CWE-22
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable
The product uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the product does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory.
13119 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-FW56-6PPH-MV76
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-23 00:01 – Updated: 2026-07-05 00:31Certain Starcharge products are vulnerable to Directory Traversal via main.cgi. The affected products include: Nova 360 Cabinet <=1.3.0.0.6 - Fixed: 1.3.0.0.9 and Titan 180 Premium <=1.3.0.0.7b102 - Fixed: Beta1.3.0.1.0.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-45418"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-22T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Certain Starcharge products are vulnerable to Directory Traversal via main.cgi. The affected products include: Nova 360 Cabinet \u003c=1.3.0.0.6 - Fixed: 1.3.0.0.9 and Titan 180 Premium \u003c=1.3.0.0.7b102 - Fixed: Beta1.3.0.1.0.",
"id": "GHSA-fw56-6pph-mv76",
"modified": "2026-07-05T00:31:24Z",
"published": "2021-12-23T00:01:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45418"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/shortmore/trsh/blob/main/starcharge/CVE-2021-45418.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vincss.net"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://starcharge.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-FW5Q-5JR8-G3VH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-26 09:30 – Updated: 2024-08-26 15:31An arbitrary file write issue in the exfiltration endpoint in BYOB (Build Your Own Botnet) 2.0 allows attackers to overwrite SQLite databases and bypass authentication via an unauthenticated HTTP request with a crafted parameter. This occurs in file_add in api/files/routes.py.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-45256"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-26T07:15:04Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An arbitrary file write issue in the exfiltration endpoint in BYOB (Build Your Own Botnet) 2.0 allows attackers to overwrite SQLite databases and bypass authentication via an unauthenticated HTTP request with a crafted parameter. This occurs in file_add in api/files/routes.py.",
"id": "GHSA-fw5q-5jr8-g3vh",
"modified": "2024-08-26T15:31:15Z",
"published": "2024-08-26T09:30:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-45256"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blog.chebuya.com/posts/unauthenticated-remote-command-execution-on-byob"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/chebuya/exploits/tree/main/BYOB-RCE"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/malwaredllc/byob"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-FW76-QJJ6-W857
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-30 21:30 – Updated: 2025-10-30 21:30IBM Tivoli Monitoring 6.3.0.7 through 6.3.0.7 Service Pack 21 could allow a remote attacker to traverse directories on the system. An attacker could send a specially crafted URL request containing "dot dot" sequences (/../) to view, overwrite, or append to arbitrary files on the system.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-3356"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-30T20:15:38Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "IBM Tivoli Monitoring 6.3.0.7 through 6.3.0.7 Service Pack 21 could allow a remote attacker to traverse directories on the system. An attacker could send a specially crafted URL request containing \"dot dot\" sequences (/../) to view, overwrite, or append to arbitrary files on the system.",
"id": "GHSA-fw76-qjj6-w857",
"modified": "2025-10-30T21:30:46Z",
"published": "2025-10-30T21:30:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-3356"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7249694"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-FW82-87P8-V6HP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-13 20:02 – Updated: 2025-05-13 20:02TL;DR
This vulnerability affects all Kirby sites that use the snippet() helper or $kirby->snippet() method with a dynamic snippet name (such as a snippet name that depends on request or user data).
Sites that only use fixed calls to the snippet() helper/$kirby->snippet() method (i.e. calls with a simple string for the snippet name) are not affected.
Introduction
Kirby's snippet() helper and $kirby->snippet() method (in the following abbreviated to the snippet() helper) allow to load PHP snippet files that are normally stored in the site/snippets folder or registered by plugins through the snippets plugin extension.
If the snippet() helper is called with an arbitrary snippet name, Kirby first checks if a file with this name exists in the snippets root (which defaults to site/snippets).
