Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-203
AllowedObservable Discrepancy
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The product behaves differently or sends different responses under different circumstances in a way that is observable to an unauthorized actor.
903 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-F5X4-GF23-WQM9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-19 21:30 – Updated: 2026-03-23 21:30
VLAI
Details
wolfSSL 5.8.4 on RISC-V RV32I architectures lacks a constant-time software implementation for 64-bit multiplication. The compiler-inserted __muldi3 subroutine executes in variable time based on operand values. This affects multiple SP math functions (sp_256_mul_9, sp_256_sqr_9, etc.), leading to a timing side-channel that may expose sensitive cryptographic data.
Severity
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-3579"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-203"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-19T20:16:14Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "wolfSSL 5.8.4 on RISC-V RV32I architectures lacks a constant-time software implementation for 64-bit multiplication. The compiler-inserted __muldi3 subroutine executes in variable time based on operand values. This affects multiple SP math functions (sp_256_mul_9, sp_256_sqr_9, etc.), leading to a timing side-channel that may expose sensitive cryptographic data.",
"id": "GHSA-f5x4-gf23-wqm9",
"modified": "2026-03-23T21:30:49Z",
"published": "2026-03-19T21:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-3579"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/wolfSSL/wolfssl/pull/9855"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-F63C-CRJV-GHR6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-10-30 18:30 – Updated: 2023-11-06 18:30
VLAI
Details
In Content, there is a possible way to determine whether an app is installed, without query permissions, due to side channel information disclosure. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.
Severity
5.5 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-21318"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-203"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-10-30T17:15:48Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In Content, there is a possible way to determine whether an app is installed, without query permissions, due to side channel information disclosure. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
"id": "GHSA-f63c-crjv-ghr6",
"modified": "2023-11-06T18:30:18Z",
"published": "2023-10-30T18:30:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-21318"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/docs/security/bulletin/android-14"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-F7HC-7G36-W53C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-04-29 02:57 – Updated: 2022-04-29 02:57
VLAI
Details
AIX 4.3.3 through AIX 5.1, when direct remote login is disabled, displays a different message if the password is correct, which allows remote attackers to guess the password via brute force methods.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2004-0243"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-203"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2004-11-23T05:00:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "AIX 4.3.3 through AIX 5.1, when direct remote login is disabled, displays a different message if the password is correct, which allows remote attackers to guess the password via brute force methods.",
"id": "GHSA-f7hc-7g36-w53c",
"modified": "2022-04-29T02:57:23Z",
"published": "2022-04-29T02:57:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2004-0243"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/15172"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/bugtraq/2004-02/0313.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://marc.info/?l=bugtraq\u0026m=107583269206044\u0026w=2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-F8PQ-R7MV-PVXM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:40 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:40
VLAI
Details
A username enumeration issue was discovered in SquaredUp before version 4.6.0. The login functionality was implemented in a way that would enable a malicious user to guess valid username due to a different response time from invalid usernames.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-9389"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-203"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-02-03T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A username enumeration issue was discovered in SquaredUp before version 4.6.0. The login functionality was implemented in a way that would enable a malicious user to guess valid username due to a different response time from invalid usernames.",
"id": "GHSA-f8pq-r7mv-pvxm",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:40:55Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:40:55Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-9389"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.squaredup.com/hc/en-us/articles/360017255858"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.squaredup.com/hc/en-us/articles/360019427238-CVE-2020-9389-Username-enumeration-possible-via-a-timing-attack"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-F8VM-23J7-PF2R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-23 03:31 – Updated: 2026-04-02 21:31
VLAI
Details
A timing side-channel issue was addressed with improvements to constant-time computation in cryptographic functions. This issue is fixed in macOS Sonoma 14.3, watchOS 10.3, tvOS 17.3, iOS 17.3 and iPadOS 17.3. An attacker may be able to decrypt legacy RSA PKCS#1 v1.5 ciphertexts without having the private key.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-23218"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-203"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-23T01:15:11Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A timing side-channel issue was addressed with improvements to constant-time computation in cryptographic functions. This issue is fixed in macOS Sonoma 14.3, watchOS 10.3, tvOS 17.3, iOS 17.3 and iPadOS 17.3. An attacker may be able to decrypt legacy RSA PKCS#1 v1.5 ciphertexts without having the private key.",
"id": "GHSA-f8vm-23j7-pf2r",
"modified": "2026-04-02T21:31:35Z",
"published": "2024-01-23T03:31:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-23218"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/120304"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/120306"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/120309"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/120311"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/120880"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/120884"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/120886"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT214055"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT214059"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT214060"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT214061"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT214055"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT214059"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT214061"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT214082"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT214083"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT214085"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Jan/33"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Jan/36"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Jan/39"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Jan/40"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Mar/22"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Mar/23"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-F9F9-4R63-4QCC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-10-19 19:00 – Updated: 2022-12-16 17:22
VLAI
Summary
Non-constant time webhook token comparison in Jenkins GitLab Plugin
Details
GitLab Plugin 1.5.35 and earlier does not use a constant-time comparison when checking whether the provided and expected webhook token are equal.
