Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-125

Allowed

Out-of-bounds Read

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.

11292 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2025-61798 (GCVE-0-2025-61798)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-14 19:34 – Updated: 2026-02-26 16:57
VLAI
Title
Dimension | Out-of-bounds Read (CWE-125)
Summary
Dimension versions 4.1.4 and earlier are affected by an out-of-bounds read vulnerability when parsing a crafted file, which could result in a read past the end of an allocated memory structure. An attacker could leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current user. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-125 - Out-of-bounds Read (CWE-125)
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Adobe Dimension Affected: 0 , ≤ 4.1.4 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-10-14 17:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-61691 (GCVE-0-2025-61691)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-02 05:51 – Updated: 2025-10-02 17:57
VLAI
Summary
VT STUDIO versions 8.53 and prior contain an out-of-bounds read vulnerability. If the product uses a specially crafted file, arbitrary code may be executed on the affected product.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
KEYENCE CORPORATION VT STUDIO Affected: 8.53 and prior
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-60728 (GCVE-0-2025-60728)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-11 17:59 – Updated: 2026-02-13 20:45
VLAI
Title
Microsoft Excel Information Disclosure Vulnerability
Summary
Untrusted pointer dereference in Microsoft Office Excel allows an unauthorized attacker to disclose information over a network.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-822 - Untrusted Pointer Dereference
  • CWE-125 - Out-of-bounds Read
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Microsoft Microsoft 365 Apps for Enterprise Affected: 16.0.1 , < https://aka.ms/OfficeSecurityReleases (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Microsoft Office LTSC 2024 Affected: 16.0.0 , < https://aka.ms/OfficeSecurityReleases (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Microsoft Office LTSC for Mac 2024 Affected: 16.0.0 , < 16.103.25110922 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-11-11 08:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-60727 (GCVE-0-2025-60727)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-11 17:59 – Updated: 2026-02-26 16:57
VLAI
Title
Microsoft Excel Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Summary
Out-of-bounds read in Microsoft Office Excel allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code locally.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Microsoft Microsoft 365 Apps for Enterprise Affected: 16.0.1 , < https://aka.ms/OfficeSecurityReleases (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Microsoft Excel 2016 Affected: 16.0.0.0 , < 16.0.5526.1002 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Microsoft Office 2019 Affected: 19.0.0 , < https://aka.ms/OfficeSecurityReleases (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Microsoft Office LTSC 2021 Affected: 16.0.1 , < https://aka.ms/OfficeSecurityReleases (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Microsoft Office LTSC 2024 Affected: 16.0.0 , < https://aka.ms/OfficeSecurityReleases (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Microsoft Office LTSC for Mac 2021 Affected: 16.0.1 , < 16.103.25110922 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Microsoft Office LTSC for Mac 2024 Affected: 16.0.0 , < 16.103.25110922 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Office Online Server Affected: 16.0.0.0 , < 16.0.10417.20068 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-11-11 08:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-60726 (GCVE-0-2025-60726)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-11 17:59 – Updated: 2026-02-13 20:45
VLAI
Title
Microsoft Excel Information Disclosure Vulnerability
Summary
Out-of-bounds read in Microsoft Office Excel allows an unauthorized attacker to disclose information locally.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Microsoft Microsoft 365 Apps for Enterprise Affected: 16.0.1 , < https://aka.ms/OfficeSecurityReleases (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Microsoft Excel 2016 Affected: 16.0.0.0 , < 16.0.5526.1002 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Microsoft Office 2019 Affected: 19.0.0 , < https://aka.ms/OfficeSecurityReleases (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Microsoft Office LTSC 2021 Affected: 16.0.1 , < https://aka.ms/OfficeSecurityReleases (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Microsoft Office LTSC 2024 Affected: 16.0.0 , < https://aka.ms/OfficeSecurityReleases (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Microsoft Office LTSC for Mac 2021 Affected: 16.0.1 , < 16.103.25110922 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Microsoft Office LTSC for Mac 2024 Affected: 16.0.0 , < 16.103.25110922 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Office Online Server Affected: 16.0.0.0 , < 16.0.10417.20068 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-11-11 08:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-60709 (GCVE-0-2025-60709)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-11 17:59 – Updated: 2026-02-26 16:57
VLAI
Title
Windows Common Log File System Driver Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Summary
Out-of-bounds read in Windows Common Log File System Driver allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1607 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8594 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1809 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.8027 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 21H2 Affected: 10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.6575 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 22H2 Affected: 10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.6575 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 11 version 22H3 Affected: 10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.6199 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 11 Version 23H2 Affected: 10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.6199 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 11 Version 24H2 Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.7171 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 11 Version 25H2 Affected: 10.0.26200.0 , < 10.0.26200.7171 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 Affected: 6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.28021 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.28021 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 Affected: 6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23624 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23624 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 Affected: 6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25768 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25768 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 Affected: 6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22869 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22869 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2016 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8594 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8594 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2019 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.8027 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.8027 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2022 Affected: 10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.4405 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.1965 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2025 Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.7171 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.7171 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-11-11 08:00
Show details on NVD website