This logic was vulnerable against path traversal attacks. By using special elements such as .. and / separators, attackers can escape outside of the restricted location to access files or directories that are elsewhere on the system. One of the most common special elements is the ../ sequence, which in most modern operating systems is interpreted as the parent directory of the current location.
Because Kirby's snippet() helper did not protect against path traversal, the provided snippet name could include special sequences that would cause Kirby to look outside of the configured snippets root and access arbitrary files.
Impact
The missing path traversal check allowed attackers to navigate and access all files on the server that were accessible to the PHP process, including files outside of the snippets root or even outside of the Kirby installation. PHP code within such files was executed.
Such attacks first require an attack vector in the site code that is caused by dynamic snippet names, such as snippet('tags-' . get('tags')). It generally also requires knowledge of the site structure and the server's file system by the attacker, although it can be possible to find vulnerable setups through automated methods such as fuzzing.
In a vulnerable setup, this could cause damage to the confidentiality and integrity of the server, for example:
- it could allow the attacker to build a map of the server's file system for subsequent attacks,
- it could allow access to configuration files that may contain sensitive information like security tokens or
- it could cause the unintended execution of PHP scripts.
Patches
The problem has been patched in Kirby 3.9.8.3, Kirby 3.10.1.2 and Kirby 4.7.1. Please update to one of these or a later version to fix the vulnerability.
In all of the mentioned releases, we have added a check for the snippet path that ensures that the resulting path is contained within the configured snippets root. Snippet paths that point outside of the snippets root will not be loaded.
Effects on site code
If you deliberately use path traversal in your projects, these uses will break after updating to one of the patched versions.
Examples of such uses include:
- Aliasing a template by loading another template with
snippet('../templates/other-template'). Robust alternatives are to userequire __DIR__ . '/other-template.php'or to override the$page->template()method in the page model:php class AnotherPage extends Page { public function template(): Template { return $this->kirby()->template('other-template'); } } - Loading a snippet from a shared directory in a multisite setup. A robust alternative is to restructure the project so that all sites share a single snippets root that then branches off into subdirectories for each site. If you prefer to keep the original structure, you can use symbolic links (symlinks) in the file system to include the shared directory in the site-specific snippets roots.
Credits
Thanks to Bruno Meilick (@bnomei) for reporting the identified issue. Thanks to Bruno Meilick and Tobias Möritz (@tobimori) for their input on the effects on site code.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "getkirby/kirby"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.9.8.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "getkirby/kirby"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.10.0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.10.1.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "getkirby/kirby"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.7.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-30159"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22",
"CWE-23"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-05-13T20:02:23Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-13T15:15:56Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### TL;DR\n\nThis vulnerability affects all Kirby sites that use the `snippet()` helper or `$kirby-\u003esnippet()` method with a dynamic snippet name (such as a snippet name that depends on request or user data).\n\nSites that only use fixed calls to the `snippet()` helper/`$kirby-\u003esnippet()` method (i.e. calls with a simple string for the snippet name) are *not* affected.\n\n----\n\n### Introduction\n\nKirby\u0027s `snippet()` helper and `$kirby-\u003esnippet()` method (in the following abbreviated to the `snippet()` helper) allow to load PHP snippet files that are normally stored in the `site/snippets` folder or registered by plugins through the `snippets` plugin extension.\n\nIf the `snippet()` helper is called with an arbitrary snippet name, Kirby first checks if a file with this name exists in the snippets root (which defaults to `site/snippets`).\n\nThis logic was vulnerable against path traversal attacks. By using special elements such as `..` and `/` separators, attackers can escape outside of the restricted location to access files or directories that are elsewhere on the system. One of the most common special elements is the `../` sequence, which in most modern operating systems is interpreted as the parent directory of the current location.\n\nBecause Kirby\u0027s `snippet()` helper did not protect against path traversal, the provided snippet name could include special sequences that would cause Kirby to look outside of the configured snippets root and access arbitrary files.\n\n### Impact\n\nThe missing path traversal check allowed attackers to navigate and access all files on the server that were accessible to the PHP process, including files outside of the snippets root or even outside of the Kirby installation. PHP code within such files was executed.