Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-203

Allowed

Observable Discrepancy

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

The product behaves differently or sends different responses under different circumstances in a way that is observable to an unauthorized actor.

905 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-R9MM-FG76-G89P

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-04 21:31 – Updated: 2025-09-05 21:32
VLAI
Details

In multiple locations, there is a possible way to access data displayed on the screen due to side channel information disclosure. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-48561"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-09-04T19:15:43Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In multiple locations, there is a possible way to access data displayed on the screen due to side channel information disclosure. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
  "id": "GHSA-r9mm-fg76-g89p",
  "modified": "2025-09-05T21:32:37Z",
  "published": "2025-09-04T21:31:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-48561"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/native/+/20465375a1d0cb71cdb891235a9f8a3fba31dbf6"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2025-09-01"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-RGQW-GPJQ-38PR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-27 21:31 – Updated: 2026-07-28 21:31
VLAI
Details

This issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in Safari 26.6, iOS 26.6 and iPadOS 26.6, macOS Tahoe 26.6, tvOS 26.6, visionOS 26.6, watchOS 26.6. Websites may know if the user has visited a given link.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-64713"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-07-27T21:17:10Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "This issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in Safari 26.6, iOS 26.6 and iPadOS 26.6, macOS Tahoe 26.6, tvOS 26.6, visionOS 26.6, watchOS 26.6. Websites may know if the user has visited a given link.",
  "id": "GHSA-rgqw-gpjq-38pr",
  "modified": "2026-07-28T21:31:26Z",
  "published": "2026-07-27T21:31:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-64713"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/128066"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/128067"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/128068"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/128069"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/128070"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/128073"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-RH63-9QCF-83GF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-19 15:06 – Updated: 2024-02-27 19:23
VLAI
Summary
Marvin Attack of RSA and RSAOAEP decryption in jsrsasign
Details

Impact

RSA PKCS#1.5 or RSAOAEP ciphertexts may be decrypted by this Marvin attack vulnerability.

Patches

update to jsrsasign 11.0.0.

Workarounds

Find and replace RSA and RSAOAEP decryption with other crypto library.

References

https://people.redhat.com/~hkario/marvin/ https://github.com/kjur/jsrsasign/issues/598 https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JAVA-ORGWEBJARSNPM-6070732 https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2024-21484

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "jsrsasign"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "11.0.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-21484"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-01-19T15:06:07Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-01-22T05:15:08Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\nRSA PKCS#1.5 or RSAOAEP ciphertexts may be decrypted by this Marvin attack vulnerability.\n\n### Patches\nupdate to jsrsasign 11.0.0.\n\n### Workarounds\nFind and replace RSA and RSAOAEP decryption with other crypto library.\n\n### References\nhttps://people.redhat.com/~hkario/marvin/\nhttps://github.com/kjur/jsrsasign/issues/598\nhttps://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JAVA-ORGWEBJARSNPM-6070732\nhttps://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2024-21484",
  "id": "GHSA-rh63-9qcf-83gf",
  "modified": "2024-02-27T19:23:58Z",
  "published": "2024-01-19T15:06:07Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/kjur/jsrsasign/security/advisories/GHSA-rh63-9qcf-83gf"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-21484"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/kjur/jsrsasign/issues/598"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/kjur/jsrsasign"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/kjur/jsrsasign/releases/tag/11.0.0"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://people.redhat.com/~hkario/marvin"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JAVA-ORGWEBJARSBOWER-6070734"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JAVA-ORGWEBJARSBOWERGITHUBKJUR-6070733"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JAVA-ORGWEBJARSNPM-6070732"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JS-JSRSASIGN-6070731"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Marvin Attack of RSA and RSAOAEP decryption in jsrsasign"
}

GHSA-RHHM-9XFQ-X5QF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-29 03:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 04:22
VLAI
Details

OX App Suite before backend 7.10.6-rev37 has an information leak in the handling of distribution lists, e.g., partial disclosure of the private contacts of another user.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-24598"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-05-29T03:15:09Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "OX App Suite before backend 7.10.6-rev37 has an information leak in the handling of distribution lists, e.g., partial disclosure of the private contacts of another user.",
  "id": "GHSA-rhhm-9xfq-x5qf",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T04:22:25Z",
  "published": "2023-05-29T03:30:14Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-24598"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://open-xchange.com"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2023/May/3"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-RJ66-GV55-X6MR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-02 12:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 04:28
VLAI
Details

