CWE-284
DiscouragedImproper Access Control
Abstraction: Pillar · Status: Incomplete
The product does not restrict or incorrectly restricts access to a resource from an unauthorized actor.
10704 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-22M9-M3WW-53H3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-10 22:19 – Updated: 2023-01-19 21:31Using the mentions feature provided by the flarum/mentions extension, users can mention any post ID on the forum with the special @"<username>"#p<id> syntax.
The following behavior never changes no matter if the actor should be able to read the mentioned post or not:
A URL to the mentioned post is inserted into the actor post HTML, leaking its discussion ID and post number.
The mentionsPosts relationship included in the POST /api/posts and PATCH /api/posts/<id> JSON responses leaks the full JSON:API payload of all mentioned posts without any access control. This includes the content, date, number and attributes added by other extensions.
An attacker only needs the ability to create new posts on the forum to exploit the vulnerability. This works even if new posts require approval. If they have the ability to edit posts, the attack can be performed even more discreetly by using a single post to scan any size of database and hiding the attack post content afterward.
Impact
The attack allows the leaking of all posts in the forum database, including posts awaiting approval, posts in tags the user has no access to, and private discussions created by other extensions like FriendsOfFlarum Byobu. This also includes non-comment posts like tag changes or renaming events.
The discussion payload is not leaked but using the mention HTML payload it's possible to extract the discussion ID of all posts and combine all posts back together into their original discussions even if the discussion title remains unknown.
All Flarum versions prior to v1.6.3 are affected.
Patches
The vulnerability has been fixed and published as flarum/core v1.6.3. All communities running Flarum have to upgrade as soon as possible to v1.6.3 using:
composer update --prefer-dist --no-dev -a -W
You can then confirm you run the latest version using:
composer show flarum/core
Workarounds
Disable the mentions extension.
For more information
For any questions or comments on this vulnerability please visit https://discuss.flarum.org/
For support questions create a discussion at https://discuss.flarum.org/t/support.
A reminder that if you ever become aware of a security issue in Flarum, please report it to us privately by emailing security@flarum.org, and we will address it promptly.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "flarum/mentions"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.6.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-22487"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-01-10T22:19:49Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-01-11T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Using the mentions feature provided by the flarum/mentions extension, users can mention any post ID on the forum with the special `@\"\u003cusername\u003e\"#p\u003cid\u003e` syntax.\n\nThe following behavior never changes no matter if the actor should be able to read the mentioned post or not:\n\nA URL to the mentioned post is inserted into the actor post HTML, leaking its discussion ID and post number.\n\nThe `mentionsPosts` relationship included in the `POST /api/posts` and `PATCH /api/posts/\u003cid\u003e` JSON responses leaks the full JSON:API payload of all mentioned posts without any access control. This includes the content, date, number and attributes added by other extensions.\n\nAn attacker only needs the ability to create new posts on the forum to exploit the vulnerability. This works even if new posts require approval. If they have the ability to edit posts, the attack can be performed even more discreetly by using a single post to scan any size of database and hiding the attack post content afterward.\n\n### Impact\nThe attack allows the leaking of all posts in the forum database, including posts awaiting approval, posts in tags the user has no access to, and private discussions created by other extensions like FriendsOfFlarum Byobu. This also includes non-comment posts like tag changes or renaming events. \n\nThe discussion payload is not leaked but using the mention HTML payload it\u0027s possible to extract the discussion ID of all posts and combine all posts back together into their original discussions even if the discussion title remains unknown.\n\nAll Flarum versions prior to `v1.6.3` are affected.\n\n### Patches\nThe vulnerability has been fixed and published as flarum/core v1.6.3. All communities running Flarum have to upgrade as soon as possible to v1.6.3 using:\n\n```\ncomposer update --prefer-dist --no-dev -a -W\n```\nYou can then confirm you run the latest version using:\n\n```\ncomposer show flarum/core\n```\n\n### Workarounds\nDisable the mentions extension.\n\n### For more information\nFor any questions or comments on this vulnerability please visit https://discuss.flarum.org/\n\nFor support questions create a discussion at https://discuss.flarum.org/t/support.\n\nA reminder that if you ever become aware of a security issue in Flarum, please report it to us privately by emailing [security@flarum.org](mailto:security@flarum.org), and we will address it promptly.\n",
"id": "GHSA-22m9-m3ww-53h3",
"modified": "2023-01-19T21:31:41Z",
"published": "2023-01-10T22:19:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/flarum/framework/security/advisories/GHSA-22m9-m3ww-53h3"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-22487"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/flarum/framework/commit/ab1c868b978e8b0d09a5d682c54665dae17d0985"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/flarum/framework"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/flarum/framework/releases/tag/v1.6.3"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Flarum post mentions can be used to read any post on the forum without access control"
}