\n\nSuch attacks first require an attack vector in the site code that is caused by dynamic snippet names, such as `snippet(\u0027tags-\u0027 . get(\u0027tags\u0027))`. It generally also requires knowledge of the site structure and the server\u0027s file system by the attacker, although it can be possible to find vulnerable setups through automated methods such as fuzzing.\n\nIn a vulnerable setup, this could cause damage to the confidentiality and integrity of the server, for example:\n\n- it could allow the attacker to build a map of the server\u0027s file system for subsequent attacks,\n- it could allow access to configuration files that may contain sensitive information like security tokens or\n- it could cause the unintended execution of PHP scripts.\n\n### Patches\n\nThe problem has been patched in [Kirby 3.9.8.3](https://github.com/getkirby/kirby/releases/tag/3.9.8.3), [Kirby 3.10.1.2](https://github.com/getkirby/kirby/releases/tag/3.10.1.2) and [Kirby 4.7.1](https://github.com/getkirby/kirby/releases/tag/4.7.1). Please update to one of these or a [later version](https://github.com/getkirby/kirby/releases) to fix the vulnerability.\n\nIn all of the mentioned releases, we have added a check for the snippet path that ensures that the resulting path is contained within the configured snippets root. Snippet paths that point outside of the snippets root will not be loaded.\n\n### Effects on site code\n\nIf you deliberately use path traversal in your projects, these uses will break after updating to one of the patched versions.\n\nExamples of such uses include:\n\n- Aliasing a template by loading another template with `snippet(\u0027../templates/other-template\u0027)`. Robust alternatives are to use `require __DIR__ . \u0027/other-template.php\u0027` or to override the `$page-\u003etemplate()` method in the page model:\n ```php\n class AnotherPage extends Page\n {\n public function template(): Template\n {\n return $this-\u003ekirby()-\u003etemplate(\u0027other-template\u0027);\n }\n }\n ```\n- Loading a snippet from a shared directory in a multisite setup. A robust alternative is to restructure the project so that all sites share a single snippets root that then branches off into subdirectories for each site. If you prefer to keep the original structure, you can use symbolic links (symlinks) in the file system to include the shared directory in the site-specific snippets roots.\n\n### Credits\n\nThanks to Bruno Meilick (@bnomei) for reporting the identified issue.\nThanks to Bruno Meilick and Tobias M\u00f6ritz (@tobimori) for their input on the effects on site code.",
"id": "GHSA-fw82-87p8-v6hp",
"modified": "2025-05-13T20:02:24Z",
"published": "2025-05-13T20:02:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/getkirby/kirby/security/advisories/GHSA-fw82-87p8-v6hp"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-30159"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/getkirby/kirby/commit/90acf7ed6d8d9d0697f938edc0940b4a563ddbe7"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/getkirby/kirby"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/getkirby/kirby/releases/tag/3.10.1.2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/getkirby/kirby/releases/tag/3.9.8.3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/getkirby/kirby/releases/tag/4.7.1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Kirby vulnerable to path traversal of snippet names in the `snippet()` helper"
}
GHSA-FW82-F2CV-P6P2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-01 00:31 – Updated: 2026-06-30 03:36Profile import path traversal in Wireshark 4.6.0 to 4.6.4 and 4.4.0 to 4.4.14 allows denial of service and possible code execution
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-5656"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-01T00:16:25Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Profile import path traversal in Wireshark 4.6.0 to 4.6.4 and 4.4.0 to 4.4.14 allows denial of service and possible code execution",
"id": "GHSA-fw82-f2cv-p6p2",
"modified": "2026-06-30T03:36:28Z",
"published": "2026-05-01T00:31:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-5656"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:20600"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:26182"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-5656"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2464276"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitlab.com/wireshark/wireshark/-/issues/21115"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-5656.json"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wireshark.org/security/wnpa-sec-2026-21.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-FW9Q-RWPP-XCW5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:14 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:14A Path Traversal vulnerability exists in TinyFileManager all version up to and including 2.4.6 that allows attackers to upload a file (with Admin credentials or with the CSRF vulnerability) with the "fullpath" parameter containing path traversal strings (../ and ..) in order to escape the server's intended working directory and write malicious files onto any directory on the computer.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-40964"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-09-15T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A Path Traversal vulnerability exists in TinyFileManager all version up to and including 2.4.6 that allows attackers to upload a file (with Admin credentials or with the CSRF vulnerability) with the \"fullpath\" parameter containing path traversal strings (../ and ..\\) in order to escape the server\u0027s intended working directory and write malicious files onto any directory on the computer.",