Bluetooth Classic in Bluetooth Core Specification through 5.3 does not properly conceal device information for Bluetooth transceivers in Non-Discoverable mode. By conducting an efficient over-the-air attack, an attacker can fully extract the permanent, unique Bluetooth MAC identifier, along with device capabilities and identifiers, some of which may contain identifying information about the device owner. This additionally allows the attacker to establish a connection to the target device.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-24695"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-06-02T12:15:09Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Bluetooth Classic in Bluetooth Core Specification through 5.3 does not properly conceal device information for Bluetooth transceivers in Non-Discoverable mode. By conducting an efficient over-the-air attack, an attacker can fully extract the permanent, unique Bluetooth MAC identifier, along with device capabilities and identifiers, some of which may contain identifying information about the device owner. This additionally allows the attacker to establish a connection to the target device.",
  "id": "GHSA-rj66-gv55-x6mr",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T04:28:49Z",
  "published": "2023-06-02T12:30:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-24695"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://sp2023.ieee-security.org/program-papers.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.bluetooth.com/specifications/specs/core-specification"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings-article/sp/2023/933600a521/1He7Yja1AYM"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-RM29-Q8C8-PRWC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:17 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:17
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability in the RADIUS authentication module of Cisco Policy Suite could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to determine whether a subscriber username is valid. The vulnerability occurs because the Cisco Policy Suite RADIUS server component returns different authentication failure messages based on the validity of usernames. An attacker could use these messages to determine whether a valid subscriber username has been identified. The attacker could use this information in subsequent attacks against the system. Cisco Bug IDs: CSCvg47830.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-0134"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-02-08T07:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability in the RADIUS authentication module of Cisco Policy Suite could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to determine whether a subscriber username is valid. The vulnerability occurs because the Cisco Policy Suite RADIUS server component returns different authentication failure messages based on the validity of usernames. An attacker could use these messages to determine whether a valid subscriber username has been identified. The attacker could use this information in subsequent attacks against the system. Cisco Bug IDs: CSCvg47830.",
  "id": "GHSA-rm29-q8c8-prwc",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:17:29Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:17:29Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-0134"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20180207-cps1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/102954"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-RM5G-4G6X-8W79

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-09 03:30 – Updated: 2026-09-09 15:35
VLAI
Details

Observable discrepancy in SVG in Google Chrome prior to 153.0.8010.36 allowed a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Low)

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-87620"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-09-09T01:17:20Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Observable discrepancy in SVG in Google Chrome prior to 153.0.8010.36 allowed a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Low)",
  "id": "GHSA-rm5g-4g6x-8w79",
  "modified": "2026-09-09T15:35:03Z",
  "published": "2026-09-09T03:30:44Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-87620"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2026/09/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_0808145027.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/514489101"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-RRQC-C2JX-6JGV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-08 18:33 – Updated: 2024-10-30 19:02
VLAI
Summary
Django allows enumeration of user e-mail addresses
Details

An issue was discovered in Django v5.1.1, v5.0.9, and v4.2.16. The django.contrib.auth.forms.PasswordResetForm class, when used in a view implementing password reset flows, allows remote attackers to enumerate user e-mail addresses by sending password reset requests and observing the outcome (only when e-mail sending is consistently failing).

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "Django"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "5.1"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "5.1.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "Django"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "5.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "5.0.9"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "Django"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.2.16"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-45231"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203",
      "CWE-204"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-10-08T21:17:00Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-10-08T16:15:11Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An issue was discovered in Django v5.1.1, v5.0.9, and v4.2.16. The django.contrib.auth.forms.PasswordResetForm class, when used in a view implementing password reset flows, allows remote attackers to enumerate user e-mail addresses by sending password reset requests and observing the outcome (only when e-mail sending is consistently failing).",
  "id": "GHSA-rrqc-c2jx-6jgv",
  "modified": "2024-10-30T19:02:43Z",
  "published": "2024-10-08T18:33:13Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-45231"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/django/django/commit/3c733c78d6f8e50296d6e248968b6516c92a53ca"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/django/django/commit/96d84047715ea1715b4bd1594e46122b8a77b9e2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/django/django/commit/bf4888d317ba4506d091eeac6e8b4f1fcc731199"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/releases/security"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/django/django"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://groups.google.com/forum/#%21forum/django-announce"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2024/sep/03/security-releases"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Django allows enumeration of user e-mail addresses"
}

