CWE-125
AllowedOut-of-bounds Read
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.
11469 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-5HPQ-8PF8-HXW6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-19 00:01 – Updated: 2022-03-01 00:01This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on affected installations of Bentley MicroStation CONNECT 10.16.0.80. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file. The specific flaw exists within the parsing of JP2 images. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a read past the end of an allocated buffer. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to execute arbitrary code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-15405.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-46611"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-02-18T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on affected installations of Bentley MicroStation CONNECT 10.16.0.80. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file. The specific flaw exists within the parsing of JP2 images. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a read past the end of an allocated buffer. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to execute arbitrary code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-15405.",
"id": "GHSA-5hpq-8pf8-hxw6",
"modified": "2022-03-01T00:01:02Z",
"published": "2022-02-19T00:01:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-46611"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.bentley.com/en/common-vulnerability-exposure/BE-2021-0008"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-22-198"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-5HQC-G8VH-28GG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:47 – Updated: 2024-04-04 00:51Mate20 Huawei smartphones versions earlier than HMA-AL00C00B175 have an out-of-bounds read vulnerability. An attacker with a high permission runs some specific commands on the smartphone. Due to insufficient input verification, successful exploit may cause out-of-bounds read of the memory and the system abnormal.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-5296"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-06-04T18:29:00Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "Mate20 Huawei smartphones versions earlier than HMA-AL00C00B175 have an out-of-bounds read vulnerability. An attacker with a high permission runs some specific commands on the smartphone. Due to insufficient input verification, successful exploit may cause out-of-bounds read of the memory and the system abnormal.",
"id": "GHSA-5hqc-g8vh-28gg",
"modified": "2024-04-04T00:51:44Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:47:10Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-5296"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.huawei.com/en/psirt/security-advisories/huawei-sa-20190220-01-phone-en"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:P/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5HRP-QXPM-4XHF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:11 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:11An issue was discovered in Foxit PDF Reader before 11.0.1 and PDF Editor before 11.0.1. It allows an out-of-bounds read via util.scand.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-38564"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-08-11T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in Foxit PDF Reader before 11.0.1 and PDF Editor before 11.0.1. It allows an out-of-bounds read via util.scand.",
"id": "GHSA-5hrp-qxpm-4xhf",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:11:02Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:11:02Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-38564"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.foxitsoftware.com/support/security-bulletins.php"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-5HV6-372C-7QVQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-21 21:31 – Updated: 2025-07-21 21:31IrfanView CADImage Plugin DWG File Parsing Out-Of-Bounds Read Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of IrfanView CADImage Plugin. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.
The specific flaw exists within the parsing of DWG files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a read past the end of an allocated buffer. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-26107.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-7250"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-07-21T20:15:46Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "IrfanView CADImage Plugin DWG File Parsing Out-Of-Bounds Read Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of IrfanView CADImage Plugin. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.\n\nThe specific flaw exists within the parsing of DWG files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a read past the end of an allocated buffer. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-26107.",
"id": "GHSA-5hv6-372c-7qvq",
"modified": "2025-07-21T21:31:39Z",
"published": "2025-07-21T21:31:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-7250"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-25-486"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5HWG-J3G9-GQ7F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:12 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:12Adobe Animate version 21.0.6 (and earlier) is affected by an Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability when parsing a specially crafted file. An unauthenticated attacker could leverage this vulnerability to disclose sensitive memory information in the context of the current user. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-28617"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-08-24T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Adobe Animate version 21.0.6 (and earlier) is affected by an Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability when parsing a specially crafted file. An unauthenticated attacker could leverage this vulnerability to disclose sensitive memory information in the context of the current user. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.",
"id": "GHSA-5hwg-j3g9-gq7f",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:12:00Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:12:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-28617"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/animate/apsb21-50.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-5HXH-H45M-V2X7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-22 21:32 – Updated: 2024-11-22 21:32Tungsten Automation Power PDF AcroForm Annotation Out-Of-Bounds Read Information Disclosure Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on affected installations of Tungsten Automation Power PDF. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.