"id": "GHSA-fw9q-rwpp-xcw5",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:14:36Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:14:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-40964"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/omriinbar/953368dcdd9e5eeefd83920166099528"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/prasathmani/tinyfilemanager"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/166330/Tiny-File-Manager-2.4.6-Shell-Upload.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-FWFM-F7PG-RQ6R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-12 03:31 – Updated: 2023-12-14 21:31SAP Master Data Governance File Upload application allows an attacker to exploit insufficient validation of path information provided by users, thus characters representing ‘traverse to parent directory’ are passed through to the file APIs. As a result, it has a low impact to the confidentiality.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-49058"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-12T01:15:12Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "SAP Master Data Governance File Upload application\u00a0allows an attacker to exploit insufficient validation of path information provided by users, thus characters representing \u2018traverse to parent directory\u2019 are passed through to the file\u00a0APIs. As a result, it has a low impact to the\u00a0confidentiality.\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-fwfm-f7pg-rq6r",
"modified": "2023-12-14T21:31:13Z",
"published": "2023-12-12T03:31:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-49058"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://me.sap.com/notes/3363690"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sap.com/documents/2022/02/fa865ea4-167e-0010-bca6-c68f7e60039b.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-FWFV-5XMW-XX69
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 05:47 – Updated: 2022-05-17 05:47Absolute path traversal vulnerability in curl 7.20.0 through 7.21.1, when the --remote-header-name or -J option is used, allows remote servers to create or overwrite arbitrary files by using \ (backslash) as a separator of path components within the Content-disposition HTTP header.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2010-3842"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2010-10-28T00:00:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Absolute path traversal vulnerability in curl 7.20.0 through 7.21.1, when the --remote-header-name or -J option is used, allows remote servers to create or overwrite arbitrary files by using \\ (backslash) as a separator of path components within the Content-disposition HTTP header.",
"id": "GHSA-fwfv-5xmw-xx69",
"modified": "2022-05-17T05:47:12Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T05:47:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2010-3842"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=642642"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://curl.haxx.se/docs/adv_20101013.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/39532"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://securitytracker.com/id?1024583"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2010/10/13/1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2010/10/13/4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2010/10/13/5"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-FWG4-PX6F-6FJ8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-19 18:32 – Updated: 2024-08-19 18:32Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal') vulnerability in Crocoblock JetGridBuilder allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects JetGridBuilder: from n/a through 1.1.2.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-43221"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-19T17:15:08Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory (\u0027Path Traversal\u0027) vulnerability in Crocoblock JetGridBuilder allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects JetGridBuilder: from n/a through 1.1.2.",
"id": "GHSA-fwg4-px6f-6fj8",
"modified": "2024-08-19T18:32:08Z",
"published": "2024-08-19T18:32:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-43221"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/jetgridbuilder/wordpress-jetgridbuilder-plugin-1-1-2-local-file-inclusion-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-FWGX-G9WP-QJG6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:33 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:33Path traversal in the Intel(R) EMA before version 1.3.3 may allow an unauthenticated user to potentially enable escalation of privilege via network access.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-12315"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-11-12T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Path traversal in the Intel(R) EMA before version 1.3.3 may allow an unauthenticated user to potentially enable escalation of privilege via network access.",
"id": "GHSA-fwgx-g9wp-qjg6",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:33:32Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:33:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-12315"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/security-center/advisory/intel-sa-00412"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
Mitigation MIT-5.1
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When validating filenames, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434.
- Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.
Mitigation MIT-15
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation MIT-20.1
Strategy: Input Validation
- Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
- Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath() in C) that produces the canonical version of the pathname, which effectively removes ".." sequences and symbolic links (CWE-23, CWE-59). This includes:
- realpath() in C
- getCanonicalPath() in Java
- GetFullPath() in ASP.NET
- realpath() or abs_path() in Perl
- realpath() in PHP
Mitigation MIT-4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Mitigation MIT-17
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-21.1
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "inbox.txt" and ID 2 could map to "profile.txt". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-185] provide this capability.
Mitigation MIT-22
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-34
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Store library, include, and utility files outside of the web document root, if possible. Otherwise, store them in a separate directory and use the web server's access control capabilities to prevent attackers from directly requesting them. One common practice is to define a fixed constant in each calling program, then check for the existence of the constant in the library/include file; if the constant does not exist, then the file was directly requested, and it can exit immediately.
- This significantly reduces the chance of an attacker being able to bypass any protection mechanisms that are in the base program but not in the include files. It will also reduce the attack surface.
Mitigation MIT-39
- Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
- If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
- Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
- In the context of path traversal, error messages which disclose path information can help attackers craft the appropriate attack strings to move through the file system hierarchy.
Mitigation MIT-16
Strategy: Environment Hardening
When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-126: Path Traversal
An adversary uses path manipulation methods to exploit insufficient input validation of a target to obtain access to data that should be not be retrievable by ordinary well-formed requests. A typical variety of this attack involves specifying a path to a desired file together with dot-dot-slash characters, resulting in the file access API or function traversing out of the intended directory structure and into the root file system. By replacing or modifying the expected path information the access function or API retrieves the file desired by the attacker. These attacks either involve the attacker providing a complete path to a targeted file or using control characters (e.g. path separators (/ or \) and/or dots (.)) to reach desired directories or files.
CAPEC-64: Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic
This attack targets the encoding of the URL combined with the encoding of the slash characters. An attacker can take advantage of the multiple ways of encoding a URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL. A URL may contain special character that need special syntax handling in order to be interpreted. Special characters are represented using a percentage character followed by two digits representing the octet code of the original character (%HEX-CODE). For instance US-ASCII space character would be represented with %20. This is often referred as escaped ending or percent-encoding. Since the server decodes the URL from the requests, it may restrict the access to some URL paths by validating and filtering out the URL requests it received. An attacker will try to craft an URL with a sequence of special characters which once interpreted by the server will be equivalent to a forbidden URL. It can be difficult to protect against this attack since the URL can contain other format of encoding such as UTF-8 encoding, Unicode-encoding, etc.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.
CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the use of the backslash in alternate encoding. An adversary can provide a backslash as a leading character and causes a parser to believe that the next character is special. This is called an escape. By using that trick, the adversary tries to exploit alternate ways to encode the same character which leads to filter problems and opens avenues to attack.
CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the encoding of the Slash characters. An adversary would try to exploit common filtering problems related to the use of the slashes characters to gain access to resources on the target host. Directory-driven systems, such as file systems and databases, typically use the slash character to indicate traversal between directories or other container components. For murky historical reasons, PCs (and, as a result, Microsoft OSs) choose to use a backslash, whereas the UNIX world typically makes use of the forward slash. The schizophrenic result is that many MS-based systems are required to understand both forms of the slash. This gives the adversary many opportunities to discover and abuse a number of common filtering problems. The goal of this pattern is to discover server software that only applies filters to one version, but not the other.