This could potentially allow attackers to use statistical methods to obtain a valid webhook token.
GitLab Plugin 1.5.36 uses a constant-time comparison when validating the webhook token.
Severity
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.5.35"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.jenkins-ci.plugins:gitlab-plugin"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.5.36"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-43411"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-203",
"CWE-208"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-10-19T22:22:43Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-10-19T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "GitLab Plugin 1.5.35 and earlier does not use a constant-time comparison when checking whether the provided and expected webhook token are equal.\n\nThis could potentially allow attackers to use statistical methods to obtain a valid webhook token.\n\nGitLab Plugin 1.5.36 uses a constant-time comparison when validating the webhook token.",
"id": "GHSA-f9f9-4r63-4qcc",
"modified": "2022-12-16T17:22:29Z",
"published": "2022-10-19T19:00:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-43411"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/gitlab-plugin/commit/882f84c6a42b42b74ff7c9803d814f61b8fde0ed"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/gitlab-plugin"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2022-10-19/#SECURITY-2877"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2022/10/19/3"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Non-constant time webhook token comparison in Jenkins GitLab Plugin"
}
GHSA-FC44-R4GX-VW32
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-17 18:31 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:11
VLAI
Details
TOTOLINK CP300+ V5.2cu.7594 contains a Denial of Service vulnerability in function RebootSystem of the file lib/cste_modules/system which can reboot the system.
Severity
7.5 (High)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-34669"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-203"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-07-17T17:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "TOTOLINK CP300+ V5.2cu.7594 contains a Denial of Service vulnerability in function RebootSystem of the file lib/cste_modules/system which can reboot the system.",
"id": "GHSA-fc44-r4gx-vw32",
"modified": "2024-04-04T06:11:07Z",
"published": "2023-07-17T18:31:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-34669"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://w3b5h3ll.notion.site/w3b5h3ll/TOTOLINK-CP300-c96d775881f0476b9ef465dba9c6d9b8"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-FCMV-MQRC-FR3C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-11 15:30 – Updated: 2026-07-11 15:30
VLAI
Details
Cap-go before 12.128.2 contains an information disclosure vulnerability in the public.transfer_app RPC function that returns distinct error messages for existing versus non-existing app IDs. Unauthenticated attackers can enumerate valid app IDs by observing error message differences when calling transfer_app with only the publishable API key.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-56296"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-203"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-11T14:16:21Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Cap-go before 12.128.2 contains an information disclosure vulnerability in the public.transfer_app RPC function that returns distinct error messages for existing versus non-existing app IDs. Unauthenticated attackers can enumerate valid app IDs by observing error message differences when calling transfer_app with only the publishable API key.",
"id": "GHSA-fcmv-mqrc-fr3c",
"modified": "2026-07-11T15:30:21Z",
"published": "2026-07-11T15:30:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Cap-go/capgo/security/advisories/GHSA-fmm3-3qcg-85j6"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-56296"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/cap-go-app-existence-oracle-via-unauthenticated-transfer-app-rpc"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-FG52-XJFC-9RH8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:51 – Updated: 2022-12-16 14:34
VLAI
Summary
Pterodactyl vulnerable to 2FA Sniffing
Details
Pterodactyl version 0.7.13 and lower - 2FA Sniffing
Users who have enabled 2FA protections on their account can unintentionally have their account's existence sniffed by malicious users who enter random credentials into the login fields.
Impact
Users who have enabled 2FA protections on their account can unintentionally have their account's existence sniffed by malicious users who enter random credentials into the login fields.
A logical mistake was made when the original code was written that would wait to verify the user's password until they had provided 2FA credentials if it was enabled on their account. However, because of this you could enter a bad password for a known email and determine if the account exists if you got redirected to a 2FA page.