The specific flaw exists within the handling of Annotation objects. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a read past the end of an allocated buffer. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to execute arbitrary code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-24474.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-9758"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-22T21:15:29Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "Tungsten Automation Power PDF AcroForm Annotation Out-Of-Bounds Read Information Disclosure Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on affected installations of Tungsten Automation Power PDF. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.\n\nThe specific flaw exists within the handling of Annotation objects. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a read past the end of an allocated buffer. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to execute arbitrary code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-24474.",
"id": "GHSA-5hxh-h45m-v2x7",
"modified": "2024-11-22T21:32:20Z",
"published": "2024-11-22T21:32:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-9758"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-24-1361"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5HXP-3237-J2HP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:20 – Updated: 2023-10-06 01:04A remote code execution vulnerability exists in the way that the scripting engine handles objects in memory in Microsoft Edge, aka "Scripting Engine Memory Corruption Vulnerability." This affects Microsoft Edge, ChakraCore. This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2018-0945, CVE-2018-0946, CVE-2018-0951, CVE-2018-0953, CVE-2018-0954, CVE-2018-0955, CVE-2018-1022, CVE-2018-8114, CVE-2018-8122, CVE-2018-8128, CVE-2018-8137.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Microsoft.ChakraCore"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.8.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-8139"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-07-21T17:50:40Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2018-05-09T19:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A remote code execution vulnerability exists in the way that the scripting engine handles objects in memory in Microsoft Edge, aka \"Scripting Engine Memory Corruption Vulnerability.\" This affects Microsoft Edge, ChakraCore. This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2018-0945, CVE-2018-0946, CVE-2018-0951, CVE-2018-0953, CVE-2018-0954, CVE-2018-0955, CVE-2018-1022, CVE-2018-8114, CVE-2018-8122, CVE-2018-8128, CVE-2018-8137.",
"id": "GHSA-5hxp-3237-j2hp",
"modified": "2023-10-06T01:04:27Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:20:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-8139"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/chakra-core/ChakraCore/commit/ee5dfabc51728f97f6d69e89c88af088251b6b76"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/chakra-core/ChakraCore"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2018-8139"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210124164247/http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/103977"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211204185256/http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1040844"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/45012"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "ChakraCore RCE Vulnerability"
}
GHSA-5J2X-7H59-8P55
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-20 18:30 – Updated: 2025-11-17 15:30In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
bnxt_en: Fix out-of-bound memcpy() during ethtool -w
When retrieving the FW coredump using ethtool, it can sometimes cause memory corruption:
BUG: KFENCE: memory corruption in __bnxt_get_coredump+0x3ef/0x670 [bnxt_en] Corrupted memory at 0x000000008f0f30e8 [ ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ] (in kfence-#45): __bnxt_get_coredump+0x3ef/0x670 [bnxt_en] ethtool_get_dump_data+0xdc/0x1a0 __dev_ethtool+0xa1e/0x1af0 dev_ethtool+0xa8/0x170 dev_ioctl+0x1b5/0x580 sock_do_ioctl+0xab/0xf0 sock_ioctl+0x1ce/0x2e0 __x64_sys_ioctl+0x87/0xc0 do_syscall_64+0x5c/0xf0 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x78/0x80
...
This happens when copying the coredump segment list in bnxt_hwrm_dbg_dma_data() with the HWRM_DBG_COREDUMP_LIST FW command. The info->dest_buf buffer is allocated based on the number of coredump segments returned by the FW. The segment list is then DMA'ed by the FW and the length of the DMA is returned by FW. The driver then copies this DMA'ed segment list to info->dest_buf.
In some cases, this DMA length may exceed the info->dest_buf length and cause the above BUG condition. Fix it by capping the copy length to not exceed the length of info->dest_buf. The extra DMA data contains no useful information.
