA-89h5-3m3x-c8hj",
  "modified": "2022-11-23T15:30:23Z",
  "published": "2022-11-19T00:30:54Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-41155"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/iq-block-country/wordpress-iq-block-country-plugin-1-2-18-block-bypass-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/iq-block-country/#developers"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-89MQ-5PCV-5M9X

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:58 – Updated: 2024-04-04 02:21
VLAI
Details

The web application portal of the Cobham EXPLORER 710, firmware version 1.07, allows unauthenticated access to port 5454. This could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to connect to this port via Telnet and execute 86 Attention (AT) commands, including some that provide unauthenticated, shell-like access to the device.

Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-9531"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284",
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-10-10T20:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "The web application portal of the Cobham EXPLORER 710, firmware version 1.07, allows unauthenticated access to port 5454. This could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to connect to this port via Telnet and execute 86 Attention (AT) commands, including some that provide unauthenticated, shell-like access to the device.",
  "id": "GHSA-89mq-5pcv-5m9x",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T02:21:29Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T16:58:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-9531"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://kb.cert.org/vuls/id/719689"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-8C2M-63VF-P7P5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-13 03:31 – Updated: 2024-08-28 18:31
VLAI
Details

Relyum RELY-PCIe 22.2.1 devices suffer from a system group misconfiguration, allowing read access to the central password hash file of the operating system.

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-47579"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-12-13T02:15:07Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Relyum RELY-PCIe 22.2.1 devices suffer from a system group misconfiguration, allowing read access to the central password hash file of the operating system.",
  "id": "GHSA-8c2m-63vf-p7p5",
  "modified": "2024-08-28T18:31:52Z",
  "published": "2023-12-13T03:31:56Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-47579"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.relyum.com/web/support/vulnerability-report"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-8C3H-V556-H76P

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-13 18:38 – Updated: 2024-02-13 18:38
VLAI
Details

Microsoft Azure Kubernetes Service Confidential Container Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

Severity
9.0 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-21376"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-02-13T18:15:55Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Microsoft Azure Kubernetes Service Confidential Container Remote Code Execution Vulnerability",
  "id": "GHSA-8c3h-v556-h76p",
  "modified": "2024-02-13T18:38:24Z",
  "published": "2024-02-13T18:38:24Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-21376"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2024-21376"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}
Mitigation MIT-1
Architecture and Design Operation

Very carefully manage the setting, management, and handling of privileges. Explicitly manage trust zones in the software.

Mitigation MIT-46
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Separation of Privilege

  • Compartmentalize the system to have "safe" areas where trust boundaries can be unambiguously drawn. Do not allow sensitive data to go outside of the trust boundary and always be careful when interfacing with a compartment outside of the safe area.
  • Ensure that appropriate compartmentalization is built into the system design, and the compartmentalization allows for and reinforces privilege separation functionality. Architects and designers should rely on the principle of least privilege to decide the appropriate time to use privileges and the time to drop privileges.
CAPEC-19: Embedding Scripts within Scripts

An adversary leverages the capability to execute their own script by embedding it within other scripts that the target software is likely to execute due to programs' vulnerabilities that are brought on by allowing remote hosts to execute scripts.

CAPEC-441: Malicious Logic Insertion

An adversary installs or adds malicious logic (also known as malware) into a seemingly benign component of a fielded system. This logic is often hidden from the user of the system and works behind the scenes to achieve negative impacts. With the proliferation of mass digital storage and inexpensive multimedia devices, Bluetooth and 802.11 support, new attack vectors for spreading malware are emerging for things we once thought of as innocuous greeting cards, picture frames, or digital projectors. This pattern of attack focuses on systems already fielded and used in operation as opposed to systems and their components that are still under development and part of the supply chain.

CAPEC-478: Modification of Windows Service Configuration

An adversary exploits a weakness in access control to modify the execution parameters of a Windows service. The goal of this attack is to execute a malicious binary in place of an existing service.