GHSA-22VG-RJG9-5QFR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-15 21:31 – Updated: 2025-11-03 21:33Vulnerability in the MySQL Server product of Oracle MySQL (component: Server: Stored Procedure). Supported versions that are affected are 8.0.0-8.0.41, 8.4.0-8.4.4 and 9.0.0-9.2.0. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows high privileged attacker with network access via multiple protocols to compromise MySQL Server. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized ability to cause a hang or frequently repeatable crash (complete DOS) of MySQL Server. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 4.9 (Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-30699"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-04-15T21:15:59Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Vulnerability in the MySQL Server product of Oracle MySQL (component: Server: Stored Procedure). Supported versions that are affected are 8.0.0-8.0.41, 8.4.0-8.4.4 and 9.0.0-9.2.0. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows high privileged attacker with network access via multiple protocols to compromise MySQL Server. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized ability to cause a hang or frequently repeatable crash (complete DOS) of MySQL Server. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 4.9 (Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H).",
"id": "GHSA-22vg-rjg9-5qfr",
"modified": "2025-11-03T21:33:33Z",
"published": "2025-04-15T21:31:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-30699"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20250502-0006"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuapr2025.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-232C-J76F-6RHP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-28 21:31 – Updated: 2026-09-01 21:31Incorrect access control in the getStaticDhcpRules function of TOTOLINK T6 4.1.5cu.748_B20211015 allows unauthenticated attackers to obtain static DHCP reservation rules via sending a crafted POST request to /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-51629"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-28T20:18:06Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Incorrect access control in the getStaticDhcpRules function of TOTOLINK T6 4.1.5cu.748_B20211015 allows unauthenticated attackers to obtain static DHCP reservation rules via sending a crafted POST request to /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi.",
"id": "GHSA-232c-j76f-6rhp",
"modified": "2026-09-01T21:31:28Z",
"published": "2026-08-28T21:31:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-51629"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/DarkBoulder/CVE-Vendor-Coordination/blob/main/TOTOLINK/README.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ShengWu00/CVE-Vendor-Coordination/blob/main/TOTOLINK/README.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.totolink.net"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.totolink.net/home/menu/detail/menu_listtpl/download/id/190/ids/36.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-233J-WX2Q-G9FP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-04-29 00:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 03:44A privilege escalation vulnerability was reported in Lenovo Drivers Management Lenovo Driver Manager that could allow a local user to execute code with elevated privileges.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-25496"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-04-28T22:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A privilege escalation vulnerability was reported in Lenovo Drivers Management Lenovo Driver Manager that could allow a local user to execute code with elevated privileges.",
"id": "GHSA-233j-wx2q-g9fp",
"modified": "2024-04-04T03:44:22Z",
"published": "2023-04-29T00:30:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-25496"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://iknow.lenovo.com.cn/detail/dc_415202.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-235W-Q5V2-RCM4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-17 18:35 – Updated: 2026-06-17 18:35Vulnerability in the Oracle VM VirtualBox product of Oracle Virtualization (component: VMSVGA device). The supported version that is affected is 7.2.8. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows high privileged attacker with logon to the infrastructure where Oracle VM VirtualBox executes to compromise Oracle VM VirtualBox. While the vulnerability is in Oracle VM VirtualBox, attacks may significantly impact additional products (scope change). Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized ability to cause a hang or frequently repeatable crash (complete DOS) of Oracle VM VirtualBox. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 6.0 (Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-46768"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-17T10:53:54Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Vulnerability in the Oracle VM VirtualBox product of Oracle Virtualization (component: VMSVGA device). The supported version that is affected is 7.2.8. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows high privileged attacker with logon to the infrastructure where Oracle VM VirtualBox executes to compromise Oracle VM VirtualBox. While the vulnerability is in Oracle VM VirtualBox, attacks may significantly impact additional products (scope change). Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized ability to cause a hang or frequently repeatable crash (complete DOS) of Oracle VM VirtualBox. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 6.0 (Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H).",
"id": "GHSA-235w-q5v2-rcm4",
"modified": "2026-06-17T18:35:26Z",
"published": "2026-06-17T18:35:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-46768"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cspujun2026.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2364-94FC-6CR9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-22 00:31 – Updated: 2026-07-22 00:31Vulnerability in the Oracle VM VirtualBox product of Oracle Virtualization (component: Core). The supported version that is affected is 7.2.12. Difficult to exploit vulnerability allows high privileged attacker with logon to the infrastructure where Oracle VM VirtualBox executes to compromise Oracle VM VirtualBox. While the vulnerability is in Oracle VM VirtualBox, attacks may significantly impact additional products (scope change). Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in takeover of Oracle VM VirtualBox. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 7.5 (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-60159"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-21T22:17:16Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Vulnerability in the Oracle VM VirtualBox product of Oracle Virtualization (component: Core). The supported version that is affected is 7.2.12. Difficult to exploit vulnerability allows high privileged attacker with logon to the infrastructure where Oracle VM VirtualBox executes to compromise Oracle VM VirtualBox. While the vulnerability is in Oracle VM VirtualBox, attacks may significantly impact additional products (scope change). Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in takeover of Oracle VM VirtualBox. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 7.5 (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H).",