This code path is shared for the HWRM_DBG_COREDUMP_LIST and the HWRM_DBG_COREDUMP_RETRIEVE FW commands. The buffering is different for these 2 FW commands. To simplify the logic, we need to move the line to adjust the buffer length for HWRM_DBG_COREDUMP_RETRIEVE up, so that the new check to cap the copy length will work for both commands.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-37911"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-20T16:15:27Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nbnxt_en: Fix out-of-bound memcpy() during ethtool -w\n\nWhen retrieving the FW coredump using ethtool, it can sometimes cause\nmemory corruption:\n\nBUG: KFENCE: memory corruption in __bnxt_get_coredump+0x3ef/0x670 [bnxt_en]\nCorrupted memory at 0x000000008f0f30e8 [ ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ] (in kfence-#45):\n__bnxt_get_coredump+0x3ef/0x670 [bnxt_en]\nethtool_get_dump_data+0xdc/0x1a0\n__dev_ethtool+0xa1e/0x1af0\ndev_ethtool+0xa8/0x170\ndev_ioctl+0x1b5/0x580\nsock_do_ioctl+0xab/0xf0\nsock_ioctl+0x1ce/0x2e0\n__x64_sys_ioctl+0x87/0xc0\ndo_syscall_64+0x5c/0xf0\nentry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x78/0x80\n\n...\n\nThis happens when copying the coredump segment list in\nbnxt_hwrm_dbg_dma_data() with the HWRM_DBG_COREDUMP_LIST FW command.\nThe info-\u003edest_buf buffer is allocated based on the number of coredump\nsegments returned by the FW. The segment list is then DMA\u0027ed by\nthe FW and the length of the DMA is returned by FW. The driver then\ncopies this DMA\u0027ed segment list to info-\u003edest_buf.\n\nIn some cases, this DMA length may exceed the info-\u003edest_buf length\nand cause the above BUG condition. Fix it by capping the copy\nlength to not exceed the length of info-\u003edest_buf. The extra\nDMA data contains no useful information.\n\nThis code path is shared for the HWRM_DBG_COREDUMP_LIST and the\nHWRM_DBG_COREDUMP_RETRIEVE FW commands. The buffering is different\nfor these 2 FW commands. To simplify the logic, we need to move\nthe line to adjust the buffer length for HWRM_DBG_COREDUMP_RETRIEVE\nup, so that the new check to cap the copy length will work for both\ncommands.",
"id": "GHSA-5j2x-7h59-8p55",
"modified": "2025-11-17T15:30:31Z",
"published": "2025-05-20T18:30:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-37911"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/43292b83424158fa6ec458799f3cb9c54d18c484"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/44807af79efd0d78fa36383dd865ddfe7992c0a6"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/44d81a9ebf0cad92512e0ffdf7412bfe20db66ec"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4d69864915a3a052538e4ba76cd6fd77cfc64ebe"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/69b10dd23ab826d0c7f2d9ab311842251978d0c1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/6b87bd94f34370bbf1dfa59352bed8efab5bf419"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/08/msg00010.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5J52-CW8C-XPW2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-06 21:30 – Updated: 2023-02-14 18:30In ccu, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a logic error. This could lead to local information disclosure with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Patch ID: ALPS07570864; Issue ID: ALPS07570864.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-20609"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-02-06T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In ccu, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a logic error. This could lead to local information disclosure with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Patch ID: ALPS07570864; Issue ID: ALPS07570864.",
"id": "GHSA-5j52-cw8c-xpw2",
"modified": "2023-02-14T18:30:20Z",
"published": "2023-02-06T21:30:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-20609"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://corp.mediatek.com/product-security-bulletin/February-2023"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5J5J-P2FJ-54HP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-22 21:32 – Updated: 2024-11-22 21:32IrfanView DXF File Parsing Out-Of-Bounds Read Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of IrfanView. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.
The specific flaw exists within the parsing of DXF files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a read past the end of an allocated buffer. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-24873.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-11569"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-22T21:15:15Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "IrfanView DXF File Parsing Out-Of-Bounds Read Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of IrfanView. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.\n\nThe specific flaw exists within the parsing of DXF files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a read past the end of an allocated buffer. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-24873.",
"id": "GHSA-5j5j-p2fj-54hp",
"modified": "2024-11-22T21:32:18Z",
"published": "2024-11-22T21:32:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-11569"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-24-1574"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- To reduce the likelihood of introducing an out-of-bounds read, ensure that you validate and ensure correct calculations for any length argument, buffer size calculation, or offset. Be especially careful of relying on a sentinel (i.e. special character such as NUL) in untrusted inputs.
Mitigation
Strategy: Language Selection
Use a language that provides appropriate memory abstractions.
CAPEC-540: Overread Buffers
An adversary attacks a target by providing input that causes an application to read beyond the boundary of a defined buffer. This typically occurs when a value influencing where to start or stop reading is set to reflect positions outside of the valid memory location of the buffer. This type of attack may result in exposure of sensitive information, a system crash, or arbitrary code execution.