{
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          "platforms": [
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          "product": "Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation)",
          "vendor": "Microsoft",
          "versions": [
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              "lessThan": "10.0.14393.8594",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "10.0.14393.0",
              "versionType": "custom"
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          ]
        },
        {
          "platforms": [
            "x64-based Systems"
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          "product": "Windows Server 2019",
          "vendor": "Microsoft",
          "versions": [
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              "lessThan": "10.0.17763.8027",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "10.0.17763.0",
              "versionType": "custom"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "platforms": [
            "x64-based Systems"
          ],
          "product": "Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation)",
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CVE-2025-60706 (GCVE-0-2025-60706)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-11 17:59 – Updated: 2026-02-13 20:45
VLAI
Title
Windows Hyper-V Information Disclosure Vulnerability
Summary
Out-of-bounds read in Windows Hyper-V allows an authorized attacker to disclose information locally.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1607 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8594 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1809 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.8027 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 10 Version 21H2 Affected: 10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.6575 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 10 Version 22H2 Affected: 10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.6575 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 11 version 22H3 Affected: 10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.6199 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 11 Version 23H2 Affected: 10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.6199 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 11 Version 24H2 Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.7171 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 11 Version 25H2 Affected: 10.0.26200.0 , < 10.0.26200.7171 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2016 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8594 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8594 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2019 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.8027 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.8027 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2022 Affected: 10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.4405 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.1965 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2025 Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.7171 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.7171 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-11-11 08:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-60018 (GCVE-0-2025-60018)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-25 15:52 – Updated: 2026-06-30 07:57
VLAI
Title
Glib-networking: out of bound reads on glib-networking through tls/openssl/gtlscertificate-openssl.c via "g_tls_certificate_openssl_get_property()"
Summary
glib-networking's OpenSSL backend fails to properly check the return value of a call to BIO_write(), resulting in an out of bounds read.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Affected: 2.60 , < 2.80.2 (semver)
Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10     cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6     cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7     cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8     cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9     cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9
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Date Public
2025-08-05 00:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-59513 (GCVE-0-2025-59513)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-11 17:59 – Updated: 2026-02-13 20:45
VLAI
Title
Windows Bluetooth RFCOM Protocol Driver Information Disclosure Vulnerability
Summary
Out-of-bounds read in Windows Bluetooth RFCOM Protocol Driver allows an authorized attacker to disclose information locally.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1607 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8594 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1809 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.8027 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 10 Version 21H2 Affected: 10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.6575 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 10 Version 22H2 Affected: 10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.6575 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 11 version 22H3 Affected: 10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.6199 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 11 Version 23H2 Affected: 10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.6199 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 11 Version 24H2 Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.7171 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 11 Version 25H2 Affected: 10.0.26200.0 , < 10.0.26200.7171 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 Affected: 6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.28021 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.28021 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 Affected: 6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23624 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23624 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2016 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8594 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8594 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2019 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.8027 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.8027 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2022 Affected: 10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.4405 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.1965 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2025 Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.7171 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.7171 (custom)
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Date Public
2025-11-11 08:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-59275 (GCVE-0-2025-59275)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-14 17:01 – Updated: 2026-02-22 17:26
VLAI
Title
Windows Authentication Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Summary
Improper validation of specified type of input in Windows Authentication Methods allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-1287 - Improper Validation of Specified Type of Input
  • CWE-125 - Out-of-bounds Read
  • CWE-122 - Heap-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1507 Affected: 10.0.10240.0 , < 10.0.10240.21161 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1607 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8519 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1809 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7919 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 10 Version 21H2 Affected: 10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.6456 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 10 Version 22H2 Affected: 10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.6456 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 11 version 22H2 Affected: 10.0.22621.0 , < 10.0.22621.6060 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 11 version 22H3 Affected: 10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.6060 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 11 Version 23H2 Affected: 10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.6060 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 11 Version 24H2 Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.6899 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 Affected: 6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27974 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27974 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 Affected: 6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23571 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23571 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 Affected: 6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25722 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25722 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 Affected: 6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22824 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22824 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2016 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8519 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8519 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2019 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7919 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7919 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2022 Affected: 10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.4294 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.1913 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2025 Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.6899 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.6899 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-10-14 14:00
Show details on NVD website

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      "datePublic": "2025-10-14T14:00:00.000Z",
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        {
          "lang": "en-US",
          "value": "Improper validation of specified type of input in Windows Authentication Methods allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally."
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            "baseScore": 7.8,
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            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:U/RL:O/RC:C",
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        "shortName": "microsoft"
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          "url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2025-59275"
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      "title": "Windows Authentication Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability"
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    "dateUpdated": "2026-02-22T17:26:05.776Z",
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Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • To reduce the likelihood of introducing an out-of-bounds read, ensure that you validate and ensure correct calculations for any length argument, buffer size calculation, or offset. Be especially careful of relying on a sentinel (i.e. special character such as NUL) in untrusted inputs.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Language Selection

Use a language that provides appropriate memory abstractions.

CAPEC-540: Overread Buffers

An adversary attacks a target by providing input that causes an application to read beyond the boundary of a defined buffer. This typically occurs when a value influencing where to start or stop reading is set to reflect positions outside of the valid memory location of the buffer. This type of attack may result in exposure of sensitive information, a system crash, or arbitrary code execution.