CAPEC-479: Malicious Root Certificate

An adversary exploits a weakness in authorization and installs a new root certificate on a compromised system. Certificates are commonly used for establishing secure TLS/SSL communications within a web browser. When a user attempts to browse a website that presents a certificate that is not trusted an error message will be displayed to warn the user of the security risk. Depending on the security settings, the browser may not allow the user to establish a connection to the website. Adversaries have used this technique to avoid security warnings prompting users when compromised systems connect over HTTPS to adversary controlled web servers that spoof legitimate websites in order to collect login credentials.

CAPEC-502: Intent Spoof

An adversary, through a previously installed malicious application, issues an intent directed toward a specific trusted application's component in an attempt to achieve a variety of different objectives including modification of data, information disclosure, and data injection. Components that have been unintentionally exported and made public are subject to this type of an attack. If the component trusts the intent's action without verififcation, then the target application performs the functionality at the adversary's request, helping the adversary achieve the desired negative technical impact.

CAPEC-503: WebView Exposure

An adversary, through a malicious web page, accesses application specific functionality by leveraging interfaces registered through WebView's addJavascriptInterface API. Once an interface is registered to WebView through addJavascriptInterface, it becomes global and all pages loaded in the WebView can call this interface.

CAPEC-536: Data Injected During Configuration

An attacker with access to data files and processes on a victim's system injects malicious data into critical operational data during configuration or recalibration, causing the victim's system to perform in a suboptimal manner that benefits the adversary.

CAPEC-546: Incomplete Data Deletion in a Multi-Tenant Environment

An adversary obtains unauthorized information due to insecure or incomplete data deletion in a multi-tenant environment. If a cloud provider fails to completely delete storage and data from former cloud tenants' systems/resources, once these resources are allocated to new, potentially malicious tenants, the latter can probe the provided resources for sensitive information still there.

CAPEC-550: Install New Service

When an operating system starts, it also starts programs called services or daemons. Adversaries may install a new service which will be executed at startup (on a Windows system, by modifying the registry). The service name may be disguised by using a name from a related operating system or benign software. Services are usually run with elevated privileges.

CAPEC-551: Modify Existing Service

When an operating system starts, it also starts programs called services or daemons. Modifying existing services may break existing services or may enable services that are disabled/not commonly used.

CAPEC-552: Install Rootkit

An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to install malware that alters the functionality and information provide by targeted operating system API calls. Often referred to as rootkits, it is often used to hide the presence of programs, files, network connections, services, drivers, and other system components.

CAPEC-556: Replace File Extension Handlers

When a file is opened, its file handler is checked to determine which program opens the file. File handlers are configuration properties of many operating systems. Applications can modify the file handler for a given file extension to call an arbitrary program when a file with the given extension is opened.

CAPEC-558: Replace Trusted Executable

An adversary exploits weaknesses in privilege management or access control to replace a trusted executable with a malicious version and enable the execution of malware when that trusted executable is called.

CAPEC-562: Modify Shared File

An adversary manipulates the files in a shared location by adding malicious programs, scripts, or exploit code to valid content. Once a user opens the shared content, the tainted content is executed.

CAPEC-563: Add Malicious File to Shared Webroot

An adversaries may add malicious content to a website through the open file share and then browse to that content with a web browser to cause the server to execute the content. The malicious content will typically run under the context and permissions of the web server process, often resulting in local system or administrative privileges depending on how the web server is configured.

CAPEC-564: Run Software at Logon

Operating system allows logon scripts to be run whenever a specific user or users logon to a system. If adversaries can access these scripts, they may insert additional code into the logon script. This code can allow them to maintain persistence or move laterally within an enclave because it is executed every time the affected user or users logon to a computer. Modifying logon scripts can effectively bypass workstation and enclave firewalls. Depending on the access configuration of the logon scripts, either local credentials or a remote administrative account may be necessary.

CAPEC-578: Disable Security Software

An adversary exploits a weakness in access control to disable security tools so that detection does not occur. This can take the form of killing processes, deleting registry keys so that tools do not start at run time, deleting log files, or other methods.

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