"id": "GHSA-2364-94fc-6cr9",
"modified": "2026-07-22T00:31:20Z",
"published": "2026-07-22T00:31:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-60159"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujul2026.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-236R-X7H9-MJJG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-01 15:31 – Updated: 2026-09-01 18:30Incorrect access control in the guest_wifi_sync function of TOTOLINK T6 4.1.5cu.748_B20211015 allows unauthenticated attackers to disable guest virtual AP interfaces via sending a crafted MQTT message to the cs_broker component.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-51743"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-01T13:19:45Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Incorrect access control in the guest_wifi_sync function of TOTOLINK T6 4.1.5cu.748_B20211015 allows unauthenticated attackers to disable guest virtual AP interfaces via sending a crafted MQTT message to the cs_broker component.",
"id": "GHSA-236r-x7h9-mjjg",
"modified": "2026-09-01T18:30:39Z",
"published": "2026-09-01T15:31:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-51743"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/DarkBoulder/CVE-Vendor-Coordination/blob/main/TOTOLINK/README.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ShengWu00/CVE-Vendor-Coordination/blob/main/TOTOLINK/README.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.totolink.net"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.totolink.net/home/menu/detail/menu_listtpl/download/id/190/ids/36.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2377-G2H8-5F9C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-27 00:31 – Updated: 2025-01-27 00:31A vulnerability classified as critical was found in needyamin image_gallery 1.0. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file /admin/gallery.php of the component Cover Image Handler. The manipulation of the argument image leads to unrestricted upload. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-0722"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284",
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-27T00:15:26Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability classified as critical was found in needyamin image_gallery 1.0. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file /admin/gallery.php of the component Cover Image Handler. The manipulation of the argument image leads to unrestricted upload. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-2377-g2h8-5f9c",
"modified": "2025-01-27T00:31:33Z",
"published": "2025-01-27T00:31:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-0722"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.293482"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.293482"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.482822"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.websecurityinsights.my.id/2025/01/imagegallery-add-gallery.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-237G-FWHR-Q8Q2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-11 18:31 – Updated: 2024-01-11 18:31A vulnerability was found in DeShang DSKMS up to 3.1.2. It has been rated as problematic. This issue affects some unknown processing of the file public/install.php. The manipulation leads to improper access controls. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The identifier VDB-250433 was assigned to this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-0413"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-11T17:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in DeShang DSKMS up to 3.1.2. It has been rated as problematic. This issue affects some unknown processing of the file public/install.php. The manipulation leads to improper access controls. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The identifier VDB-250433 was assigned to this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-237g-fwhr-q8q2",
"modified": "2024-01-11T18:31:29Z",
"published": "2024-01-11T18:31:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-0413"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://note.zhaoj.in/share/MarH4fY66BgO"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.250433"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.250433"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-238M-P2R4-WP6Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-28 18:31 – Updated: 2026-09-28 18:31An improper access control vulnerability in an internal API service on WatchGuard Access Points allows an unauthenticated attacker with network access to the AP to obtain a valid API session.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-101891"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-28T17:17:48Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An improper access control vulnerability in an internal API service on WatchGuard Access Points allows an unauthenticated attacker with network access to the AP to obtain a valid API session.",
"id": "GHSA-238m-p2r4-wp6q",
"modified": "2026-09-28T18:31:25Z",
"published": "2026-09-28T18:31:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-101891"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://psirt.watchguard.com/CVE-2026-101891"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-1
Very carefully manage the setting, management, and handling of privileges. Explicitly manage trust zones in the software.
Mitigation MIT-46
Strategy: Separation of Privilege
- Compartmentalize the system to have "safe" areas where trust boundaries can be unambiguously drawn. Do not allow sensitive data to go outside of the trust boundary and always be careful when interfacing with a compartment outside of the safe area.
- Ensure that appropriate compartmentalization is built into the system design, and the compartmentalization allows for and reinforces privilege separation functionality. Architects and designers should rely on the principle of least privilege to decide the appropriate time to use privileges and the time to drop privileges.
CAPEC-19: Embedding Scripts within Scripts
An adversary leverages the capability to execute their own script by embedding it within other scripts that the target software is likely to execute due to programs' vulnerabilities that are brought on by allowing remote hosts to execute scripts.