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory please react out on Discord or email dane@[project name].io.
Severity
7.5 (High)
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.7.13"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "pterodactyl/panel"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.7.14"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-1020002"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-203"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-12-16T14:34:49Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2019-07-29T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "**Pterodactyl version 0.7.13 and lower - 2FA Sniffing**\n\nUsers who have enabled 2FA protections on their account can unintentionally have their account\u0027s existence sniffed by malicious users who enter random credentials into the login fields.\n\n### Impact\nUsers who have enabled 2FA protections on their account can unintentionally have their account\u0027s existence sniffed by malicious users who enter random credentials into the login fields.\n\nA logical mistake was made when the original code was written that would wait to verify the user\u0027s password until they had provided 2FA credentials if it was enabled on their account. However, because of this you could enter a bad password for a known email and determine if the account exists if you got redirected to a 2FA page.\n\n### For more information\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory please react out on Discord or email dane@[project name].io.",
"id": "GHSA-fg52-xjfc-9rh8",
"modified": "2022-12-16T14:34:49Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:51:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/security/advisories/GHSA-vcm9-hx3q-qwj8"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-1020002"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/commit/092e7e79fff858ee026608c7dbccab165a67526f"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/releases/tag/v0.7.14"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Pterodactyl vulnerable to 2FA Sniffing"
}
GHSA-FGMR-VX7C-5WJ6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2019-09-26 21:30 – Updated: 2021-07-27 21:51
VLAI
Summary
Timing attack on HMAC signature comparison in Apache Tapestry
Details
The code which checks HMAC in form submissions used String.equals() for comparisons, which results in a timing side channel for the comparison of the HMAC signatures. This could lead to remote code execution if an attacker is able to determine the correct signature for their payload. The comparison should be done with a constant time algorithm instead.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.tapestry:tapestry-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.4"
},
{
"fixed": "5.4.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-10071"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-203",
"CWE-697"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2019-09-23T22:30:40Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2019-09-16T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The code which checks HMAC in form submissions used String.equals() for comparisons, which results in a timing side channel for the comparison of the HMAC signatures. This could lead to remote code execution if an attacker is able to determine the correct signature for their payload. The comparison should be done with a constant time algorithm instead.",
"id": "GHSA-fgmr-vx7c-5wj6",
"modified": "2021-07-27T21:51:14Z",
"published": "2019-09-26T21:30:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-10071"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/6e8f42c88da7be3c60aafe3f6a85eb00b4f8b444de26b38d36233a43@%3Cusers.tapestry.apache.org%3E"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/7a437dad5af7309aba4d01bfc2463b3ac34e6aafaa565381d3a36460@%3Cusers.tapestry.apache.org%3E"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/bac8d6f9e1b4059b319d9cba6f33219a99b81623476ec896138f851c@%3Cusers.tapestry.apache.org%3E"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r7d9c54beb1dc97dcccc58d9b5d31f0f7166f9a25ad1beba5f8091e0c@%3Ccommits.tapestry.apache.org%3E"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r87523dd07886223aa086edc25fe9b8ddb9c1090f7db25b068dc30843@%3Ccommits.tapestry.apache.org%3E"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Timing attack on HMAC signature comparison in Apache Tapestry"
}
Mitigation MIT-46
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Separation of Privilege
- Compartmentalize the system to have "safe" areas where trust boundaries can be unambiguously drawn. Do not allow sensitive data to go outside of the trust boundary and always be careful when interfacing with a compartment outside of the safe area.
- Ensure that appropriate compartmentalization is built into the system design, and the compartmentalization allows for and reinforces privilege separation functionality. Architects and designers should rely on the principle of least privilege to decide the appropriate time to use privileges and the time to drop privileges.
Mitigation MIT-39
Implementation
- Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
- If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
- Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
CAPEC-189: Black Box Reverse Engineering
An adversary discovers the structure, function, and composition of a type of computer software through black box analysis techniques. 'Black Box' methods involve interacting with the software indirectly, in the absence of direct access to the executable object. Such analysis typically involves interacting with the software at the boundaries of where the software interfaces with a larger execution environment, such as input-output vectors, libraries, or APIs. Black Box Reverse Engineering also refers to gathering physical side effects of a hardware device, such as electromagnetic radiation or sounds.