GHSA-RRQQ-FFJH-MJXV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-11-19 00:30 – Updated: 2025-04-30 15:30
VLAI
Details

An information-disclosure vulnerability exists on select NXP devices when configured in Serial Download Protocol (SDP) mode: i.MX RT 1010, i.MX RT 1015, i.MX RT 1020, i.MX RT 1050, i.MX RT 1060, i.MX 6 Family, i.MX 7Dual/Solo, i.MX 7ULP, i.MX 8M Quad, i.MX 8M Mini, and Vybrid. In a device security-enabled configuration, memory contents could potentially leak to physically proximate attackers via the respective SDP port in cold and warm boot attacks. (The recommended mitigation is to completely disable the SDP mode by programming a one-time programmable eFUSE. Customers can contact NXP for additional information.)

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-45163"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-11-18T23:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An information-disclosure vulnerability exists on select NXP devices when configured in Serial Download Protocol (SDP) mode: i.MX RT 1010, i.MX RT 1015, i.MX RT 1020, i.MX RT 1050, i.MX RT 1060, i.MX 6 Family, i.MX 7Dual/Solo, i.MX 7ULP, i.MX 8M Quad, i.MX 8M Mini, and Vybrid. In a device security-enabled configuration, memory contents could potentially leak to physically proximate attackers via the respective SDP port in cold and warm boot attacks. (The recommended mitigation is to completely disable the SDP mode by programming a one-time programmable eFUSE. Customers can contact NXP for additional information.)",
  "id": "GHSA-rrqq-ffjh-mjxv",
  "modified": "2025-04-30T15:30:40Z",
  "published": "2022-11-19T00:30:55Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-45163"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://nxp.com"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://research.nccgroup.com/2022/11/17/cve-2022-45163"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://research.nccgroup.com/category/technical-advisory"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-RRVM-94FQ-4HMV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-05 18:30 – Updated: 2022-12-06 21:30
VLAI
Details

The Clerk WordPress plugin before 4.0.0 is affected by time-based attacks in the validation function for all API requests due to the usage of comparison operators to verify API keys against the ones stored in the site options.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-3907"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-200",
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-12-05T17:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The Clerk WordPress plugin before 4.0.0 is affected by time-based attacks in the validation function for all API requests due to the usage of comparison operators to verify API keys against the ones stored in the site options.",
  "id": "GHSA-rrvm-94fq-4hmv",
  "modified": "2022-12-06T21:30:45Z",
  "published": "2022-12-05T18:30:41Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-3907"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/7920c1c1-709d-4b1f-ac08-f0a02ddb329c"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation MIT-46
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Separation of Privilege

  • Compartmentalize the system to have "safe" areas where trust boundaries can be unambiguously drawn. Do not allow sensitive data to go outside of the trust boundary and always be careful when interfacing with a compartment outside of the safe area.
  • Ensure that appropriate compartmentalization is built into the system design, and the compartmentalization allows for and reinforces privilege separation functionality. Architects and designers should rely on the principle of least privilege to decide the appropriate time to use privileges and the time to drop privileges.
Mitigation MIT-39
Implementation
  • Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
  • If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
  • Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
CAPEC-189: Black Box Reverse Engineering

An adversary discovers the structure, function, and composition of a type of computer software through black box analysis techniques. 'Black Box' methods involve interacting with the software indirectly, in the absence of direct access to the executable object. Such analysis typically involves interacting with the software at the boundaries of where the software interfaces with a larger execution environment, such as input-output vectors, libraries, or APIs. Black Box Reverse Engineering also refers to gathering physical side effects of a hardware device, such as electromagnetic radiation or sounds.