CAPEC-441: Malicious Logic Insertion
An adversary installs or adds malicious logic (also known as malware) into a seemingly benign component of a fielded system. This logic is often hidden from the user of the system and works behind the scenes to achieve negative impacts. With the proliferation of mass digital storage and inexpensive multimedia devices, Bluetooth and 802.11 support, new attack vectors for spreading malware are emerging for things we once thought of as innocuous greeting cards, picture frames, or digital projectors. This pattern of attack focuses on systems already fielded and used in operation as opposed to systems and their components that are still under development and part of the supply chain.
CAPEC-478: Modification of Windows Service Configuration
An adversary exploits a weakness in access control to modify the execution parameters of a Windows service. The goal of this attack is to execute a malicious binary in place of an existing service.
CAPEC-479: Malicious Root Certificate
An adversary exploits a weakness in authorization and installs a new root certificate on a compromised system. Certificates are commonly used for establishing secure TLS/SSL communications within a web browser. When a user attempts to browse a website that presents a certificate that is not trusted an error message will be displayed to warn the user of the security risk. Depending on the security settings, the browser may not allow the user to establish a connection to the website. Adversaries have used this technique to avoid security warnings prompting users when compromised systems connect over HTTPS to adversary controlled web servers that spoof legitimate websites in order to collect login credentials.
CAPEC-502: Intent Spoof
An adversary, through a previously installed malicious application, issues an intent directed toward a specific trusted application's component in an attempt to achieve a variety of different objectives including modification of data, information disclosure, and data injection. Components that have been unintentionally exported and made public are subject to this type of an attack. If the component trusts the intent's action without verififcation, then the target application performs the functionality at the adversary's request, helping the adversary achieve the desired negative technical impact.
CAPEC-503: WebView Exposure
An adversary, through a malicious web page, accesses application specific functionality by leveraging interfaces registered through WebView's addJavascriptInterface API. Once an interface is registered to WebView through addJavascriptInterface, it becomes global and all pages loaded in the WebView can call this interface.
CAPEC-536: Data Injected During Configuration
An attacker with access to data files and processes on a victim's system injects malicious data into critical operational data during configuration or recalibration, causing the victim's system to perform in a suboptimal manner that benefits the adversary.
CAPEC-546: Incomplete Data Deletion in a Multi-Tenant Environment
An adversary obtains unauthorized information due to insecure or incomplete data deletion in a multi-tenant environment. If a cloud provider fails to completely delete storage and data from former cloud tenants' systems/resources, once these resources are allocated to new, potentially malicious tenants, the latter can probe the provided resources for sensitive information still there.
CAPEC-550: Install New Service
When an operating system starts, it also starts programs called services or daemons. Adversaries may install a new service which will be executed at startup (on a Windows system, by modifying the registry). The service name may be disguised by using a name from a related operating system or benign software. Services are usually run with elevated privileges.
CAPEC-551: Modify Existing Service
When an operating system starts, it also starts programs called services or daemons. Modifying existing services may break existing services or may enable services that are disabled/not commonly used.
CAPEC-552: Install Rootkit
An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to install malware that alters the functionality and information provide by targeted operating system API calls. Often referred to as rootkits, it is often used to hide the presence of programs, files, network connections, services, drivers, and other system components.
CAPEC-556: Replace File Extension Handlers
When a file is opened, its file handler is checked to determine which program opens the file. File handlers are configuration properties of many operating systems. Applications can modify the file handler for a given file extension to call an arbitrary program when a file with the given extension is opened.
CAPEC-558: Replace Trusted Executable
An adversary exploits weaknesses in privilege management or access control to replace a trusted executable with a malicious version and enable the execution of malware when that trusted executable is called.
CAPEC-562: Modify Shared File
An adversary manipulates the files in a shared location by adding malicious programs, scripts, or exploit code to valid content. Once a user opens the shared content, the tainted content is executed.
CAPEC-563: Add Malicious File to Shared Webroot
An adversaries may add malicious content to a website through the open file share and then browse to that content with a web browser to cause the server to execute the content. The malicious content will typically run under the context and permissions of the web server process, often resulting in local system or administrative privileges depending on how the web server is configured.
CAPEC-564: Run Software at Logon
Operating system allows logon scripts to be run whenever a specific user or users logon to a system. If adversaries can access these scripts, they may insert additional code into the logon script. This code can allow them to maintain persistence or move laterally within an enclave because it is executed every time the affected user or users logon to a computer. Modifying logon scripts can effectively bypass workstation and enclave firewalls. Depending on the access configuration of the logon scripts, either local credentials or a remote administrative account may be necessary.
CAPEC-578: Disable Security Software
An adversary exploits a weakness in access control to disable security tools so that detection does not occur. This can take the form of killing processes, deleting registry keys so that tools do not start at run time, deleting log files, or other methods.